Full Translation Research Articles

Tenets Spoken by Indra: A Translation of the Discourse on Good Judgement from the Three Seals Law

The Tenets Spoken by Indra is a discourse on good judgement from the Ayutthaya-era Three Seals Law. It has a lecture on avoiding the four wrong courses (agati), which is conventional for old legal texts in Buddhist societies, but in other ways is rather unusual. It may be unique among such old law texts in giving Indra the leading role. Its instructions to judges on reaching a good judgement employ several unusual figures of speech. It may technically still be in force. We believe this is the first full English translation of the text.

Applying machine translation to Chinese–English subtitling: Constraints and challenges

Focusing on the topic of applying machine translation (MT) to Chinese–English subtitling, the subject of the present study, this article first analyses the current literature and introduces the general constraints in Chinese–English subtitling from three perspectives: technical, cultural, and textual. Technical constraints are imposed by the limited time and space available for each subtitle; cultural constraints relate to the disparities in the beliefs, values, customs, behaviours, and artefacts of different cultural groups; and textual constraints predominantly manifest in the differences between the source and target languages and the segmented nature of subtitles. In order to respond to these constraints and to achieve conciseness, comprehensibility, and coherence in the translated subtitles, this study highlighted condensation, context, and coordination as the key strategies to adopt. However, these strategies pose considerable challenges for MT in Chinese–English subtitling. First, the common practice of full translation by most MT tools tends to work against making subtitles concise. Second, the lack of relevant contextual knowledge limits the ability of MT to generate appropriate translations. Third, the segmented display of subtitles makes it challenging for MT to capture and reflect the logic in the source text, on the one hand, and to produce coherent output in self-contained segments, on the other. To illustrate these constraints and challenges, this article provides examples of bilingual subtitles from American Factory (Bognar & Reichert, 2019), an Oscar Winner for Best Documentary Feature, and compares the official subtitles with those generated by three popular MT tools in Chinese–English translation. The study investigated the efficacy of MT subtitling and its potential to produce quality subtitles; and this article proposes possible solutions and suggestions for improving the quality of MT in subtitling.

The thickness variability of fluvial cross‐strata as a record of dune disequilibrium and palaeohydrology proxy: A test against channel deposits

ABSTRACTStrata produced by fluvial dunes can provide insight into the hydrological regime of ancient rivers. Recent experiments indicate that conditions of disequilibrium between bedforms and formative flows may be inferred from the coefficient of variation of preserved dune cross‐set thickness, suggesting that this quantity may act as a proxy for the flashiness of river floods relative to the time required for full bedform translation. To assess whether this idea is applicable to interpretations of the stratigraphic record, this study examines published data relating to more than 2600 cross‐sets from 53 sedimentary units of 19 river systems. The presented analyses must not be over‐interpreted, because the considered rivers span different environmental settings, the data sources are heterogeneous in terms of type and dimensionality, and some variables were established by applying empirical relationships. Yet, significant findings are revealed. Larger rivers exhibit discharge and bedform characteristics that are more conducive to disequilibrium; however, a modest increase in the coefficient of variation of cross‐set thickness, CV(Dst), as opposed to the expected decrease, is seen as a function of river size. Crucially, smaller CV(Dst) values are not systematically associated with conditions that should favour dune disequilibrium. Meanwhile, only ca 25% of the studied examples demonstrate cross‐set thickness statistics compatible with quantitative formulations of the autogenic control by variable dune topography – the notion of ‘variability‐dominated’ preservation. These findings indicate that the variability in cross‐set thickness may be a poor predictor of discharge variability, perhaps because of the multiplicity of factors controlling dune preservation, such as bedform hierarchy, transport stage and depth‐dependent variations in dune disequilibrium. To improve interpretations of cross‐stratified deposits, further research is needed: (i) to establish the value of process‐to‐product models for reverse product‐to‐process interpretations; and (ii) to define representative samples for preserved dune deposits accounting for temporal and spatial variability in preservation potential.

Recent advances in delivery of transdermal nutrients: A review.

Nutrients provide vital functions in the body for sustained health, which have been shown to be related to the incidence, prevention and treatment of disease. However, limited bioavailability, loss of targeting specificity and the increased hepatic metabolism limit the utilization of nutrients. In this review, we highlight transdermal absorption of nutrients, which represents an opportunity to allow great use of many nutrients with promising human health benefits. Moreover, we describe how the various types of permeation enhancers are increasingly exploited for transdermal nutrient delivery. Chemical penetration enhancers, carrier systems and physical techniques for transdermal nutrient delivery are described, with a focus on combinatorial approaches. Although there are many carrier systems and physical techniques currently in development, with some tools currently in advanced clinical trials, relatively few products have achieved full translation to clinical practice. Challenges and further developments of these tools are discussed here in this review. This review will be useful to researchers interested in transdermal applications of permeation enhancers for the efficient delivery of nutrients, providing a reference for supporting the need to take more account of specific nutritional needs in specific states.

Spangenberg’s 1760 Letter about Slaveholding in St. Thomas and Bethlehem

ABSTRACT This article offers a transcription and translation of August Gottlieb Spangenberg’s important letter (1760) about slavery and slaveholding in St. Thomas and in Bethlehem. A full translation of this letter has never been published.

Epitachophoresis – A Method for the Extraction of Biomacromolecules from Complex Biological Matrices

Epitachophoresis is a new separation preparative technique based on discontinuous electrolyte systems enabling the preconcentration of biomacromolecules from complex biological matrices. Moreover, it enables the transfer of these compounds from biological liquids, such as urine or growth medium, to a simpler solution, suitable for subsequent analyses. In our recently published papers, we focused on the use of epitachophoresis to pretreat the samples containing proteins and DNA. The technique enabled more than seventyfold preconcentration with recoveries reaching more than 90%. The preparative nature of epitachophoresis enables one to subsequently analyse the isolated biomacromolecules by various techniques including mass spectrometry, capillary electrophoresis, gel electrophoresis, ELISA analysis, or new-generation sequencing. Full text English translation is available in the on-line version.

Mothering children at a paediatric intensive care unit with strict visiting hours: A qualitative study.

Although a child- and family-centred care (CFCC) philosophy has been emphasized and adopted for decades in paediatric critical care settings in several countries, numerous issues from parents' perspectives regarding the philosophy remain unresolved. To facilitate the full translation of CFCC into clinical practice, health care professionals need an in-depth understanding of family experiences. Real-life mothering experiences, including maternal roles and identities, remain largely unknown at paediatric intensive care units (PICUs) in the Republic of Korea, where family visitation, presence, and participation are restricted. To explore mothering experiences at a PICU where family visitation is strictly constrained, and to identify maternal needs and values. We conducted a qualitative descriptive study of eight individual in-depth interviews with seven mothers of hospitalized children. Qualitative data were analysed using inductive thematic analysis. Five major themes, along with four subthemes, emerged: (1) shifts in maternal roles and responsibilities, (2) shifts in interpersonal relationships, (3) desire for CFCC in the PICU, (4) practising self-defined mothering roles, and (5) reconstructing maternal identities. The themes revealed the experiences of becoming mothers of a child in a constrained PICU. Ultimately, mothers demanded that the unit improve its physical and cultural environments through, for example, liberalized family visitation and participation in the care of their children. Nursing professionals should lead the charge for humanizing a restrictive PICU in the Republic of Korea by ensuring a safe and open environment and mothering continuity based on child- and family-centred holistic care. Effective interventions must be developed and tested to globally establish and fully implement strong evidence-based CFCC in PICUs; constant co-commitment among children, families, health care professionals, and institutions is also necessary.

A Note on Qandahar Pashtuns: An Early Eighteenth-Century Pashto Source and Its Literary Context

The article offers a discussion of a little-known Pashto document from 1712 containing presumably the earliest report on the Ghilzay revolt of 1709 in Qandahar and a few additional notes on relations between the Abdālī chieftains and the regional Safavid authorities. The text has been preserved in the Tārīkh-i muraṣṣaʿ (The Ornamented History) by Afżal Khān Khaṫak (d. c. 1740/41). The content, stylistic peculiarities, and underlying tribalist ideologies of the document are examined with an overview of sporadic remarks about Qandahar Pashtuns in the writings of Khushḥāl Khān Khaṫak (d. 1689). To better comprehend the specificity of Afżal Khān’s account as a specimen of Pashtun “counter-narrative,” the article considers the text in the broader context of available sources, predominantly in Persian, which impart mostly retrospective data on the activities of Pashtun tribes in the Qandahar region. The article also includes a full translation of the Pashto text under study.

The pragmatic dimensions of swearing in films: Searching for coherence in dubbing strategies

Swearing is exploited to release strong emotions, attack the interlocutor's face and build interpersonal solidarity, both in spontaneous interactions and in film. In audiovisual translation, it tends to be toned down or omitted, with research mostly explaining neutralisation as censorship-driven and treating the translation of taboo language as an internally-undifferentiated, arbitrary procedure. In the present corpus-based study we move away from the external, socio-cultural motivations for loss to assess whether specific pragmatic, structural-functional and textual dimensions of swearing account for preferred translational strategies and impact the translational outcomes. All occurrences of F-words in a parallel corpus of Anglophone films and their Italian translations are examined in their bilingual concordances at the utterance level and in the wider multimodal context. The quantitative and qualitative analyses outline the interaction between structural-functional patterns and pragmatic functions with reference to the translation strategies of full translation, mitigation, de-swearing and omission. The findings unveil coherence in Italian translators' preferences for pragmatically-motivated cross-linguistically viable language patterns which foreground the heightened emotional charge and the abusive dimensions of taboo words, thus pointing to a principled approach to translational solutions which boost the conflictuality intrinsic to film.

On the Strength of Punjabi Asphalt

Mumio (shilajit), a substance similar to asphalt or resin that oozes from rocks during hot sunny days, mostly in caves in the Himalayas, is known as a medicinal substance in Eastern medicine. It is slowly being accepted by Western healing as well as medicine. It mainly contains fulvic acids, humic acids and a number of other substances. The article mainly summarizes recent information about this substance.
 Full text English translation is available in the on-line version.

PECULIARITIES OF THE UKRAINIAN TRANSLATION OF METAPHORS IN THE FANTASY NOVEL GENRE

The article is devoted to the analysis of the peculiarities of metaphor translation in fiction, in particular in a fantasy novel. Characteristic features of metaphor are considered, namely universality, conceptuality, systematicity. The classification of metaphor types according to the time and space indicator is analyzed, namely ontological metaphor, orientational metaphor, and structural metaphor. The main methods of metaphor translation are given – full translation, addition / omission, replacement, structural transformation, traditional accordance, parallel naming of metaphoricality. Hypothesesconditions for the translation of metaphors are listed on the example of English and Ukrainian languages: 1) metaphors in the attributive function are more characteristic for English than for Ukrainian; 2) phrasal metaphors are more numerous in Ukrainian than in English; 3) conceptual metaphors can be represented in English and Ukrainian by structurally different equivalents and 4) syntactic-functional and lexical-structural differences of metaphorical equivalents in different languages can prompt the translator to resort to semantic modulation or, in particular, descriptive translation. In the next part of the article, examples of metaphors from Stephen King's novel are presented, and metaphors are highlighted, then divided according to the principle of otological, orientational and structural. For each type, translation methods are analyzed and a comment is provided. Thus, ontological metaphors were translated using substitution, omission, addition, full translation, traditional accordance, and structural transformation. To reproduce structural metaphors, the translator chose to use substitution, omission, addition, full translation, the method of traditional accordance, structural transformation, replacement of a lexical component. Orientation metaphors were reproduction by replacing a lexical component, addition and omission, full translation, structural transformation, traditional accordance.

On Forest Entheogen

The article describes the red toadstool, Amanita muscaria, in the mirror of history, natural medicine, content of substances, and toxicity, as well as within the context of shamanic, ritual, and religious practices. Based on scientific reasons, a strong warning against any experimentation with the consumption of the mushroom itself, or preparations prepared from it, is delivered. Full text English translation is available in the on-line version.

How to Make Sure That You Will Get The Nobel Prize

Full text English translation is available in the on-line version.

ჯუანშერ ჯუანშერიანი ცხოვრებაÁ ვახტანგ გორგასლისა მშობელთაÁ და თჳთ მის დიდისა და ღმრთისმსახურისა მეფისაÁ, რომელი უმეტესად სხუათა განთქუმულად გამოჩნდა ყოველთა მეფეთა ქართლისათა

Recent years have seen an increase in interest in medieval Georgian historiography. Many interesting studies are being produced. New editions and translations of texts are appearing. This is probably for several reasons. On the one hand, the material is vast, very interesting and still little developed. On the other hand, in the last two decades, it has received reliable research, which has resulted in a completely different perspective on Georgian medieval historiography. The work of the 11th century Georgian historian Juansher Juansheriani’s Life of Vakhtang Gorgasali is one of the complex and important monuments of medieval Georgian literature. It contains important information concerning not only Georgia, but also neighbouring countries and peoples (North Caucasus, Armenia, Caucasian Albania, Byzantium and Western Asia), their participation and role in the history of Georgia and the entire South Caucasus region. Closer analysis of the text itself leads to the conclusion that the Life of Vakhtang Gorgasali is an invaluable source, hence the increasing number of studies on specific aspects of the text today. Two works by Juansher have survived, The Life of Vakhtang Gorgasali and The Martyrdom of Saint Archil. It is generally assumed that the author of the texts dates back to the 11th century, while it seems that these works were written as early as the 8th century. It is also believed that the author of these texts may have been Leonti Mroveli, who wrote, among other things, The Lives of the Georgian Kings. The text includes a full translation and footnotes. All earlier editions and Old Georgian manuscripts were taken into account during the translation. Pages in brackets follow the pagination of the text contained in Kartlis Tskhovreba.

Chemical Anniversaries of 2023 Associated with Charles University

The article recalls important anniversaries associated with chemistry and Charles University. Personal anniversaries of individuals associated with chemistry and our oldest university include commemorations of the life milestones of Jan Jakub Václav Dobřenský of Černý Most (400 years since his birth), Johann Jakob Geelhausen (285 years since his death), Jan František Löw of Erlsfeld (375 years since his birth), Josef Bohumil Mikan (280 years since his birth), Jan Antonín Scrinci (250 years since his death), Stanislav Škramovský (40 years since his death), Jan Stanislav Štěrba-Böhm (85 years since his death), Karel Štulík (10 years since his death), Oldřich Tomíček (70 years since his death), and Adam Zalužanský of Zalužany (410 years since his death). Alongside these are the 375th anniversary of the publication of Thaumantias, liber de arcu coelesti, in which Jan Marek Marci of Kronland first described the decomposition of light by prisms, 185 years since Adolph Martin Pleischl moved from Prague to Vienna and 180 years since the start of lectures on analytical chemistry at the Charles University. Full text English translation is available in the on-line version.

О маргиналиях санктпетербургской рукописи «Джами ат-таварих» Кадыр Али-бека

The aim of the study is to analyze the marginalia texts on the pages of the St. Petersburg copy of Jami al-Tawarikh by Kadyr Ali-Bek. Many notes and commentaries in the margins of this manuscript are contemporaneous to the main text, but there are also some that were made later. Most of the early marginalia are related to the Genealogy of the Turks (Shajara-i Turk) by Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur Khan. The research materials: The research material is the marginalia of the St. Petersburg manuscript which is currently preserved in the Oriental Studies Department of St. Petersburg University Library under No: MsO-59. Results and scientific novelty: This article provides, for the first time, the general characteristics of all marginalia of the manuscript. They are classified according to their thema­tic character. The article also presents a full translation of the text of the marginalia into Russian. The marginalia can be divided into early and late categories and are attributed to four different authors. Among the marginalia, there are also those that are of some importance for the clarification of confusing moments in the history of the post-Horde states.

Issues in the translation equivalence of basic emotion terms

Translation equivalence of emotion terms has increasingly become a key issue of study design in emotion psychology. Here, the translation equivalence of basic emotion terms (anger, disgust, fear, joy, sadness, surprise) in English and Polish was quantified. Two databases of the lexicalizations of these basic emotions were used (1759 English; 577 Polish terms). Both collections were subjected to a translation-backtranslation procedure with four professional translators. Rates of agreement on translation, backtranslation, and backtranslation accuracy were used to calculate the translation equivalence. 5.12% of English and 4.68% of the Polish emotion terms were found to have full translation equivalents. Over 80% of terms in both languages had only partial translation equivalents. The results indicate that the fundamental differences in emotion term granularity and the morpho-semantic makeup of the languages impacts their degree of translation equivalence. The implications for the research on emotions and language in cross-cultural contexts are discussed.

Synthesis and Electrochemical Properties of Electrolytes Based on Phosphonium, Sulfonium and Imidazolium Ionic Liquids for Li-Ion Batteries

This work describes synthesis and characterization of three ionic liquids (IL) with imidazolium, phosphonium or sulfonium cations. These ILs were used as precursors for the preparation of electrolytes by adding various types of lithium salts. Thermal and electrochemical properties of the electrolytes were studied to assess their feasibility for usage in lithium-ion batteries (LIB). Ethylmethylimidazolium phosphonic acid ethyl ester [EtMeIm]+[EtPITE]– with added Li salts showed very low conductivities of about 0.02 mS cm–1 and a rather narrow electrochemical stability window of 4.3 V. Of all the ILs under study, this imidazolium-based IL exhibited the worst thermal properties both neat and with additional Li+ salt. Therefore, using this IL as an electrolyte for LIB is unlikely. Methyl­tributylphosphonium bis(trifluoromethyl sulfonyl) imide [P1444]+[TFSI]– with Li salts had already significantly higher conductivities of 0.4–0.6 mS cm–1 and showed a very wide electrochemical stability window of 7 V. TGA curves of [P1444]+[TFSI]– show excellent thermal stability up to 300 °C. DSC measurements showed semicrystalline behaviour of [P1444]+[TFSI]–; this unfavourable fact was overcome by the addition of Li+ salts. Potential of this IL is very high for the use in LIB. At room temperature, trimethylsulfonium bis(trifluoromethyl sulfonyl) imide [S111]+[TFSI]– is a solid crystalline material, so it was mixed with [P1444]+[TFSI]–. The resulting mixture [P1444]+[S111]+[TFSI]– achieved the highest conductivities of 0.6–1.0 mS cm–1 in comparison to other prepared ILs. The electrochemical stability is also interesting, its ESW value being 5.5 V. Thermal properties are comparable to those of [P1444]+[TFSI]–, but it does not show semicrystalline behaviour. This mixture is a promising electrolyte for LIB.
 Full text English translation is available in the on-line version.

About Hallucinogenic Nut in Our Kitchen

The article describes the nutmeg of a nutmeg tree (Myristica), which is used as a spice and traditional medicine but is also abused as an illicit drug. The main chemical components, namely myristicin, are described. Full text English translation is available in the on-line version.

Mario Ponzo (1928) on perception of numerosity: A translation and commentary.

Ponzo is a familiar name in psychology because of the illusion that takes his name. He had a long and productive career in Italy, and some of his work was translated for international journals already in his lifetime. However, few of these papers are available in English. We provide a commentary that considers how his name came to be associated with an illusion he did not discover. We explain the content of several papers, some of which are often cited in a wrong context in the literature (i.e., papers on touch mentioned in relation to the Ponzo illusion). More importantly, we discuss his contribution to the study of perceived numerosity, and provide a full translation of his important 1928 paper, including a redrawing of its 28 illustrations.