Investment Function Research Articles

Are they even there? How agri-environment schemes investments reach their target species in Dutch dairy-farmland, the case of meadow birds

Agri-environmental schemes (AES) implemented by farmer collectives for meadow bird protection in The Netherlands create complex landscape mosaics due to the variability of options and combinations farmers use. We propose a method to simplify this complexity, using the number of meadow birds potentially benefiting as the measure of success, and evaluate how AES combinations affect management success as a function of monetary investments. Between 2016-2022, we conducted field surveys to measure the density and distribution of Black-tailed Godwits across three land-use types: AES, site-protected areas, and intensive agriculture. AES fields were categorized into nest protection, inundation, delayed mowing, and herb-rich grasslands. We analysed the relationship between these managements, the area they cover, and godwit numbers, while also examining land area and subsidies. Intensive agriculture covered 74.3% of the area but hosted only 23.2% of the godwit population at low densities (0.063 godwits/ha). In contrast, protected areas (6.2% of the area) and AES fields (19.5%) supported 24.7% and 52.1% of the population at higher densities (0.48 and 0.46 godwits/ha, respectively). Among AES types, delayed mowing and herb-rich grasslands showed the highest godwit densities (0.66 and 1.25 godwits/ha, respectively) covering smaller areas (6% and 1.1%). These AES types pay the highest subsidies, while nest protection, covering 10.5% of the area with lower godwit densities, pays the lowest. Although AES fields hosted about half of the godwit population, area-wise the focus remained on nest protection, and with intensive agriculture dominated the landscape. This may limit effectiveness at a population level, calling for re-evaluating conservation priorities and funding.

Towards Carbon Neutrality: The Impact of Private AI Investment and Financial Development in the United States – An Empirical Study Using the STIRPAT Model

This investigation analyses the influence of private AI investment and financial development (FD) on CO2 emissions in the United States, using the STIRPAT framework to account for the functions of GDP, population, and foreign direct investment (FDI). The data's robustness was verified through the application of a variety of unit root tests, which confirmed that the variables are free of unit root issues and exhibit a varied order of integration. The ARDL bound test was used to investigate the cointegration among the variables and it found a long-run equilibrium relationship. The ARDL model results show that income, FDI, FD, and population significantly increase CO2 emissions in both the short and long term. In contrast, we found that private investment in AI led to a significant reduction in CO2 emissions over these time frames. Additional estimations were conducted using FMOLS, DOLS, and CCR methods to verify the ARDL results, all of which attested to the initial findings' robustness. In addition, the study implemented a pairwise Granger causality test to illustrate the directional relationships between the variables. There is a unidirectional causal link between GDP, private AI investment, FDI, population, and CO2 emissions, according to the findings. Most notably, we observed bidirectional causality between CO2 emissions and FD. Diagnostic tests further corroborated the validity of the study's conclusions, confirming that the model is free from specification errors, serial correlation, and heteroscedasticity.

Effects of parental care on skin microbial community composition in poison frogs.

Parent-offspring interactions constitute the first contact of many newborns with their environment, priming community assembly of microbes through priority effects. Early exposure to microbes can have lasting influences on the assembly and functionality of the host's microbiota, leaving a life-long imprint on host health and disease. Studies of the role played by parental care in microbial acquisition have primarily focused on humans and hosts with agricultural relevance. Anuran vertebrates offer the opportunity to examine microbial community composition across life stages as a function of parental investment. In this study, we investigate vertical transmission of microbiota during parental care in a poison frog (Family Dendrobatidae), where fathers transport their offspring piggyback-style from terrestrial clutches to aquatic nurseries. We found that substantial bacterial colonization of the embryo begins after hatching from the vitelline envelope, emphasizing its potential role as microbial barrier during early development. Using a laboratory cross-foster experiment, we demonstrated that poison frogs performing tadpole transport serve as a source of skin microbes for tadpoles on their back. To study how transport impacts the microbial skin communities of tadpoles in an ecologically relevant setting, we sampled frogs and tadpoles of sympatric species that do or do not exhibit tadpole transport in their natural habitat. We found more diverse microbial communities associated with tadpoles of transporting species compared to a non-transporting frog. However, we detected no difference in the degree of similarity between adult and tadpole skin microbiotas, based on whether the frog species exhibits transporting behavior or not. Using a field experiment, we confirmed that tadpole transport can result in the persistent colonization of tadpoles by isolated microbial taxa associated with the caregiver's skin, albeit often at low prevalence. This is the first study to describe vertical transmission of skin microbes in anuran amphibians, showing that offspring transport may serve as a mechanism for transmission of parental skin microbes. Overall, these findings provide a foundation for further research on how vertical transmission in this order impacts host-associated microbiota and physiology.

THE IMPACT OF RECENT LEASING ACTIVITY ON THE FINANCIAL SYSTEM IN THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA

Leasing is an activity that refers to movable and immovable goods, in which the lessee determines the subject of leasing that is purchased or produced by the lessor and is given to the lessee for use for an agreed period, in exchange for payment of compensation for the use of the subject of leasing, based on the leasing agreement concluded between the provider and the lessee, according to the conditions specified in it. Leasing is an alternative way of financing where it is necessary to emphasize the use of the leased goods, and not the ownership over them (use but not possess), i.e. the philosophy of leasing arises from the idea of profitable use of an investment goods followed by a flexible method of payment that allows investment without the additional engagement of core capital, successful operation and maximum utilization of funds. In addition to the primary financing function that the leasing activity has for the lessee, if he uses the leased goods for business purposes, leasing in that case can also have an investment function. Regulated by the Law on Leasing, leasing activity in the Republic of North Macedonia has a fairly short lifespan, focusing exclusively on financial leasing. Through analysis, synthesis, and statistics, the authors processed the official data of the Ministry of Finance presented by the National Bank in the period mainly of the last decade, which offers a clear picture of the movements of the use of leasing in the country.

The general budget and its impact on the investment efficiency of the Iraqi economy for the period 2004-2022

In order to provide a stable and supportive environment for investment through public budget tools and variables, it is necessary to research methods that lead to stimulating investment operations and providing the necessary financing for economic activity. Total public revenues, total public expenditures, and the budget surplus or deficit have a significant impact on this. Total public revenues and public expenditures have a significant impact on the budget surplus or deficit, which in turn affects investment in the Iraqi economy. In the event of an increase in public revenues, such as an increase in oil or tax revenues, this will lead to an increase in the budget surplus. A higher budget surplus will provide the government with more financial resources to finance public investments and development projects. Achieving the appropriate environment accelerates economic growth and pushes investors to activate their activities, thus expanding their proceeds to form a development horizon and space that creates a broad developmental investment environment to demonstrate the investment opportunities available to investors. If public expenditures rise, such as increased spending on salaries and wages or government purchases, this will lead to an increase in the budget deficit. A high budget deficit will restrict the government's ability to allocate financial resources to finance public investments and development projects. This may negatively affect the investment climate and encourage investors to invest in the Iraqi economy.Therefore, it can be said that managing public revenues and expenditures in a balanced and effective manner has a significant impact on the budget surplus or deficit, which in turn directly affects investment levels in the Iraqi economy.The results of the standard model were obtained using the distributed slowdown autoregressive model (ARDL), which is considered one of the advanced standard methods, which relies on testing the stability of time series. This model gives results about the nature of the relationship in the short term (error correction model) as well as results for the long term. The research reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which is after testing the soundness and... Stability of the estimated model for the variables. The first step after testing the stability of the variables is to estimate the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model for the function of total investments (Y) with lag periods (2) for the dependent variable (Y), the variable (X1) total public revenues as an independent variable, and the variable (X2) total Public expenditures are an independent variable, and the variable (X3) budget surplus is an independent variable. After conducting the model estimation process, we obtained the results for estimating the ARDL model, as the explanatory power of the estimated model was (R2 = 0.817), meaning that the independent variables included in the estimated model explain 81% of the changes in the variable. Follower. The estimated model also turned out to be significant, so the null hypothesis was rejected and the alternative hypothesis was accepted. Also testing the existence of a cointegration relationship between the variables of the model, i.e. the existence of a long-term equilibrium relationship, by testing the limits.

Significance of the insurance market for the financial system of Ukraine

In conditions of developed market relations and strengthening of globalization processes, the development of the insurance market is determined by the socio-economic needs of the society’s development. The paper examines the definition of “insurance market” and shows the place of insurance companies among other key players in the financial system of Ukraine. The results of the study showed that the insurance market should be considered as a special sphere of monetary relations, where the subject of purchase and sale is a specific service—insurance protection—and where supply and demand for this service are formed. The development of the insurance market is determined by two main aspects. Firstly, this is due to the need of the population and business entities for insurance protection due to many risks. Secondly, the insurance fund as a whole has a monetary form, which makes it a full participant in the country’s monetary system and a method of interaction with other participants in the money market. Insurance companies are providers of financial services in Ukraine along with banks, investment, leasing, brokerage companies, credit unions, payment institutions and other participants in the financial system. The essence of insurance companies is revealed due to their functions. Among the functions of the insurance market, risk, financial, incentive, control, social, redistribution, investment and accumulation functions are identified. The main aspects characterizing the positive impact of the insurance market on the development of Ukraine are also noted and disclosed. Among the components through which insurance companies have a positive impact on the development of Ukraine are financial protection and stability, attracting investment, supporting entrepreneurship, social security, increasing financial literacy of the population, and promoting the development of international relations. The conducted research allows us to assert that the level of development of the insurance market reflects the possibilities of economic growth of Ukraine and is one of the main indicators of the developed financial system of the state.

Aggregate Demand and Demand Leakages in a Post-Keynesian Investment Function: A Dynamic Panel Data Analysis for Developed and Developing Countries

ABSTRACT We investigate how multiple components of the profit rate differently impact the investment decisions of developed and developing countries in the medium and long run. First, we propose a modification of Bleckers’ (2016) accelerator model, mainly by decomposing the profit variable and incorporating the New Developmentalism theory of access to demand. Second, we use the ICIO tables of OECD and other sources to create a database with 59 countries from 2000 to 2018 and test our hypothesis using the dynamic GMM methodology. Results suggest that demand growth — the accelerator component — is an important determinant of investment in all countries regardless of their development stage. However, while increasing access to demand in both the domestic and foreign markets has shown to be crucial for investment decisions of developing countries, raising the labor share has a pronounced importance on investment decisions in developed countries.

Assessment of the Efficiency of Private Commercial Banks Deposit Employment in Banking Investment - case study of Iraq for the period 2017-2021

The research aims to evaluate the efficiency of employing bank deposits on the functions of investment and bank loans for the period from 2017 to 2021. The research sample included 19 private commercial banks listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange, and data was collected from financial statement reports published on the Iraq Stock Exchange. The Panel Least Squares system was used to analyze the data, and the research concluded that there is no statistically significant effect between deposits, investment, and bank loans. The research recommended emphasizing the contribution of commercial banks to the economic development of the country through diversification in investments in various sectors, which is reflected in Increasing profits for banks and achieving economic recovery.

Standard Post-Keynesian investment functions and their demand regime: a comprehensive empirical estimation for France

The aim of this article is twofold. In a first step, we estimate a large variety of standard Post-Keynesian investment functions for France over the period 1979–2020 by rigorously following the original features of a theoretical macro-model of growth and distribution. In a second step, for each of these investment functions, we also assess the corresponding demand regime contributing to the current profit-led/wage-led debate. Our results show that the French economy seems to be wage-led. Besides, the intensity of the regime varies greatly with the specific form of the investment function under consideration.

Investment function in Marshall, Fisher and Keynes: a critique of the neoclassical theory of investment in light of the capital theory controversy

An overwhelming majority of the economics profession is taught that there is an inverse relationship between interest rate and investment expenditures. In the light of the controversies in the theory of capital, we analyse in this article the way in which Marshall, Fisher and Keynes have constructed this inverse relationship. All three were aware of the problems associated with this construction and tried—albeit unsuccessfully—different ways to get around them. This implies that within the neoclassical analysis there does not exist a theoretically consistent conceptualisation of an investment demand function inversely responsive to the rate of interest.

Financial budgets: evaluation instrument to future

The general objective of the research is the design of methodological models for the preparation of financial budgets, whose function is to carry out the future evaluation of the productive unit, through innovative techniques. A solution flowchart was prepared for each type of budget. The financial economy requires specific instruments for the future evaluation of the productive units, which make up the production of goods and services. For this reason, tools are used for the future evaluation of financial variables from the short to long term, which will allow the evaluation of options for integrating proposals in a successful system, which responds in an environment of uncertainty to the investment function and its impact on the production process. Mastering the future evaluation, knowing its methodology, are part of the basic knowledge of the financier, so that higher education in this area makes sense. The construction of a textbook is another contribution of research in the development of the theoretical perspective.

Government Education Funding and Government Higher Education Investment in Uganda

The paper examines the relationships between government funding of education and government investment in higher education in Uganda during the 2005 to 2020 period. The major hypotheses of the study are that government funding of higher education (GHE) depends on government investment in education (GIE) and the reverse is true. During the given period, government spending on education as a percentage of GDP for Uganda was on average 2%, while the world average was 4% (World Bank, 2022). This implies that low levels of government funding are responsible for the low levels of government investment in higher education in Uganda. Therefore, the study aims to estimate the government investment function of higher education and the production function of government funding in Uganda during the given period. The analyses of the relationships between government education funding (GIE) and government investment in higher education (GHE) are conducted by using the generalised least squares (GLS) method. The dataset for the study was obtained from Uganda’s Ministry of Education and Sports (MoES), Education Sector Plan. The effects of 1% government spending on primary education, secondary education, technical and vocational education training (GTVE) and GHE on GIE were as follows: 0.354%, 0.086%, 0.044% and 0.063% per annum, respectively. This implies that in Uganda, GHE contributes very little (0.063%) to GHF compared to the contribution of GPE to GIE (0.35%). Meanwhile, a 1% increase in GIE might have caused growth in GHE and GTVE to rise by 11.45% and 17.18%, respectively. Hence, the paper suggests increasing GIE, GTVE and GHE adequately.

Развитие инновационного потенциала региона

Introduction. In order to successfully implement the strategic goals of the socio-economic development of Russia it is essential to make maximum use of the potential of each subject of the Federation, including active development and effective use of its resources. Particular attention should be paid to investment and innovation opportunities, as they play the key role in the sustainable growth of the country’s economy and social sphere. To organize effective work to achieve the set goals, it is necessary to solve a complex problem of efficient combining of two main functions of regional investment and innovation policy: stimulating development and leveling differences between regions. This requires an integrated approach and the development of specialized support mechanisms. It is relevant to take into account the peculiarities and potential of each region for efficient customization of modern technologies and innovations. Goal. The study aims to develop tools for managing the innovative potential of the region based on its comprehensive assessment. Materials and methods. The works of national economists on the problems of managing innovation activities in the region served the theoretical basis of the study. Educational and scientific literature, periodical press materials, as well as legislative and regulatory documents were studied. The methods of statistical, systemic, comparative, structural and trend analysis, methods of graphical and tabular presentation of research results were used. Results and discussion. The structure of innovation potential of the region is presented, and the classification of types of the innovation potential of the region is considered. Conclusion. The analysis of the innovation environment made it possible to identify a significant human resources potential, as well as positive dynamics of the amount of internal financing on scientific research and development.

Mathematical analysis of a spatiotemporal dynamics of a delayed IS-LM model in economics

The purpose of this research is to suggest and analyze a spatiotemporal of an IS-LM model with two delays, interest rate, liquidity preference and general investment function. The first delay into the proposed model refers to the time delay between the decision of investment and his implementation. However, the second one represents the delay in investment production. The well posedness of the model is proved. The stability analysis and the existence of Hopf bifurcation are obtained. Furthermore, numerical examples that confirm the analytical results are shown.

Economic manufacturing quantity model with quality investment

In this article, we propose the modified economic production problem by considering acceptance inspection for obtaining production quantity, mean, and quality investment. One considers unknown mean and known variability under the normal quality. The quality investment function is the declining exponential function of variability. One adopts Taguchi’s loss cost for evaluating quality.

Non-Economic Functions in Education Investment

Education plays an important role in improving the standard of living and the quality of the human economy. This causes many people to think that higher education will provide high economic returns. But in reality, many graduates have completed their education at tertiary institutions, but are still unemployed, so people think that it is useless to go to school or have a higher education. Even though the function of investment in education is not only an economic function. This study uses literature studies by analyzing books, journals, or research related to the problem. From the results of the analysis, education has several aspects of non-economic functions such as religious, social, political and legal, cultural, educational, health, and social life functions. This shows that the return value from investment in education is not only an economic aspect, but includes many aspects. Education helps people to become more socially, politically, and culturally aware and better equipped to understand and apply science and technology to advance human civilization.

Research on the capacity cost allocation and the electricity capacity price optimization method for a power system based on the BARY‐GA algorithm

AbstractUnder the new power system, a high proportion of new energy is widely connected to the power grid, and it is necessary to increase investment in centralized and distributed energy storage, flexible resource regulation, and transmission and distribution grids, resulting in an increase in power system costs. The current electricity capacity price does not reflect the economic value of the added system adequately, and flexible capacity is needed to ensure the safety of the power grid under the new power system. In the context of the transformation of the new power system and investment function, it is increasingly difficult to recover the costs according to the traditional electricity price. It is necessary to establish a coordinated development mechanism for the electricity capacity price and the electricity price that recovers the fixed costs according to the investment function to ensure a reasonable return on investment in flexible resources and to provide effective investment signals. Therefore, this work first studied and proposed a mechanism for the formation of capacity and electricity prices based on the proportion of allowed income and fixed costs at different voltage levels and calculates the level of electricity capacity (demand) prices and electricity consumption prices. Then, using the BARY curve, genetic algorithm, and clustering of user load rates, a collaborative mechanism between the electricity capacity price and the electricity price was designed. With the goal of optimizing the electricity capacity price and considering constraints such as the flexibility and reliability of the new power system, the ratio of the capacity cost allocated to the electricity capacity price by voltage level users to the capacity cost allocated to the electricity price was calculated, and the optimal combination of electricity capacity price and electricity price for different load‐rate intervals was determined. Finally, the effectiveness of the model was verified through numerical simulations. On the basis of the investment characteristics of the new power system, suggestions for a capacity pricing mechanism under the new power system were proposed from the perspectives of transfer capacity function, transfer electricity function, grid reliability, and environmental and social benefits.

Management of "green" investments within the context of the new global architectonics

Introduction. The paper examines the features of "green" projects in modern environmental protection global architecture. Reducing environmental pollution contributes to sustainable economic and social development of the country. Businesses can make appropriate decisions based on the various functions of green financial investments. Therefore, "green" financial investment decisions contribute to the achievement of sustainable economic development of enterprises, strengthening of environmental protection and proper management of relations between people and nature. The purpose of the paper is to study the concept of "green" investment management. Results. The management of "green" investments is focused on the need to activate social agents to achieve the goals of self-management and environmental protection. The benefits of applying new environmental, social and governance in the process of green financial investment are obvious. The context of environment, society and governance refers to the concept and method of social governance in order to fully mobilize all people and forces to achieve environmental protection and resolve social conflicts caused by environmental problems. A statistical analysis of investment in "green" projects in the global dimension for 2015-2022 was carried out. in the industry to ensure sustainable development goals. It was established that the priority of "green" investments in renewable energy as a component of the industry to ensure the goals of sustainable development. The number of job growth in the clean energy sector until 2030 has been determined. Conclusion. The implementation of green financial investment decision-making in the context of environment and governance is an innovative force for the development of modern enterprises and the financial industry, and an important step for modern enterprises to achieve industrial transformation and renewal. Therefore, the solution of "green" financial investments is the key content of the innovative development of the business sector, aimed at regulating the capital supply of "green" financial investments and development towards an ecological society.

Development banks and state-led investments: new research questions

ABSTRACT The aim of the article is to bring in the concept of governance and financial bureaucracies into the discussion on financing of innovation and development. The article refers to national development banks as the example of state-backed investors who make investment decisions in line with policy priorities (to prioritized sectors, technologies and development projects). While building on the examples of public development banks, the article seeks to conceptualize the governance of public strategic investments through the notion of a state-led ‘investment function’. In doing so, the article seeks complementarity of the concepts that derive from economics and innovation literature on one hand and public policy and governance literature on the other hand. This study suggests that the governance of state-led investments can be understood as a combination of financial policies, institutions and organizational routines that translate into capacities of respective public bureaucratic structures to make financing decisions.

A stock-flow consistent model of inventories, debt financing and investment decisions

The paper develops a Kalecki–Steindl–Minsky stock-flow consistent (SFC) model by including inventories, as well as firm’s deposits and debt financing into the investment function. The role of investment decisions in shaping aggregate fluctuations over the business cycle is assessed by considering a model populated by five types of economic actors: workers, rentiers, firms, commercial banks and the central bank. Business cycle fluctuations are investigated assuming a deterministic steady growth path in the long period, in line with recent developments in heterodox growth theory. Next, we simulate the model, calibrating it for the US economy. Our main results confirm the relevance of inventory dynamics in economic cycles, similar to Metzler’s (1941, 1947) analysis. First, inventory investment propagates shocks and affects the length of waves, deviation size and time to convergence. Second, expectations may determine whether there are oscillations or a steady convergence to the long-term trend. Third, we suggest that inventory investment accommodates rapid aggregate demand variations, although not presenting a multiplier effect.