Lobe Function Research Articles

Hypopituitarism due to Pituitary Metastasis of Lung Cancer: Case of a 21-Year-Old Man.

A 21-year-old man presented persistent dry cough, general malaise, loss of appetite, decreased sexual desire and double vision. Chest radiograph revealed a mass shadow in the left upper lobe. Histopathological diagnosis of the tumor was squamous cell carcinoma. Brain computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed a metastasis to the pituitary gland. Hypopituitarism was diagnosed by pituitary function tests. Diabetes insipidus was absent and the function of the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland was preserved. Hypopituitarism due to pituitary metastasis is a rare complication of lung cancer, and has never been reported in a patient as young as 21 years old.

Intelligence and emotion

The explicit system for action selection integrates emotional information with the higher-order cognitive processes which culminate in the language system. Even the basic feels of emotion are what they are because they are integrated into the higher cognitive processes. The relation between emotion and intelligence would become increasingly important as the focus of brain science shifts to the integrative function of the prefrontal lobe.

Executive Functioning in Preschool Children: Performance on A-Not-B and Other Delayed Response Format Tasks

The A-not-B (AB) task has been hypothesized to measure executive/frontal lobe function; however, the developmental and measurement characteristics of this task have not been investigated. Performance on AB and comparison tasks adapted from developmental and neuroscience literature was examined in 117 preschool children (ages 23–66 months). Age significantly predicted performance on AB, Delayed Alternation, Spatial Reversal, Color Reversal, and Self-Control tasks. A four-factor analytic model best fit task performance data. AB task indices loaded on two factors with measures from the Self-Control and Delayed Alternation tasks, respectively. AB indices did not load with those from the reversal tasks despite similarities in task administration and presumed cognitive demand (working memory). These results indicate that AB is sensitive to individual differences in age-related performance in preschool children and suggest that AB performance is related to both working memory and inhibition processes in this age range.

Cognitive, Motor, and Behavioral Function in PKU

Measures of cognitive, frontal lobe (executive), behavioral and motor function were administered to 18 children (aged 12-101 months) with phenylketonuria followed at the University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY.

Subtle neurological deficits and psychopathological findings in substance-abusing homeless and non-homeless veterans.

This study evaluated the hypothesis that homeless individuals would display higher levels of neurological deficits than non-homeless individuals, particularly in frontal lobe or executive functions. Eighteen acutely homeless, 15 chronically homeless, and 20 non-homeless individuals admitted to an inpatient psychiatric service received a battery of neurological and psychosocial measures. In comparison to non-homeless subjects with comparable levels of psychopathology, homeless individuals showed higher levels of hostility, prior criminal activity, and family history of psychiatric illness, but lower levels of depression. A positive relationship between hostility and neurological soft signs was observed among chronically homeless subjects. These results suggest that a substantial subset of nonpsychotic homeless veterans suffers from "occult" neurological deficits.

Working with verbal memory: An organizational function of the right frontal lobe

Working with verbal memory: An organizational function of the right frontal lobe

Frontal lobe epilepsy: Clinical syndromes and presurgical evaluation

Our understanding of the anatomy and function of the brain's frontal lobe has increased steadily. In the last 8 years, two major meetings, one in 1987 and the other in 1993, have been devoted to this subject alone (1,2). However, despite intense clinical and basic science research, much is still unknown concerning the functional anatomy of the frontal lobe. There are significant implications for the epileptologist to understand the different clinical manifestations and to localize seizures of frontal lobe origin. Factors that limit the study of the frontal lobe include its anatomic size, its extensive networking with other parts of the brain, as well as its limited access to scalp EEG recording. Recent advances in technology are improving the methods available to study the frontal lobe. These new technologies include expanded EEG channels, including supraorbital and nasoethmoidal electrodes, computerized EEG analysis, and intracranial intraoperative and chronic recording, single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and neuropsychological testing. A consensus remains to be established among different epilepsy centers regarding the use of a systematic approach in evaluation of patients

Relationship between frontal lobe and serotonergic function in OCD

Relationship between frontal lobe and serotonergic function in OCD

Acetylcholine Synthesis in a Primary Culture of Porcine Intermediate Lobe Cells

Abstract Previous pharmacological studies with the pituitary gland have suggested that acetylcholine (ACh) might be involved in the regulation of intermediate lobe (IL) function. Whether ACh is endogenous to the IL cells or provided from an extrinsic source is unclear. The present experiments tested the possibility that the endocrine cells of the IL may be a source of ACh by measuring certain cholinergic markers in a primary culture of dissociated porcine cells. The endogenous ACh content was readily measurable in both the freshly dissociated IL cells and in 2- or 4-day primary cultures. Choline acetyltransferase activity was also measurable in the freshly dissociated and cultured IL cells and was reduced by 53% in the presence of a specific inhibitor, napthylvinylpyridine (50 muM). IL cells incubated in the presence of [(14)C]choline (1 muM) were able to synthesize [(14)C]ACh and the accumulation of the new ACh was inhibited by hemicholinium-3 (30 muM), a competitive inhibitor of high affinity choline uptake at cholinergic nerve terminals. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that the endocrine cells of the IL are capable of synthesizing and storing ACh.

Rapid semi-automated CT determination of ventricular area

200 phrenics showed a significantly greater than mean difference (1.83 1?1 1.85 versus 0.12 k 2.08 cm*, p = .02). No other significant differences emerged, due in part to the high degree of variance in the measures from slice A, as it is located near the poles of the temporal lobe. These results suggests that temporal lobe anatomical differences between schizophrenics and controls can be identified using MRI, that these structures differ in right-left symmetry, and that such asymmetries may be related to the neuropathology of schizophrenia. Further, this study is consistent with previous findings of abnormalities in the structure and function of the temporal lobe in schizophrenia. Further structural analyses will be presented.

Left medial parietal lobe and receptive language functions

Left medial parietal lobe and receptive language functions

The Influence of Burn Trauma on the Hypothalamus-Pituitary Axis in Normal Female Subjects

In 5 severely burned women (greater than 25% TBS, II degrees and III degrees burns) the following hormones were investigated by RIA. (1) LH-releasing hormone test in the initial phase of burn shock with 100 gamma 3 LH-RH. (2). Follow-up controls of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin (HPRL), oestradiol (E2), progesterone (P) and testosterone (T) in the catabolic and healing phase of burn disease. All women were before onset of burn trauma regularly ovulating. The following preliminary results can be presented: If the burn trauma occurs in the preovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle, there was no ovulation during the time of observation. As a sign of the normal function of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland all subjects responded with an increase of plasma LH to the stimulation with LH-releasing hormone. The burn trauma interferes with the female endocrine equilibrium by involving hypothalamic centres. Negative feedback mechanisms by the secretion of adrenal hormones and temporary hyperprolactinemic states as a further result are discussed.

Effects of pimozide and bromocriptine on the proliferation of rat pituitary pars intermedia cells.

Department of Experimental Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrinology, Medical Academy of Łódź, Dr. Sterling str. 3, 91-425 Łódź, Poland (Received 31 May 1977) The secretory function of the intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland is under hypothalamic control (Howe, 1973; Hadley & Bagnara, 1975). Penny, Thody, Tilders & Smelik (1977) have suggested that the synthesis and release of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) is mediated by dopaminergic neurones which make synaptic contact with secretory cells in the pars intermedia (Björklund, Moore, Nobin & Stenevi, 1973). We have attempted to examine whether the dopaminergic mechanism is also involved in the control of the mitotic activity of the pars intermedia cells and have studied the effects of pimozide, a dopamine receptor blocker (Anden, Butcher, Corrodi, Fuxe & Ungerstedt, 1970) and 2-bromo-α-ergocriptine (bromo-criptine), a dopamine receptor agonist (Loew, Vigouret & Jaton, 1976) on the mitotic activity of the pars intermedia of the rat pituitary gland. Twenty-three

Regulation of Protein Synthesis in Embryos ofIlyanassa obsoleta

Much of the protein synthesis during early development in Ilyanassa results from the translation of oogenetic mRNA. We show that microtubule proteins are products of this translation, and that their synthesis is subject to translation level regulation. We also show that translation level regulation is involved in the function of the polar lobe by making comparisons of the electrophoretic patterns of synthesis of 14C labeled proteins of normal embryos with the patterns of synthesis of 3H labeled proteins of embryos from which the polar lobes had been removed at the trefoil stage. Controls utilizing biochemical and morphological markers were performed to assure that normal and delobed embryos were developing at equivalent rates. The expression of significant differences in the patterns of protein synthesis were found between normal and delobed embryos, and these differences were not dependent upon concomitant RNA synthesis. These differences were observable as early as after only 24 hours of development, although organogenesis does not begin until much later in development. Therefore, the observed differences probably reflect determinative events. The results support the hypothesis that the developmental determinants of the polar lobe may include specific, preformed mRNA sequences, or specific regulators of translation.

Expansion of linear combinations of slater‐type orbitals in eigenfunctions of the three‐dimensional isotropic harmonic oscillator

AbstractSeveral classes of functions related to the Gaussian have been used with success as basis sets for the representation of atomic and molecular orbitals.We have compared the representation of a hydrogen 1s orbital by a sum of Gaussian lobe functions with its expansion in eigenfunctions of the three‐dimensional isotropic harmonic oscillator. The lobe functions are shown to achieve better expectation values of the energy, with fewer terms. The lobe functions have the further computational advantage of not containing high powers of the radius.It is concluded that the lobe functions are a superior basis set for use in calculations of the electronic structure of atoms and molecules.

Neurohormonal mechanisms controlling trophic hormone secretion of the anterior pituitary.

Anterior pituitary function is primarily controlled by neurohormonal mechanisms. The immediate control of trophic hormone secretion seems to be exercised by the medial basal hypothalamus, the hypophysiotrophic area, producing the hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting factors carried by the portal circulation to the adenohypophysis. This system is probably responsible for the maintenance of “basal” secretion of pituitary hormones. Normal function of the anterior lobe is controlled by neural elements outside the medial basal hypothalamus. This second control level presumably acts on the pituitary via the hypophysiotrophic area by modifying the synthesis and release of the hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting substances. The feedback action of hormones on the adenohypophysis appears to be mediated, at least partly, by way of the hypothalamic control mechanism.

THE EXTERIORIZATION OF THE THYROID GLAND AND MEASUREMENT OF ITS FUNCTION

SUMMARY A new method for obtaining thyroid venous blood from an essentially undisturbed ewe has been developed. A lobe of the thyroid gland is transferred to the outside of the neck, in a carotid artery—jugular vein loop. The remaining lobe is removed. The secretory function of the exteriorized lobe has been shown to be normal by 131I studies, measurement of protein bound iodine, response to T.S.H. and histological examination. Cannulation of the jugular vein near the thyroid vein allows continuous or interrupted sampling of thyroid venous blood, the jugular flow being occluded by pressure.

Significance of hormones in the pathogenesis of nasopharyngeal angiofibroma.

Pathogenesis of nasopharyngeal angiofibroma studied from the endocrine point of view with very accurate laboratory and post mortem studies of the endocrine glands proved that in these cases there is an insufficient function of the anterior lobe of the hypophysis which reacts on the function of the suprarenal cortex, resulting in a decreased endrogenic dysfunction of thyroid, cochlea and gonads as well as an increased oestrogen factor.

ACTION OF GYNECOGENIC AND ANDROGENIC HORMONES ON THE GONADS AND PITUITARY GLAND OF MATURE MALE RATS

THE ACTION of the female sex hormone on male gonads has already been studied in detail in animal experiments (1-7). The results of the work reported to date J L may be summarised as follows. Prolonged treatment of the male with the female sex hormone produces in all cases an inhibition of the gonadotropic function of the anterior lobe of the pituitary with subsequent atrophy of the sex organs. The female sex hormone, thus, has an anti-masculine effect, but the involutional manifestations are limited in duration and disappear after discontinuation of the treatment. The pituitary gland of male animals so treated shows an increase in the number of the chromophobe cells, degranulation of the chromophils, and a decrease in the eosinc-phils with congestion of the capillaries. Whereas the experiments of the above workers gave consistent results, investiga-tions which were undertaken in an attempt to inhibit the anti-masculine effect of the female hormone, or to accelerate regeneration after discontinuation of tr...

Effect of Single Injections of Estradiol Benzoate on the Normal Human Menstrual Cycle with Special Reference to the Problem of Estrogen Sensitivity

Despite the fact that estrogens are extensively used in clinical gynecology, from the literature available it appears that, with one exception (1), there is no information concerning the effect of estrogens on the human ovary. Even when estrogen has been used to postpone the onset of mestruation in normal women (2) it has not been possible to predicate how it was accomplished except that it is commonly stated that this hormone inhibits temporarily the gonadotropic function of the anterior lobe of the pituitary. The understanding of the action of estrogen in the human female is further complicated by the fact that even in laboratory mammals and especially in primates there is still a paucity of data as to how estrogen affects the normal ovary. According to Allen, Hisaw and Gardner (3) estrogens given over long periods of time inhibit the ovary. The ovaries of mice after treatment with 500 i.u. of estrogen weekly for 150 days are usually small (3).