Function Of Conversion Research Articles

Speech Function of Student Conversation in English Classroom: A Semantic Study

The article aims to investigate speech function on student conversation in English classroom related with Halliday (1994) approach. This articleis a qualitative research design. Content or document analysis is used in this study. The data source is students’ conversations in class XI in English classroom at MAN 5 Jombang. The data in this article are sentences and clauses which represent the type and meaning of speech function on students conversation in English classroom. The instrument was smartphonewith an integrated camera to record video and audio. The recorded data were converted through transcription. The results showed that the students used three types of speech functions: statement, command, and question, but the offer type was not used by students. The statement type was often used by students in class. Meanwhile, there were three meanings of speech functions used by students, namely, giving information (statement), demanding goods-&-services (command), and demanding information (question). It could be seen that students applied elements of speech function. It is implied that the development of interactive activities and continuous evaluation are important to improve students' practical communication skills.Lecturers are encouraged to conduct more dynamic interactions in class with activities that stimulate the use of commands and questions.

Multifunctional Metasurface with PIN Diode Application Featuring Absorption, Polarization Conversion, and Transmission Functions.

The objective of this paper is to explore the potential of integrating three distinct functionalities into a thin, single-layer metasurface. Specifically, the study introduces a metasurface design that combines absorption, polarization conversion, and transmission capabilities. The proposed structure consists of a double square loop disposed on a dielectric substrate, which is covered by a superstrate. In this study, the traditional ground plane was replaced with a periodic array, selectively reflecting frequencies of interest. Then, the absorption and polarization conversion characteristics were achieved by introducing the resonators in the front layer. By introducing asymmetry to the resonators and integrating PIN diodes for control, we demonstrated that the metasurface could efficiently absorb electromagnetic waves (with PIN diodes in the ON state), convert polarization (with PIN diodes in the OFF state), and enable signal transmission in a different frequency range. The numerical results indicated excellent performance in both absorption and polarization conversion. At a frequency of 3.05 GHz, the absorption rate reached 97%, while a polarization conversion rate of 98% was achieved at the resonance frequency of 4.37 GHz. Moreover, the proposed structure exhibited a thickness of λ/30.7 at the absorption peak.

Understanding the kinetics of waste plastic catalytic pyrolysis under microwave irradiation for enhanced resource valorization

The increasing accumulation of ABS plastic waste poses significant environmental challenges, necessitating efficient methods for its disposal and recycling. The pyrolysis of the ABS plastic waste was performed under various heating programs including constant heating rate (27.5, 42.2 and 65 K min−1), and sample-controlled reaction rate (0.01 min−1) to obtain the TG curves using the in-house developed microwave assisted thermogravimetric analyzer. Fe-impregnated SiC was used as thermal and chemical catalyst, while neat SiC played only thermal catalyst role. The modified Sestak-Bergren equation used to model the TG data by Pearson’s linear correlation and associated parameters n = 1.129 and m = 0.27 was achieved. The comparison of normalized form of the conversion function (f (α)/f (0.5)) with the most common models of solid-state reactions showed that random scission model (L2) was the most suitable approach to physically explain the pyrolysis of ABS plastic waste. Furthermore, by applying isoconversional kinetic analysis, the variation of activation energy (Eα) with conversion value was approximately constant. The Eα obtained was 140.5 and 63.7 kJ/mol with SiC and Fe/SiC, respectively. These findings hold practical implications for industrial applications or waste management strategies, particularly when considering the developed microwave-assisted real-time TGA-pyrolysis, which can enhance the efficiency and sustainability of plastic waste recycling processes.

A dynamically switchable and tunable metamaterial device based on vanadium dioxide and Dirac semimetal

In this paper, a dual-function metamaterial device based on vanadium dioxide (VO2) and Dirac semimetal (DS) operating in terahertz (THz) frequency range is designed. The reversible phase transition properties of VO2 are exploited to achieve the dynamic switch between the function of broadband absorption and broadband polarization conversion. It is demonstrated that when VO2 is in the metallic state and the Fermi energy level (Ef) of DS is set to 30 meV, the broadband absorption in the operating frequency range of 1.42–3.40 THz can be achieved, and its absorbance exceeds 90 % with a relative bandwidth of 82.16 %. When VO2 is in the insulating state and the Ef of DS is set at 180 meV, the high efficient broadband polarization conversion can be obtained in the operating frequency range of 2.08–4.88 THz and the polarization conversion ratio (PCR) is greater than 90 % with a relative bandwidth of up to 80.46 %. Therefore, the proposed switchable dual-functional THz device can be extensively utilized in absorption, polarization conversion and other potential fields.

Lignocellulose degradation and temperature adaptation mechanisms during composting of mushroom residue and wood chips at low temperature with inoculation of psychrotolerant microbial agent

Low ambient temperature become the limiting factor of composting in cold regions, thus hindering the recycle of agricultural and forestry wastes. In this study, the composting of mushroom residue and wood chips (MRWC) under low temperature was successfully implemented with inoculation of psychrotolerant cellulolytic microbial agent. Composting entered thermophilic stage on third day and the peak temperature reached to 66.25 °C. After 84 days of composting, the degradation rate of cellulose and hemicellulose was 40.85% and 100%, respectively and the compost product was completely mature and met the requirements of organic fertilizer. Metagenomic and transcriptome sequencing were applied to reveal the microbial composition and their substrates conversion functions and adaptation mechanisms through low to high temperatures. Streptomyces, Mesorhizobium, Devosia, Aspergillus and Mucor were dominant genera in the microbial community that were rich in genes of lignocellulose degradation. Various genes related to low temperature adaptation (fatty acid, trehalose, mannitol, betaine metabolism and cold shock mechanism) and high temperature tolerance (heat shock and antioxidant) were detected during MRWC composting. These results indicated that microbes during composting constituted a high-efficiency lignocellulosic ultilization system in cold conditions. Besides, the microbes of microbial agent, especially Streptomyces and Aspergillus, possessed numerous genes involving in lignocellulose degradation and temperature adaptation and quite different temperature response patterns were found to perform in bacteria and fungi. The transcription levels of most these genes in Aspergillus exhibited significant differences under different substrates and temperature conditions, suggesting that the inoculum was crucial to the composting process and beneficial to maintain the temperature of piles. This study demonstrated that the application of psychrotolerant microbes was a promising strategy to increase the efficiency of composting in cold regions and these results could also provided the guidance for optimizing microbial agent.

Dielectric metasurface Fresnel zone plates for polarization conversion

Abstract Conventional Fresnel zone plates (FZPs) can only achieve a single focusing function and require the combination with other optical elements to achieve multiple optical functions. This contradicts the development trends for miniaturized, integrated and multifunctional optical devices. However, the emergence of metasurfaces offers new solutions for this problem. In this paper, we design two different types of multifunctional metasurface Fresnel zone plates (MFZPs). One is based on amplitude modulation, and the other is based on phase modulation, both of which can achieve linear polarization conversion and focusing functions. The realization of these functions is based on the ability of silicon diatomic nanopillars to decouple and control the amplitude, phase, and polarization of electromagnetic waves. The designed ultrathin dielectric metasurface effectively combines the functions of conventional half-wave plates and FZPs, thereby reducing the volume of the optical system. The designed MFZPs have enormous potential for application in integrated and compact optical systems.

Improved Execution Efficiency of FPE Scheme Algorithm Based on Structural Optimization

The model of preserving a format encryption scheme based on a Feistel structure has developed rapidly and has been widely used in recent years. In this paper, the software implementation of the FF1 algorithm for the model was presented, and its execution efficiency was evaluated. Then, the efficiency bottleneck problem and its causes were identified. Based on the above analysis results, optimization methods were given from the perspectives of prepossessing, algorithm structure, and format conversion function, and implementation plans were provided. Finally, the simulation results show that the optimized performance improvement is significant, and the degree of performance improvement increases with the increase in plain text length.

Efficient anatomical labeling of pulmonary tree structures via deep point-graph representation-based implicit fields

Pulmonary diseases rank prominently among the principal causes of death worldwide. Curing them will require, among other things, a better understanding of the complex 3D tree-shaped structures within the pulmonary system, such as airways, arteries, and veins. Traditional approaches using high-resolution image stacks and standard CNNs on dense voxel grids face challenges in computational efficiency, limited resolution, local context, and inadequate preservation of shape topology. Our method addresses these issues by shifting from dense voxel to sparse point representation, offering better memory efficiency and global context utilization. However, the inherent sparsity in point representation can lead to a loss of crucial connectivity in tree-shaped structures. To mitigate this, we introduce graph learning on skeletonized structures, incorporating differentiable feature fusion for improved topology and long-distance context capture. Furthermore, we employ an implicit function for efficient conversion of sparse representations into dense reconstructions end-to-end. The proposed method not only delivers state-of-the-art performance in labeling accuracy, both overall and at key locations, but also enables efficient inference and the generation of closed surface shapes. Addressing data scarcity in this field, we have also curated a comprehensive dataset to validate our approach. Data and code are available at https://github.com/M3DV/pulmonary-tree-labeling.

Meta-optics empowered by all-silicon quarter-wave plates for generating focused vortex beams

The Poynting vector associated with the focused vortex beam (FVB) that carries orbital angular momentum (OAM) is oriented in a twisted manner relative to the principal axis of propagation. This characteristic has significant applications in advanced fields, including high-dimensional information processing, high-resolution imaging, and particle manipulation. Currently, complex optical systems that operate on alignment principles for generating FVBs have been miniaturized by metasurfaces, resulting in the achievement of polarization-dependent vectorized behavior. Nevertheless, generating and manipulating FVBs that carry OAM in the terahertz (THz) range remains a significant challenge. This difficulty arises particularly when utilizing quarter-wave plates (QWPs) that serve both polarization conversion and polarization filtering functions. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a planar all-dielectric array capable of generating FVBs with high power density within a single-handed circularly polarized channel. Engineered QWP meta-atoms are utilized as candidates for the efficient generation of the desired FVB through the application of dynamic phase gradients. A series of samples were fabricated to assess the effectiveness of this design strategy in converting an incident linearly polarized THz beam into arbitrary single-handed circularly polarized FVBs. Leveraging the high degree of freedom inherent in polarization multiplexing coding, the proposed QWP metasurface can generate FVBs exhibiting topological charge evolution along the longitudinal direction. This capability further underscores its robust polarization modulation proficiency. This work presents a generalized framework for the polarization-dependent generation of ultracompact structural optical fields, which may have potential applications in highly integrated THz communication systems.

Design and analysis of large displacement bidirectional device based on multi-electrothermal co-actuation

Abstract As an important part of the MEMS safety system of fuze, the micro-actuator is responsible for the important functions of energy conversion, motion, force transmission and response to system information, etc. However, due to the size limitation of MEMS and the characteristics of electrothermal actuator itself, it is difficult for a single electrothermal actuator to drive the flameproof slider to achieve the target displacement. This paper aims to study and analyze the performance of the large displacement bidirection device based on multi-electrothermal co-actuation. After finite element analysis, the results show that the large displacement bidirection device can drives the flameproof slider to achieve the displacement up to 162.6μm within one cycle time, which is about 1.4 times displacement of the single V-shaped actuator outputs at 1.5V voltage. The error of response time between the theoretical calculation and the simulation analysis is less than 5.88%. The correctness of simulation and the feasibility of the large displacement bidirection device based on multi-electrothermal co-actuation is verified.

Dual-Functional Cs3Bi2Br9 for stable all-solid-state photo-rechargeable batteries

In light of the immense potential solid-state photo-rechargeable batteries hold in the efficient utilization of renewable solar energy, there is a rapidly growing demand for materials that possess both energy harvesting and storage capabilities. In this study, a solid-state photo-rechargeable battery has been designed based on the FTO(Fluorine-doped SnO2 transparent conductive glass)/TiO2/Cs3Bi2Br9/Pt/FTO system, which achieves dual functions of photoelectric conversion and energy storage. The inorganic bismuth-based material employed in these batteries exhibits commendable cyclic stability. Under photo-rechargeable conditions, a single cell can maintain an open-circuit voltage as high as 0.45 V in the absence of illumination. By connecting multiple cells in series, we succeed in powering an LED (Light-emitting diode) continuously for 1 min without light exposure. The findings of this research open new avenues for the design and development of novel materials that could enable highly efficient solid-state photo-rechargeable batteries.

Maksim Percakapan dalam Program Acara I-Talk di Insert Live

This study aims to describe the form and function of conversational maxims in the I-Talk program on Insert Live. The inappropriateness of the speaker's speech in responding to the presenter's speech and the lack of communication strategies carried out by the presenter in talking to the speaker are the background for the researcher to choose the speech between Maria Christy and Amanda Caesa in the I-Talk program to be studied. This study uses a descriptive research type with a qualitative approach, because it can explain simply and clearly based on the focus of the study. The data in this study are the speech between Maria Christy and Amanda Caesa in the I-Talk program on Insert Live which contain conversational maxims, and the data sources are obtained from the I-Talk program on the Insert Live platform. The data collection technique in this study uses the free listening technique and the note-taking technique. The data analysis technique in this study uses data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing techniques. The results of this study are the form and function of conversational maxims in the I-Talk program. The forms of conversational maxims found are the maxim of quantity, the maxim of quality, the maxim of relevance, and the maxim of implementation. The conversational maxim functions found are assertive, directive, and expressive functions. The maxim of quantity is the most frequently found in this study, because Maria Christy and Amanda Caesa provide informative speech or information and do not exceed what is needed. The assertive function is the most frequently found in this study, because Maria Christy and Amanda Caesa provide speech that functions to state, ask, and explain as an effective communication strategy between speakers and conversation partners in the I-Talk event on Insert Live.

The Conversational Development Function of Repetition of Others’ Utterances in Japanese Conversation and Korean Conversation

The Conversational Development Function of Repetition of Others’ Utterances in Japanese Conversation and Korean Conversation

Robust superhydrophobic copper oxide layer with high-low staggered structure on polymers for strong anti-icing and all-day de-icing

Recently, superhydrophobic materials with photothermal and electrothermal conversion functions have received much attention in solving icing problems. However, the currently emerging methods still suffer from the complexity of the preparation method, poor hydrophobicity, or poor abrasion resistance. Herein, a robust copper oxide layer with a high-low staggered structure was prepared on the polymer surface by laser-induced selective metallization (LISM), which can be used for anti-icing and all-day (daytime and night) de-icing. The high-low staggered structure of the superhydrophobic copper oxide surface gives the surface excellent hydrophobicity, light trapping capability, and high electrical resistance, resulting in the surface with superior delayed icing, photothermal de-icing, and electrothermal de-icing capabilities. The copper oxide layer has a water contact angle (CA) of up to 161.3° and a surface delayed icing time of 1374 s, which is 8.23 times longer than the conventional copper layer prepared by LISM. In addition, the surface temperatures of the copper oxide layer are 67.6 °C and 57.3 °C, respectively, under 1.0 sun irradiation or at 5 V applied voltage. Under these conditions, the copper oxide surface’s photothermal and electrothermal de-icing times are 159 and 186 s. In addition, the high-low staggered structure of the prepared superhydrophobic copper oxide surface makes the surface less susceptible to abrasion, resulting in excellent mechanical robustness of the copper oxide layer surface. The proposed method is suitable for low-cost large-scale manufacturing, which guides the preparation of copper oxide superhydrophobic materials for anti-icing and all-day de-icing, and has good application prospects.

Determining the relationship between mobile phone network signal strength and radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure: protocol and pilot study to derive conversion functions

Mobile phones continuously monitor and evaluate indicators of the received signal strengths from surrounding base stations to optimise wireless services. These signal strength indicators (SSIs) offer the potential for assessing radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposure on a population scale, as they can be related to exposure from both base stations and handset devices. Within the ETAIN (Exposure To electromAgnetic fields and plaNetary health) project, an open-access RF-EMF exposure app for smartphones, named "5G Scientist Monitor”, has been developed using citizen science. This paper delineates a measurement protocol for deriving formulas to convert the app SSIs into electric field values to estimate RF-EMF exposure. It presents pilot study results from measurements taken at four locations in Lyon, France (FR), and 14 locations in the Netherlands (NL), using three different phone models and the most common network providers in each country. The measurements were conducted while executing different usage scenarios, such as calls or data transmission. The exposimeter ExpoM-RF4 and on-body electric field probes were used to measure exposure from far-field sources and the handset, respectively. Two-minute aggregates were considered the sample unit for analyses (n=891 in NL and n=395 in FR). Regression analyses showed a positive log-linear relationship between Long Term Evolution (LTE) SSIs and far-field RF-EMF exposure when aggregating data by location (coefficients for the normalised RSSI: 0.91 [95% CI: 0.55 - 1.28] in FR, 1.09 [95% CI: 0.96 - 1.22] in NL). Negative log-linear trends were observed for handset-related RF-EMF exposure at the ear (-0.31 [95% CI: -0.46 - -0.16]) and chest (-0.20 [95% CI: -0.37 - -0.03]) during data transmission scenarios. These results demonstrate that the 5G-Scientist-Monitor app can be implemented for smartphone-based RF-EMF estimation. However, uncertainties in individual measurement points highlight the need for further data collection and analysis to improve the accuracy of exposure estimates.

Transcriptomic analysis-based study on the response mechanism of juvenile golden cuttlefish (Sepia esculenta) to benzo[a]pyrene exposure

Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon from incomplete combustion, builds up in coastal regions through river runoff, atmospheric deposition, and coastal activities. BaP's lipophilicity and stability lead to persistent environmental impacts due to its resistance to degradation. The economically valuable golden cuttlefish, Sepia esculenta, often spawns and hatches in shallow waters, making it prone to BaP exposure. This study employs transcriptomic analysis to initially investigate juvenile golden cuttlefish's response to BaP. The results indicate that BaP exposure significantly affects various physiological and molecular functions of the juveniles, particularly affecting pathways related to immune and inflammatory responses, metabolic regulation, and nervous system functions. Functional enrichment and PPI network analyses identified key genes such as HSGALT-like, ASAH1-like, and GTL-like in the BaP response. These genes exhibited a suppressive trend during short-term exposure, indicating that BaP exposure may influence lipid metabolism, energy conversion, and digestive functions at the genetic level, which could further disrupt the overall physiological state and developmental processes of juvenile golden cuttlefish. The study offers novel insights into BaP's effects on juvenile golden cuttlefish and marine life, aiding marine ecosystem and biodiversity conservation.

Communication System Using Natural Language for Robotic Laparoscope Guidance

Abstract To help with the critical nurse staffing shortages in hospitals worldwide, robotic assistants are designed to handle frequently required tasks in the digital operating room (DOR), such as the guidance of the laparoscopic camera. To enable fluent collaboration between robots and clinicians, an intuitive and efficient communication interface is needed to allow for interaction using natural language. However, the demanding requirements of the surgical domain make it challenging to develop suitable solutions. A variety of different vocabulary or phrases may be used for expressing the same command. At the same time, surgical workflows may be highly dynamic - especially in emergency situations - and thus the system must be able to grasp the user’s intent both quickly and with high accuracy. This is especially true as only some clinicians may be authorized to request certain tasks, depending on their rank or field of expertise. To solve these challenges, our proposed communication system uses the fine-tuned deep learning model to recognize the speaker information, and the robot assistant takes action only when it detects the commands from the responsible clinician. Also, our proposed conversational functions enable the finetuned large language models to understand the current natural language command given previous command history. In this work, we present a communication system to recognize the speaking person and understand the intent of conversational commands quickly and accurately.

Exploring Corymbia torelliana hydrochar combustion kinetics through thermogravimetric analysis, peak deconvolution and reaction profile modelling.

This study aims to conduct an applied and innovative investigation to enhance the energy quality of wood residues through hydrothermal carbonization pretreatment. For this purpose, the treatment was carried out at three different temperatures: 180, 220, and 240°C under autogenous pressure. The in natura material and the hydrochars were characterized, and thermogravimetric analyses were performed in an O2 atmosphere with heating rates of 2.5, 5, 10, and 20°Cmin-1. The global activation energy for natura biomass combustion was determined to be 112.49kJ.mol-1. On the other hand, the hydrothermal carbonization process promoted a reduction in this value for the 94.85kJ.mol-1. The conversion function for the in natura biomass was characterized as , order 1, while the hydrochars was 2(1-α) [-ln(1-α)] (1⁄2), Avrami-Erofe'ev I. Triple kinetic parameters were ascertained, and the conversion curves along with their respective derivatives were modeled, exhibiting minimal deviations between theoretical and experimental data. This facilitated the mathematical representation of the reaction processes and allowed for a comprehensive comparison of the results.

Dual-mode multifunctional switchable polarization conversion metasurface based on VO2, Si, and graphene in THz region

In this paper, a dual-mode multifunctional switching terahertz metasurface polarization converter based on vanadium dioxide (VO2), photosensitive semiconductor silicon (Si) and graphene is designed. The converter can switch between transmission and reflection modes by adjusting the state of VO2. In the insulating state of VO2, the converter operates in transmission mode and performs linear-to-linear polarization conversion (LTL-PC) with a relative bandwidth of 166.0 %. Conversely, when VO2 is in the metallic state, the converter works in reflection mode. By adjusting the pump light intensity to modulate the state of Si, linear-to-circular polarization conversion (LTC-PC) and LTL-PC function can be achieved. Moreover, the Fermi level of graphene can be adjusted via electrostatic gate to further enhance the working bandwidth of the converter. In reflection mode, the relative bandwidths for LTL-PC, linear to left-circularly and right-circularly polarization conversion are 98.1 %, 87.0 % and 4.0 %, respectively. The metasurface polarization converter proposed in this paper has a variety of functions and a variety of control modes, and has the advantages of high polarization conversion rate and wide operating band, showing great potential in switching and tunable wideband terahertz converters and related applications.

Photothermal Effect and Fenton‐Like Oxidation for Synergistic Removal of Fluoroquinolones Antibiotics under Near‐Neutral Conditions

AbstractDefect‐enriched mesoporous CuO nanosheets (NSs) were constructed to investigate the cooperative photo‐Fenton and photothermal‐Fenton catalysis on degradation of fluoroquinolones (FQ) antibiotics. The oxygen vacancies provide abundant active sites to bind the substrates and inhibit charge recombination, by all means to enhance Fenton‐like activity. Two disparate spectral selective functions of photoexcitation and photothermal conversion were achieved on CuO NS, which to promote the Fenton activity synergistically. Visible light induced photoexcitation to facilitate the generation of Cu+ and ⋅OH, while near‐infrared light converted into heat to promote charge separation and accelerate medium transport. Ultimately, as a unitary catalyst system, the CuO NS integrated the Lewis acid catalysis, Fenton‐like catalysis and photothermal catalysis that rapidly and sustainably degraded antibiotics under near‐neutral conditions.