Function In Elderly Individuals Research Articles

A systematic review of cognitive telerehabilitation in patients with cognitive dysfunction

IntroductionOne of the possible treatment options for patient with cognitive dysfunction is cognitive telerehabilitation. Previous systematic reviews on cognitive telerehabilitation have focused on specific disease groups and the analysis of intervention methods did not differentiate between traditional face-to-face cognition treatment and usual care. In this systematic review, we aim to analyze randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compare telerehabilitation with face-to-face treatment or usual care for improving cognitive function in elderly individuals with cognitive dysfunction or patients with acquired brain injury.MethodsWe conducted this systematic review following the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). In this systematic review, we searched 7 electronic databases (PubMed, Cochrane, EMbase, CINAHL, Web of Science, Scopus, KMbase) to identify relevant studies published through December 10, 2024. We conducted a meta-analysis to assess the quality of the studies and synthesize the evidence. Certainty of evidence was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) method.ResultsFinally, 16 studies were included in the analysis. For comparing telerehabilitation with face-to-face cognition treatment, the meta-analysis included 2 RCTs for global cognition (immediate outcome), 2 RCTs for attention (immediate outcome), 2 RCTs for visuospatial function (immediate outcome). For comparing telerehabilitation with usual care, the meta-analysis included 7 RCTs for global cognition (immediate outcome), 3 RCTs for global cognition (persistence outcome), 4 RCTs for attention (immediate outcome), 3 RCTs for executive function (immediate outcome), 3 RCTs for working memory (immediate outcome), 3 RCTs for visuospatial function (immediate outcome).DiscussionTelerehabilitation has been shown to be more effective than usual care in improving global cognitive function, and its effectiveness is not inferior to that of traditional face-to-face cognitive treatment. By overcoming the limitations of traditional cognition rehabilitation and providing continuous treatment, telerehabilitation can offer effective treatment in specific situations.

Effects of Resistance Exercise Combined with Cognitive Intervention Therapy on Cognitive Decline: A Randomized Controlled Trial of a Cognitively Declining Elderly Population.

Objective: To design a randomized controlled trial combining resistance exercise and cognitive intervention to carry out a dual-task computer-aided product design that combines hardware and software to explore the effects of different intensities of resistance exercise on cognitive function in elderly individuals with cognitive decline. Materials and Methods: Forty-eight participants (aged between 60 and 75 years) who satisfied the specified criteria were randomly assigned to one of four groups as follows: control (n = 12), low intensity (n = 12), medium intensity (n = 12), and high intensity (n = 12). The control group exclusively underwent cognitive training, whereas the experimental group underwent dual-task training at varying resistance exercise intensities. The main outcomes were short-term effects on cognitive function and lower limb strength using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), One-Rep Max (1RM) data, and training scores. The secondary outcomes were the effects of the participants' subjective fatigue and the system availability of the product. Results: The experimental group subjected to medium-intensity exercise exhibited the most substantial improvement in MoCA score (P = 0.017). All the groups achieved training scores that were substantially higher than the initial data (P < 0.05), and significant 1RM values were obtained for the left and right legs in the middle- and high-strength groups (P < 0.05). In addition, the participants indicated a positive experience with the application. Conclusions: Overall, we found support for the feasibility and acceptability of the product developed by dual-task therapy based on resistance exercise combined with cognitive intervention and showed the initial impact prospect of moderate-intensity resistance exercise. Future applications should be replicated in older individuals with Clinical trial registration: NCT06220565 Ethical approval: H2022013I decline.

Exploring neurofeedback as a therapeutic intervention for subjective cognitive decline.

This study addresses the pressing issue of subjective cognitive decline in aging populations by investigating neurofeedback (NFB) as a potential early therapeutic intervention. By evaluating the efficacy of individualised NFB training compared to standard protocols, tailored to each participant's EEG profile, it provides novel insights into personalised treatment approaches. The incorporation of innovative elements and rigorous analytical techniques contributes to advancing our understanding of NFB's modulatory effects on EEG frequencies and cognitive function in aging individuals. In the context of an aging population, concerns surrounding memory function become increasingly prevalent, particularly as individuals transition into middle age and beyond. This study investigated neurofeedback (NFB) as a potential early therapeutic intervention to address subjective cognitive decline (SCD) in aging populations. NFB, a biofeedback technique utilising a brain-computer interface, has demonstrated promise in the treatment of various neurological and psychological conditions. Here, we evaluated the efficacy of individualised NFB training, tailored to each participant's EEG profile, compared to a standard NFB training protocol aimed at increasing peak alpha frequency power, in enhancing cognitive function among individuals experiencing SCD. Our NFB protocol incorporated innovative elements, including the implementation of a criterion for learning success to ensure consistent achievement levels by the conclusion of the training sessions. Additionally, we introduced a non-learner group to account for individuals who do not demonstrate the expected proficiency in NFB regulation. Analysis of electroencephalographic (EEG) signals during NFB sessions, as well as before and after training, provides insights into the modulatory effects of NFB on EEG frequencies. Contrary to expectations, our rigorous analysis revealed that the ability of individuals with SCD to modulate EEG signal power and duration at specific frequencies was not exclusive to the intended frequency target. Furthermore, examination of EEG signals recorded using a high-density EEG showed no discernible alteration in signal power between pre- and post-NFB training sessions. Similarly, no significant effects were observed on questionnaire scores when comparing pre- and post-NFB training assessments.

GABA Prevents Sarcopenia by Regulation of Muscle Protein Degradation and Inflammaging in 23- to 25-Month-Old Female Mice.

Sarcopenia is the gradual decrease in skeletal muscle mass, strength and function in elderly individuals. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a neurotransmitter naturally produced from glutamate by the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase. Age-related decline in GABA is linked to age-related motor and sensory decline and seems to affect sarcopenia, yet no detailed study has been conducted. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of GABA on improving sarcopenia by suppressing muscle protein degradation through supplementing decreased GABA in old mice. GABA (10 or 30 mg/kg/day) was orally administered daily to young (3 months) and old (21-23 months) C57BL/6 mice for 7 weeks. The body weight and grip strength of the mice were measured weekly at the same time. After sacrificing the mice, the quadriceps and gastrocnemius muscles were excised from their hind limbs, and the spleen and serum were collected. Histological, biochemical and molecular analyses were conducted in various experiments. The administration of GABA increased muscle strength (+41%, +70% compared to the aged mouse control group, GABA at doses of 10 or 30 mg/kg/day respectively, p < 0.05) and muscle mass (quadriceps: +28%, +46%; gastrocnemius: +12%, +19%, p < 0.05) in old mice. This increase was accompanied by a cross-sectional area (CSA) increase in the quadriceps and gastrocnemius muscle (p < 0.05). The administration of GABA increased IGF-1 levels in serum (p < 0.05), leading to the activation of muscle protein synthesis. We found that GABA inhibits sarcopenia by regulating muscle protein degradation through the activation of Akt/mTOR/FoxO3a signalling pathways. GABA also regulates inflammaging, which is a hallmark of age-related muscle atrophy. There was a significant increase in the F4/80 + CD11b + total macrophage ratio in gastrocnemius and spleen, especially the M1 macrophage ratio increased in old mice. However, GABA administration was effective in suppressing M1 macrophages (gastrocnemius: -40%, - 53%; spleen: -22%, -26%, p < 0.05). Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6, primarily secreted by M1 macrophages, are also decreased by treatment with GABA (TNF-α: -24%, -27%; IL-6: -45%, -59%, p < 0.05). Together, this study demonstrates the importance of GABA in maintaining muscle and low-chronic inflammation during ageing. We suggest that GABA shows potential as a substance that can effectively address sarcopenia and enhance the overall lifespan and well-being of older individuals.

Effectiveness of vestibular therapy as an adjunct to cognitive therapy to improve cognition in elderly with mild cognitive impairment (MCI)

The rapid global increase in aging populations is leading to a rise in age-related conditions like mild cognitive impairment (MCI), necessitating new treatment strategies. This study will conduct a double-blinded, three-arm, randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of adding vestibular therapy to cognitive therapy (VT+CT) compared to cognitive therapy (CT) alone and a control group. Participants will be assigned to one of three groups: VT+CT, CT only, or a control group. The VT+CT group will receive vestibular rehabilitation exercises along with a computerized brain program, while the CT group will get only the computerized brain program. Primary outcomes will include electroencephalography (EEG), the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST), and event-related potential (ERP-P300). Secondary outcomes will be the Stroop Color Word Test (SCWT), Trail-Making Test (TMT), and European Quality 5 Dimensions (EQ-5D-5L). This research aims to determine if VT+CT improves cognitive function in elderly individuals with MCI.

Association between platelet-to-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and cognitive function in older americans: insights from a cross-sectional study

The main aim of this study was to explore the correlation between the platelet/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (PHR) and cognitive function in elderly individuals from the United States. This investigation leveraged data encompassing 2299 participants, all aged 60 years and above, from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted from 2011 to 2014. Inclusion criteria were based on the availability of complete datasets for PHR and cognitive function assessments. The analytical approach incorporated multivariate logistic regression to discern the association between PHR and cognitive function. Additionally, the study employed restricted cubic splines (RCS) to explore potential non-linear relationships and subgroup analyses to identify variations in the observed associations across different demographic and clinical subgroups. In the fully adjusted model, an increment of 10 units in PHR was associated with a decline of 0.014 in cognitive scores (β=-0.014, 95% CI: -0.025, -0.002; P < 0.05). Compared to the lowest quartile, participants in the highest quartile exhibited a 38.4% increased prevalence of cognitive impairment per one-unit increase in PHR (OR = 1.384, 95% CI: 1.012, 1.893; P < 0.05). Subgroup analysis revealed consistent results regarding the relationship between PHR and cognitive impairment across all subgroups. A non-linear relationship between PHR and cognitive impairment was observed using RCS, indicating that an increase in PHR above 111.49 significantly elevated the incidence of cognitive impairment (P < 0.05). Our study demonstrates that a higher PHR is associated with a greater risk of cognitive decline in an older U.S. population, and although further validation is needed, this warrants consideration in clinical assessments and interventions.

Efficacy of wooden toy training in alleviating cognitive decline in elderly individuals with cognitive impairment: A cluster randomized controlled study.

With the increasing global aging population, the health and welfare of elderly individuals, especially individuals with prevalent mild cognitive impairment (MCI) living in nursing homes, have become critical concerns. These concerns highlight the urgency of developing effective interventions to address the cognitive and psychological needs of elderly individuals, ensuring their well-being and alleviating the burden on their caregivers. This study investigates the impact of wooden toy training on mitigating cognitive decline in elderly individuals with cognitive impairment. It evaluates how this training influences cognitive functions and psychological well-being, exploring whether it can slow or reverse the progression of cognitive decline. This outcome will be assessed in a randomized controlled trial, in which changes in cognitive ability and psychological health indicators among the participants will be measured. A two-arm, open-label, cluster-randomized controlled trial. The study was conducted in two nursing homes, which served as both the recruitment sites for participants and the intervention locations. These nursing homes were selected for their ability to facilitate the intervention and for their representative demographic characteristics of the elderly population. The settings provided a controlled environment that was conducive to implementing the wooden toy training program and observing its effects on the participants. A total of 76 elderly participants with mild cognitive impairment but functional independence were recruited. Participants were randomized into an intervention group and a control group. The intervention group engaged in an 8-week wooden toy training program, whereas those in the control cohort received customary nursing care. Standardized cognitive and psychological well-being measures were used to assess improvements in cognitive performance and mental health. Significant improvements were observed in the cognitive functions of the intervention group from a baseline score of M = 13.11 to M = 16.29 postintervention (95% CI [-4.44, -1.93]), along with reductions in depressive symptoms from a baseline score of M = 8.63 to M = 7.18 (95% CI [0.38, 2.51]). Additionally, engagement in activities with wooden toys significantly satisfied their need for competence, increasing from a baseline of M = 16.29 to M = 20 postintervention (95% CI [-5.92, -1.51]), and relatedness, which improved from a baseline of M = 20.32 to M = 22.95 (95% CI [-4.73, -0.53]). This study underscores the potential of a wooden toy intervention in nursing homes that combines cognitive challenges with traditional cultural elements to improve cognitive functions in elderly individuals with mild cognitive impairment. Our findings suggest a novel method of promoting the cognitive and psychological health of nursing home residents through emotional comfort and social interaction.

The mediating role of individual evaluation, anxiety, and depression in the association between leisure activity and cognitive function among Chinese older adults.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the association between leisure activity and cognitive function in Chinese older adults, and to explore the mediating role of individual evaluation, anxiety and depression. Using cross-sectional data from the 2018 Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS), Pearson correlation analyses were employed to examine the relationships among various indicators. A multiple mediation model was constructed to investigate the mediating pathways through which leisure activities impact cognitive function in elderly individuals. Leisure activities, individual evaluation, anxiety, and depression were significantly correlated with cognitive function (p < 0.01). Leisure activities not only directly positively impacted cognitive function in elderly individuals (effect = 0.3780; 95% CI = [0.3459, 0.4101]), but also exerted indirect effects through five pathways. Individual evaluation, anxiety, depression, they plays a mediating role in the association between leisure activity and cognitive function in older adults in China. Leisure activities can positively impact cognitive function in elderly individuals by enhancing individual evaluation and subsequently reducing anxiety and depression.

Melatonin enhances NK cell function in aged mice by increasing T-bet expression via the JAK3-STAT5 signaling pathway

Natural killer (NK) cells are crucial innate immune cells that provide defense against viruses and tumors. However, aging is associated with alterations in NK cell composition and compromised cell functions. Melatonin, known for its anti-tumor effects, has been reported to improve NK cell function. However, the molecular mechanism underlying melatonin’s effect on senescent NK cells remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the mechanism by which melatonin enhances the function of senescent NK cells. Our findings revealed that melatonin significantly increased the number and function of NK cells in aging mice. The results suggest that melatonin enhances NK cell proliferation, degranulation, and IFN-γ secretion. Further investigations demonstrated that melatonin promotes NK cell maturation and activation, mainly via the JAK3/STAT5 signaling pathway, leading to increased expression of T-bet. These discoveries provide a theoretical basis for potential immunotherapy strategies based on melatonin-mediated modulation of NK cell function in aging individuals.

The association between ‘weekend warrior’, regular exercise, and cognitive function in elderly individuals with and without depressive symptoms: A cross-sectional analysis from NHANES 2011–2014

BackgroundWhile previous studies have suggested that both ‘Weekend Warrior’ (WW) and Regular Exercise (RE) patterns confer health benefits, the relationship between different types of physical activity (PA) and cognitive function (CF) in elderly individuals with and without depressive symptoms remains unclear. MethodsOur study leveraged the NHANES 2011–2014 dataset, focusing on older adults. We explore the relationship between PA and CF, stratifying by depressive status. Our statistical approach included multivariable regression analysis to identify relationships between PA levels and cognitive outcomes, along with advanced techniques such as smoothed curve fitting and threshold effect analysis to examine potential nonlinear associations and identify optimal PA pattern for cognitive health. ResultsAnalysis revealed a positive correlation between PA time and CF across all participants (β-depressive symptoms = 0.03, 95 % CI: 0.01–0.05; β-non-depressive symptoms = 0.01, 95%CI: 0.00–0.02). When comparing against the inactive, non-depressed participants partaking in WW showed improved cognitive scores (β-WW = 0.22, 95 % CI: 0.05–0.39), similar to those engaging in RE (β-RE = 0.15, 95 % CI: 0.09–0.21). However, among the depressed participants, significant cognitive improvements were observed in the RE (β-RE = 0.15, 95 % CI: 0.04–0.25), with the WW showing less definitive results (β-WW = 0.22, 95 % CI: −0.02-0.47). LimitationThe cross-sectional nature limits causal inferences. ConclusionOur findings affirm the potential role of PA in enhancing CF among older subjects without depressive symptoms. However, only RE was associated with improved CF in those with depressive symptoms. These results are critical for crafting personalized PA guidelines to enhance cognitive health in the aging population.

Association Between Physical Activity Levels and Cognitive Function in Older Adults: A Replication Cohort Analysis Using the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging

Introduction: Few studies address the complex relationship between physical activity and cognitive function in aging individuals. This topic has gained significant attention in recent years, as cognitive decline poses a substantial public health challenge. There is a lack of research focusing on the effect of physical activity on cognitive function in the Brazilian population. Purpose: Our study aims to replicate the findings of Lautenschlager et al. using a Brazilian cohort from the ELSI study, a comprehensive longitudinal study capturing aging processes and determinants among individuals in Brazil. Method: In line with the reference study, our analysis focused on individuals aged 50 and older without depression and dementia. The primary outcome was cognitive function, assessed using a summary score obtained from the ELSI study to replicate the ADAS-Cog, as in the original study. Participants were categorized into two groups: those engaging in moderate to vigorous exercise (exercise) and those who did not meet this exercise threshold (no exercise). To evaluate the relationship between exercise and cognitive function, we performed three linear regression models: one without adjustments for covariates, a second model adjusting for sex, education, and race (main model), and a third model with multiple adjustments. A sensitivity analysis using Cohen's D was also conducted. Results: In this study from the ELSI cohort, data from 7,292 individuals were available, and 6,147 met the inclusion criteria for analysis. A total of 935 individuals were excluded due to depression, and 98 were excluded due to dementia. Baseline characteristics were not well balanced between groups. The mean age in the exercise group was 64 years compared to 67 years in the no exercise group, with a higher percentage of males (48% vs. 39%) and a higher education level (12% with university education vs. 6%). In the unadjusted linear regression, there was a positive correlation between exercise and cognitive function (2.19, 95% CI 1.89-2.48, p&lt;0.001). In the second model, which emulated the reference trial by including sex, race, and educational status, the positive correlation persisted, though with a lower effect size (1.53, 95% CI 1.25-1.82, p&lt;0.001). A third model with additional adjustments was employed to assess the consistency of the association, which was maintained (1.92, 95% CI 1.62-2.23, p&lt;0.001). Conclusion: Our study reaffirms the potential benefits of moderate to vigorous exercise on cognitive function in older adults with mild cognitive impairment.

The correlation of gait and muscle activation characteristics with locomotion dysfunction grade in elderly individuals.

To investigate the differences and regularity of gait and muscle activation characteristics parameters in the Locomotion Dysfunction Grade (LDG) scale assessment in elderly individuals, and analyse the correlation between objective parameters and scale grading. Thus, to propose a novel detection mode for elderly individuals, which combined the LDG scale with objective detection. It can not only provide quantitative data for intelligent evaluation and rehabilitation, but also provided more accurate reference for the classification of care levels in elderly care policies. Elderly individuals (n = 159) who underwent gait analysis and sEMG at the Chinese Rehabilitation Research Center from January 2019 to September 2023 were included. According to the LDG scale, the elderly individuals were divided into four groups, namely, the LDG4, LDG5, LDG6 groups and the healthy control group. Four indicators, namely, spatiotemporal, kinematic, dynamic gait parameters and muscle activation characteristics data, were collected. Changes in these characteristics of elderly individuals with lower extremity motor dysfunction were evaluated and analysed statistically. The spatiotemporal gait parameters were significantly lower in the LDG4, LDG5, LDG6 groups than in the healthy control group. The double support phase was positively correlated with the LDG, while the swing phase, step length and velocity were negatively correlated (P < 0.05). The movement angles of both hips, knees and ankles were significantly limited and negatively correlated with the LDG (P < 0.05). Compared with those in the healthy control group, the centre of pressure (COP) path length were greater, and the average COP velocity was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the LDG4, LDG5, LDG6 groups. The regularity of muscle activation clearly changed. The root mean square of the gastrocnemius medialis was positively correlated with LDG (P < 0.05), while the tibialis anterior showed no regularity. As the LDG increased, the differences in spatiotemporal, kinematic and dynamic gait parameters between elderly individuals with motor dysfunction and the healthy individuals gradually increased. The muscle activation characteristics parameters showed an abnormal activation pattern. These parameters were correlated with the LDG, providing a more comprehensive and objective assessment of lower extremity motor function in elderly individuals, improve assessment accuracy, and help accurate rehabilitation.

Association Between Physical Activity Levels and Cognitive Function in Older Adults: A Replication Cohort Analysis Using the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging

Introduction: Few studies address the complex relationship between physical activity and cognitive function in aging individuals. This topic has gained significant attention in recent years, as cognitive decline poses a substantial public health challenge. There is a lack of research focusing on the effect of physical activity on cognitive function in the Brazilian population. Purpose: Our study aims to replicate the findings of Lautenschlager et al. using a Brazilian cohort from the ELSI study, a comprehensive longitudinal study capturing aging processes and determinants among individuals in Brazil. Method: In line with the reference study, our analysis focused on individuals aged 50 and older without depression and dementia. The primary outcome was cognitive function, assessed using a summary score obtained from the ELSI study to replicate the ADAS-Cog, as in the original study. Participants were categorized into two groups: those engaging in moderate to vigorous exercise (exercise) and those who did not meet this exercise threshold (no exercise). To evaluate the relationship between exercise and cognitive function, we performed three linear regression models: one without adjustments for covariates, a second model adjusting for sex, education, and race (main model), and a third model with multiple adjustments. A sensitivity analysis using Cohen's D was also conducted. Results: In this study from the ELSI cohort, data from 7,292 individuals were available, and 6,147 met the inclusion criteria for analysis. A total of 935 individuals were excluded due to depression, and 98 were excluded due to dementia. Baseline characteristics were not well balanced between groups. The mean age in the exercise group was 64 years compared to 67 years in the no exercise group, with a higher percentage of males (48% vs. 39%) and a higher education level (12% with university education vs. 6%). In the unadjusted linear regression, there was a positive correlation between exercise and cognitive function (2.19, 95% CI 1.89-2.48, p&lt;0.001). In the second model, which emulated the reference trial by including sex, race, and educational status, the positive correlation persisted, though with a lower effect size (1.53, 95% CI 1.25-1.82, p&lt;0.001). A third model with additional adjustments was employed to assess the consistency of the association, which was maintained (1.92, 95% CI 1.62-2.23, p&lt;0.001). Conclusion: Our study reaffirms the potential benefits of moderate to vigorous exercise on cognitive function in older adults with mild cognitive impairment.

The efficiency of Ram Thai with Nine Square dance on physical performance and cognitive functions: a model for elderly school

Age-related declines in health-related physical fitness and cognitive function can be mitigated by a multi-movement exercise program. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the efficiency of Ram Thai with nine square dances on physical performance and cognitive functions in the elderly. Participants were randomly assigned into an experimental or control group. The Montreal cognitive assessment-basic (MoCA-B, Thai version) were chosen from screened volunteers and randomly assigned into 2 groups; Ram Thai with nine square dances (RTND:33) and brisk walking exercise (BWE:34) aged 65.3±2.4 years old, body mass index (BMI) 25.5±11.9 kg/m2. The physical performance parameters assessed were as follows: Back-scratch test (BST), Chair sit and reach test (CSRT), Chair stand test (CST), 30-second arm curl test (ACT), 6-minute walk test (6-WT) and timed up and go test (TUG) were conducted respectively. Our results showed the physiological revealed a reduction in body fat percentage, while significant increase in VO2max test scores observed in both groups (p≤.05). Additionally, there was an improved lower limb strength, as evidenced by statistically significant increases in scores for the CST, 6-WT, and TUG compared to pretest values (p≤.05). In terms of BST performance, the RTND group showed significantly better results compared to the BWE group (p≤.001). Moreover, we discovered that significantly superior results indicate increased variability in MoCA-B scores (24.11≈26.37) among elderly participants in the RTND group (p≤.001). The data indicates that RTND effectively enhances physiological aspects, physical performance control, and overall cognitive function in elderly individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Keywords: physical performance, cognitive function, mild cognitive impairment, elderly

Acute Effect of Simultaneous Exercise and Cognitive Tasks on Cognitive Functions in Elderly Individuals with Mild Cognitive Impairment.

The increasing prevalence of age-related cognitive decline, alongside the aging global population, underscores the urgent need for innovative and effective preventative strategies. While the advantages of combining physical and cognitive exercises have been recognized as a promising approach to address these socioeconomic challenges, the acute effects of such interventions on cognitive functions remain understudied. This study aimed to investigate whether simultaneous physical and cognitive exercise has a greater beneficial impact on the cognitive functions of older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) than physical exercise alone or reading activities. A total of 44 MCI patients (75% females aged between 65 and 75 years) were randomly assigned to one of three groups: aerobic exercise alone (EG group, n = 15), aerobic combined with cognitive exercises (CEG group, n = 15), or a reading task for controls (CG group, n = 14). Attention, memory, and problem solving were assessed before and after the acute intervention using the Tower of Hanoi, Digit Span, and Stroop tasks, respectively. Statistical analysis revealed that both of the experimental interventions appeared to enhance cognitive function scores (p < 0.05), except for the number of moves in the Tower of Hanoi task, where no improvement was noted. In contrast, no significant differences in any cognitive performance measures were observed following the reading session. Notably, the CEG group exhibited a more pronounced positive impact, especially on working memory. This advantage was specifically evident in the digit span tasks, where significantly greater percentage gains were found in the CEG than in the CG (p = 0.02), while no significant difference existed between the EG and CG. Simultaneous combined exercise has proven to be a more effective method than aerobic physical exercise alone for improving cognitive function. The results of this study are recommended for inclusion in clinical practice guidelines to maintain the mental health of older adults, as simultaneous exercise seems to offer a time-efficient strategy to enhance cognitive performance in adults with MCI.

The role of dietary fats on cognition and sarcopenia in the elderly.

To elucidate the role of dietary fats on the relationship between mild cognitive impairment and sarcopenia and help identifying and preventing the decline of cognitive and muscle function in elderly individuals. The study conducted involving a group of 1812 individuals between the ages of 61 and 92. Body composition and BMR were assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Cognitive function and dietary nutrition were evaluated by neuropsychological assessments and questionnaire of food intake frequency. Lipidomics analysis was performed using UHPLC-Qtrap-MS/MS. MCI and SA are mutual influencing factors, lower intake of MUFA, PUFA and higher intake of fat was associated with cognitive dysfunction and/or SA (p < 0.05). PUFA was important for MCI combined with SA (Compared with Q1, Q4 OR: 0.176, 95%CI: 0.058,0.533). Lipidomics analysis revealed that triacylglycerol (TAG) contain more carbon chains with saturated double bonds may be closely related to cognitive impairment and the progression of SA (p < 0.05). While, DAG with carbon chains of unsaturated double bonds is opposite. Insufficient intake of unsaturated fatty acids was associated with the development of cognitive decline and the progression of SA. MUFA affecting muscle health, fats and PUFA has a greater impact on MCI combined with SA. Less MUFA intake and increasing saturated double-bonded fatty acid intake might be the key factors on promoting cognitive impairment and SA in the elderly. They have the potential to serve as prospective biomarkers indicating a higher risk of cognitive decline and/or SA in the elderly population.

Relationship between Pain and Dementia: The Mediating Effect of Depression among Chinese Elderly.

Chronic pain poses a significant problem for older adults and may potentially impact cognitive function. This study aimed to examine the cross-sectional relationship between pain severity and cognitive function in elderly individuals residing in the community. Additionally, this study sought to examine the mediating effect of depression on the relationship between pain and dementia. The study sample was derived from the 2018 China Health and Aging Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), comprising cross-sectional data from 4559 community residents aged 65 years or older. The primary outcome assessed was the occurrence of dementia, while the main independent variable was pain severity (none, little, somewhat, quite a bit, very). Depression score served as the mediating factor. Chi-square and binary logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the relationship between depression and the occurrence of pain and dementia. An intermediate model was constructed by stepwise regression. The study indicates a significant association between cognitive impairment and both chronic pain and depressive symptoms in older adults living in China. Individuals who frequently report experiencing pain exhibit a higher likelihood of developing dementia when compared to those who do not report any pain (odds ratio (OR) = 1.72, p < 0.001). Moreover, depressive symptoms significantly mediate the relationship between pain and dementia, with the mediating effect accounting for 65.25%. Chronic pain not only directly impacts patients' cognitive function but also indirectly exacerbates cognitive impairment through depressive symptoms as a mediating variable. For elderly individuals experiencing depressive symptoms, it is important to provide appropriate psychological treatment in conjunction with pain management strategies.

Transcriptomic analysis to identify genes associated with hypothalamus vulnerability in aging mice with cognitive decline

The normal aging process is accompanied by cognitive decline, and previous studies have indicated the crucial role of the hypothalamus in regulating both aging and cognition. However, the precise molecular mechanism underlying this relationship remains unclear. Therefore, this present study aimed to identify potential predictors of cognitive decline associated with aging specifically within the hypothalamus. To achieve this, we employed Morris water maze (MWM) testing to assess learning and memory differences between young and aged mice. Additionally, transcriptome sequencing was conducted on the hypothalamus of young and aged mice to identify potential genes. Subsequently, GO and KEGG analyses were performed to investigate the functions of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and their associated biological pathways. Finally, the results obtained from sequencing analysis were further validated using qRT-PCR. Notably, MWM testing revealed a significant decrease in spatial learning and memory ability among aged mice. According to KEGG analysis, the DEGs primarily encompassed various biochemical signaling pathways related to immune system (e.g., C3; C4b; Ccl2; Ccl7; Cebpb; Clec7a; Col3a1; Cxcl10; Cxcl2; Fosb; Fosl1; Gbp5; H2-Ab1; Hspa1a; Hspa1b; Icam1; Il1b; Itga5; Itgax; Lilrb4a; Plaur; Ptprc; Serpine1; Tnfrsf10b; Tnfsf10), neurodegenerative disease (e.g., Atp2a1; Creb5; Fzd10; Hspa1a; Hspa1b; Il1b; Kcnj10; Nxf3; Slc6a3; Tubb6; Uba1y; Wnt9b), nervous system function (e.g., Chrna4; Chrna6; Creb5; Slc6a3),and aging (e.g., Creb5; Hspa1a; Hspa1b) among others. These identified genes may serve as potential predictors for cognitive function in elderly individuals and will provide a crucial foundation for further exploration into the underlying molecular mechanisms.

Relationship between the Risk of Falling and Physical Function in Elderly Individuals with Lower Extremity Arthritis

Background: The prevalence of falls among the elderly is a significant public health concern, with lower extremity arthritis being a prominent risk factor. This condition severely impacts daily functioning and increases the risk of falls, leading to further morbidity and decreased quality of life among the aging population. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the risk of falling and physical function in elderly individuals diagnosed with lower extremity arthritis, focusing on the assessment of daily living activities and fear of falling. Methods: A total of 150 elderly individuals (45 males and 105 females) with lower extremity arthritis were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Participants' difficulties in performing daily activities and their fear of falling were evaluated using the Falls Efficacy Scale (FES) and the Activities of Daily Living (ADL) scale. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS version 25. Descriptive statistics were employed to calculate frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations. The study adhered to the ethical guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki, with all participants providing written informed consent. Results: The mean age of participants was 51±7 years, ranging from 40 to 65 years. A significant majority reported difficulty in performing daily activities (70%, n=105) and a fear of falling (80%, n=120). Gender distribution showed a higher prevalence of arthritis and associated issues among females (70%) compared to males (30%). Conclusion: The study highlights the profound impact of lower extremity arthritis on the physical function and fall risk among the elderly. There is a critical need for integrated healthcare interventions focusing on enhancing physical function and addressing the psychological aspects of fall fear to improve elderly individuals' quality of life with arthritis.

Effects of square dance exercise on cognitive function in elderly individuals with mild cognitive impairment: the mediating role of balance ability and executive function

BackgroundSquare dancing is a kind of aerobic fitness exercise without environmental restrictions that yields many benefits for physical and mental health; this exercise is popular among middle-aged and elderly people in China and in these populations in other countries. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of square dance exercise on the overall cognitive function of elderly individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and to research its mechanisms.MethodsA total of 60 elderly people with MCI (60–69 years old) without square dance experience were selected and randomly divided into an experimental group (n = 30) and a control group (n = 30). The experimental group participated in square dance exercise for 12 weeks, while the control group maintained their original lifestyle habits. One week before and after the intervention period, the overall cognitive function, physical fitness, and executive function of both groups were measured.ResultsAccording to the results, square dance exercise directly improved the overall cognitive function of elderly individuals with MCI and indirectly affected overall cognitive function through the mediating effects of balance ability and executive function.ConclusionsSquare dance exercise represents a nonpharmacological intervention for the prevention and treatment of MCI. Importantly, it is best to combine this exercise with other forms of physical exercise and comprehensive treatment programs such as cognitive training, social interaction, and psychological intervention to realize its maximum effect.