Full Rights Research Articles

The ‘Organized Anxiety’ of Labour Leader Nannie Helen Burroughs

Educator and labour leader Nannie Helen Burroughs and her colleagues at the National Association of Colored Women’s Clubs (NACW) experienced ‘organized anxiety’ during the early twentieth century as they worked to establish a comprehensive labour reform movement in the United States. Burroughs’ colleague and NACW leader Fannie Barrier Williams coined the term ‘organized anxiety’ to describe Black women’s politicized emotions that fuelled their expansive organization as they worked to build a truly democratic society. NACW members, such as Burroughs, integrated their fight for labour rights into their larger movement for women’s suffrage and civil rights. Burroughs established a school and women’s organizations to challenge ideologies and institutions that confined Black women to low-wage service work and denied them full citizenship rights. In this article, I draw from Hochschild’s emotional labour theory, which brings women’s ‘invisible’ work into view, and Williams’ organized anxiety concept to examine Burroughs’ unrecognized, yet critical work of developing and leading a labour reform movement for Black women in a country that denied their very humanity.

Devalued Body of The Grobogan Tayub Dancer

Abstract
 This study aims to describe how Lasmi, a Tayub dancer Legend from Grobogan (an area near the North Kendeng Mountains) experiences others in various aspects of her life, especially when she lives in the art stage. The author uses the in-depth interview method in addition to supporting documents such as previous research, YouTube channels, news, and interviews with supporting sources by absorbing awareness of gender-based insights and feminism. The author borrows the theory of Liyan or subaltern/ the others from Gayatri Spivak and De Beauvoir which describes how women live and grow with the experience as the other group or not the main one. The research subject is Lasmi, who had her heyday in the 1980s to early 2000s. Lasmi is an example of an Indonesian postcolonial body, which means a body who does not come from a center of power, and does not come from the center of the metropolitan modern arts of its time. A body like this experiences otherness and marginalization in society and always becomes an object, especially from a male point of view or male gaze. The body of the other is always close to experiencing problems, being number two, and always being compared to others. In her life, Lasmi was experienced as the other in both public and domestic areas. Serving the public area when she was working as Waranggana Tayub was required to please many people, did not have full rights over his body, did not have enough time to rest, did not have maternity rest was adored if she was beautiful, and was bullied if she was ugly. Even so, she also experienced the others or subalterns in the domestic area. She is also a breadwinner and must also be demanded to be perfect in the house. She experienced domestic violence, was physically exhausted, and did not have full control over the money she earned. Even though she had experienced her heyday, in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic she was also included in a marginal group that was highly trained, due to the PSBB (Large-Scale Social Restrictions) so she could no longer dance and performed as she used to be. She has also suffered from an age devaluation, which has resulted in her being rarely invited for performing arts, and losing out to the young waranggana.
 Keywords: Gender, Feminism, Liyan, The Other, Subaltern, Kendeng, Tayub, Grobogan, COVID-19, Postcolonial Feminism

The Profile of the Oncological Refugee Patient from Ukraine ― Single Institution Experience

The aim of the study was to assess the patient's profile according to the ICD-10 code and the cancer pathway, with particular emphasis on the use of radiotherapy (RT). Due to the outbreak of war in Ukraine on February 24, 2022 and the influx of refugees to Poland, including patients (pts) with suspected or diagnosed cancer or during oncological treatment, actions were taken to coordinate care for this group of pts. At the request of the National Health Fund and the Association of Public Oncology Centers, an ONCOHOTLINE was launched and further activities were coordinated by the National Health Fund and the National Institute of Public Health NIH - National Research Institute. A refugee coordinator was appointed in each voivodeship. All oncology centers were obliged to send once a week to the Refugee Coordinator in a given voivodeship schedules regarding free dates in their clinics according to diagnoses, patient admission hours, location of a given clinic. Pts were registered in accordance with the queue for Polish citizens, with particular emphasis on the urgent mode for pts during treatment, whose treatment was interrupted due to the ongoing war in Ukraine. The records of pts are kept based on the following categories: date of border crossing, date of admission to the treatment center, ICD-10 code, reason for hospitalization, additional information. The official list of pts - refugees from Ukraine admitted to Lower Silesian Oncology, Hematology and Pulmonology Center in Wroclaw (DCOPiH) - was analyzed. From March 14, 2022 to February 10, 2023 149 refugees from Ukraine were admitted to DCOPiH - 105 women, 44 men; the average age was 56 (SD 16). Among the refugees 107 cancer pts were identified - 74 women, 33 men; average age 54 (SD 14). The profile of diagnoses according to the clinical classification code was: C50 - 22, C34 - 10, C53 - 10, C18 - 8, C16 - 7, C92 - 6, C20 - 5, C90 - 4, C56 - 4, C54 - 4, C61- 3, C91- 3, C85 - 3, C43 - 2, C49 - 2; 13 with single diagnoses: C38, C19, C62, C95, C11, C09, C08, C81, C12, C67, C71, C51. 28 of 107 pts required RT - 19 women, 9 men; mean age 52 (SD 15). 21 pts - 75% of the total received definitive RT and respectively 7 (25%) palliative. The collected data was collated with the total number of pts treated with RT in DCOPiH in this period. 7 pts diagnosed with C50 underwent adjuvant definitive RT after breast conserving surgery (another 10 are during RT planning), which was 1,8 % of pts with C50 and RT; respectively for C53 - 10 pts which was 13,7 % and for C61 - 3 pts, which was 0,8 %. Despite a small group of refugees from Ukraine treated with RT, % of pts diagnosed with cervical cancer is significant, the most common cancer among women is breast cancer and it is consistent with the worldwide profile of cancers and so the intention of treatment. The centrally adopted coordination solutions made it possible to distribute pts to many oncology centers. Granting full reimbursement rights and Personal ID Number implement to obtain a full range of services for each Ukrainian patient.

Al-Andalus as a Symbol of Islamic Religious Tolerance

The Research examines the history of religious tolerance and coexistence between Muslims and Christians in Al-Andalus (Iberian Peninsula) since Muslims first arrived in the Peninsula, and how Muslims, during their reign, fostered and promoted justice, equality and tolerance among Andalusian society's diverse demographic segments. Furthermore, the Research addresses the question of how Muslims dealt with Dhimmis (non-Muslims living in an Islamic State with legal protection), granting them full rights, including the freedom to profess their faith and worship in their churches and temples, as well as permit them to construct new churches away from religious persecution? In fact, Muslims went far than that, as they participated in Christian religious feasts and social events. Moreover, the Research draws on vivid examples that demonstrate Muslims' righteousness in ruling an Andalusian community, which included Muslims, Christians, Jews, and people of various ethnicities. It also highlights how the aforementioned ethnicities were granted complete freedom to innovate in all realms of innovation; therefore, there were physicians, philosophers, poets, engineers, writers, diplomats, translators, and custodians of State secrets among them.

Reciprocity and intimate capital in household work: Exchanging love and care for labor rights in contemporary Buenos Aires

AbstractIn 2013, Argentina promulgated Law 26844, transforming household workers’ juridical status from “servants,” with almost nonexistent labor rights, to “workers,” with rights virtually equal to all other workers under the law. This article examines how household workers in Buenos Aires who share amicable or kin‐like relationships with their employers and the people they care for experience the transition from a discriminatory normative order of patronage and servanthood into an egalitarian normative order of full labor rights. The article shows, first, that rather than adopting a purely contractual rationality of labor rights and obligations, workers instead often make claims to labor rights in the registers of reciprocal obligation extant in their relationships with their employers and the people they care for. Second, the article shows that, as a type of social capital, the intimate capital that workers accrue in their relationships with their employers and the people they care for, in the form of relational ties with them, sometimes enables workers to access labor rights. Thus, the article demonstrates how household workers claim and access their legal equality against the backdrop of enduring intersectional inequalities between them and their employers in a context of widespread violation of household workers’ labor rights.

Determination Of Child Care Rights Between Birthday Parents And Adopting Parents

Adoption of children is regulated in the Deed of Registration of Appointment 1952 (Deed 253) for Muslims and non-Muslims and the Deed of Adoption 1952 (Deed 257) for non-Muslims. Among the cases involving the struggle for custody is the one that occurred at the Pahang Sharia High Court, in which the judge handed over a child to his biological parents while the child had been registered under the Deed of Registration of Appointment 1952 (Deed 253). Then, in the case at the Selangor High Court, the judge handed over custody rights to the adoptive parents while the adoption registration was invalid. There are two formulations of the problem in this thesis. Firstly, what are the considerations of the Pahang Sharia High Court judges in determining child custody between biological parents and adoptive parents? Second, what are the considerations of the judges of the Selangor High Court in determining child custody between biological parents and adoptive parents? This research uses the juridical-normative method and case studies. Data collection is also done with literature and documentation. The results of the study show that first, the consideration of the judges of the Pahang Sharia High Court in determining child custody of their biological parents is because the judge looks at their efforts to get their child back and they have full rights to the child. Second, the consideration of the judge of the Selangor High Court in determining child custody of the adoptive parents is important because the judge stated that the main thing is what is best for the child, and the child's biological parents also have several obstacles to looking after the child. Custody is closely related to the interests of the child and the guardians, if there is an imbalance in custody, then the rights and interests of the child need to take precedence over the interests of the guardians.

Navigating bureaucratic violence in Canada’s two-step immigration system

ABSTRACT In recent years, Canada has moved towards a system of ‘two-step’ immigration, wherein a growing proportion of new permanent residents are selected from people who are already in the country on a temporary work permit. While the ‘two-step’ selection approach has been lauded as improving immigrants’ labour market outcomes, the process to achieve permanent residence can be complex and the stringent selection criteria prevent many migrants from attaining permanent status. In this paper, we examine the administrative burden that migrants with precarious status encounter in their interactions with state immigration bureaucracies as they try to attain permanent residence through economic programmes. The research is based on a qualitative analysis of interviews with 20 migrants with precarious status in the provinces of Ontario, Alberta and Quebec. Participants describe the stressful life consequences resulting from confusing and opaque administrative processes, unpredictable wait times, costly application fees, bureaucratic errors and a lack of accountability. We theorise how such experiences of administrative burden can compound into forms of bureaucratic violence that prolong migrant precarity, exacerbating the legal violence inherent in state immigration categories which deny full social rights to migrants without permanent residence.

Migracje rzemieślników na ziemiach polskich w średniowieczu i na progu czasów nowożytnych w świetle źródeł archiwalnych

The oldest, medieval travels of journeymen who searched for work in other cities were initially treated as natural prolongation of their study period. Over time, such migrations became an important way to find a job or higher wage, although the desire to deepen professional skills or meet new people and get acquainted with new places were other important factors. Since the 15th century, the obligation of additional travel might have been treated as a punishment after an unsuccessful attempt to deliver proof of technical competence (the „masterpiece”). It happened also that departing from workshops could be the result of conflict situations between journeymen and their masters. Wars fought in the Middle Ages or epidemics affecting areas were not without significance when considering traveling in search for work by journeymen. Since the 15th/16th century, in some guilds from the presented locations, journeymen's travel became a statutory, obligatory duty, the fulfillment of which allowed to achieve full journeyman rights, and later enabled the candidates to initiate process aiming at the highest accomplishment: the title of master craftsman.

Intersexual Variabilities and Phallic Restorations: Otto Weininger and Sigmund Freud as Detractors of Magnus Hirschfeld

In 1903, young Viennese philosopher Otto Weininger (1880–1903) published Geschlecht und Charakter. Eine prinzipielle Untersuchung (literally: Sex and Character. A Principled Investigation), in which he maintained that the conception of “permanent bisexuality” he advanced was completely new. His claims were challenged in 1906 by physician Wilhelm Fließ (1858–1928), who referred to his elaborations on the issue in a treatise published in 1897. The accusation of plagiarism against the by then deceased Weininger were aggravated as Fließ blamed Sigmund Freud for having orchestrated an intrigue aiming at informing Weininger about the ideas on permanent bisexuality the physician had articulated. Despite the heated debate surrounding the primacy claims, none of those involved was prepared to admit that sexologist Magnus Hirschfeld (1868–1935) had been the first to conceptualize permanent bisexuality in connection with his 1896 discussion of the sexual intermediariness of all human beings. Hirschfeld’s Sappho und Sokrates—his first sexological treatise—aimed in the last resort at debunking closed distributional schemes of sexuality for the sake of a template of universal bisexuality modulated by the individual’s unique sexual intermediariness. On these assumptions, it is not surprising that Hirschfeld’s counterintuitive and profoundly deranging postulation of potentially infinite bisexual forms encompassing all existing sexed individuals was ignored by those partaking in the primacy debate. Irrespective of the disagreements the litigants may have had among themselves with respect to chronological or theoretical issues, they all sought to restore the full rights of the endangered phallicism subtending Western culture that Hirschfeld had set out to confute.

The Responsibility of Notary in Making Nominee Agreements for Foreign Citizens in Indonesia

Law Number 5 of 1960 concerning Basic Agrarian Principles in Article 2 states that every Indonesian citizen has full rights over land, water, and airspace located in Indonesia, so only Indonesian citizens are entitled to have ownership rights over land in Indonesia. This is a principle of nationalism in agrarian law. Foreigners who are in Indonesia are only entitled to land use rights in Indonesia. This regulation sometimes poses difficulties for foreign nationals who want to invest in Indonesia, due to the requirement of land ownership in Indonesia not being fulfilled. This obstacle causes some parties to take illegal actions in land ownership in Indonesia, one of which is by making a nominee agreement. However, nominee agreements in Indonesia have not been clearly regulated in legislation. The issues raised in this research are the validity of nominee agreements according to the Civil Code and Basic Agrarian Law, as well as the role and responsibility of notaries in making nominee agreements, using the case study of the verdict of the Denpasar District Court Number 426/Pdt.G/2020/PN Dps. To answer these issues, normative juridical research method with prescriptive research method is used. The result of the analysis and research is to analyze the nominee agreement and its validity from the perspective of the Civil Code and Basic Agrarian Law. In addition, it analyzes the role and responsibility of notaries in nominee agreements with a case study in the verdict of the Denpasar District Court Number 426/Pdt.G/2020/PN Dps. The suggestion given is that notaries in making a legal product should pay attention to the applicable legal foundations in Indonesia so that the resulting deed is in accordance with the legislation in Indonesia

XORIJIY INVESTITSIYA TUSHUNCHASINING NAZARIY-HUQUQIY JIHATLARI

Protection of the rights of foreign investments and investors, improvement of legal documents for their registration, and determination of prospects in a market economy are one of the urgent tasks of our time. The reforms consistently carried out by our state in the social and economic spheres are yielding positive results. Today, when foreign enterprises and joint ventures with foreign investments operate in our republic, we can observe that, first of all, laws have been adopted that protect their rights and interests, and due to this, investment transparency has been ensured. Despite the ongoing reforms, the analysis shows that foreign investors do not have full rights to carry out their activities, the mechanism for their implementation is not sufficiently developed, and the presence of certain obstacles, including conflicting norms in the legislation, indicates the need to explore this area. This article analyzes the interpretation of the concept of “foreign investment” in our national legislation and the attitude of scientists toward this concept.

The Politics of Modernity: the Discourse of the Westphalian System toward the Native in Indonesia

Modernity is a large concept that can be found in many disciplines, such as philosophy, history, sociology, anthropology, political economy, and International Relations (IR). One of many significant infrastructures of modernity is the concept of nation-states, the definition of which can also be found in the aforesaid disciplines. This article will elaborate on the concept of modernity concerning relations between nation-states and non-nation-states such as native local communities in which rooted in those multi-disciplined courses. This article argues that imagined nation-states of the Westphalian system impose, imprison, and marginalize native communities from within. The birth of nation-states in the European Western discourse has created marginalization of native communities around the world. Using some examples of Indonesian natives, this article shows that modernity is political. The politics of modernity either instrumentalized or marginalized and forced the Indonesian natives to obey the standardization of the Indonesian Westphalian system. As a result, since the Dutch colonialization up to now, the Indonesian natives have not yet embraced full citizenship rights because they are marginalized, subjugated, and discriminated against politically, economically, and socially.

Dynamics on Constitutional Court Decision towards Indonesia Citizenship Arrangement

The 1945 Constitution amendment led into Indonesia state order transition that related also towards state fundamental aspects, including citizenship issue. Discourse has been raises on material and formal context on citizenship arrangement, and develops consideration according to Constitutional Court consent into several Constitutional Court Decisions. This article intention related on dynamics and problematic over citizenship arrangement after Indonesi reform, and Constitutional Court Decision consideration on citizenship issues to evaluate needs to reformulate citizenship arrangement. This article was arranged based on legal research with thesis on arrangement dynamics and Constitutional Court Decision relevance on citizenship supported with statutory laws, conceptual, legal facts, and legal cases approaches. The results reflected citizenship arrangement dynamics related material, formal, legal needs, era and human rights development comprehensively. The Constitutional Court Decision considers Indonesia citizenship into nationalities, maximum protection, full constitutional rights, and comitment to defending single citizenship stelsel into current statutory laws.

Literature Review Opini Moderasi Beragama


 Abstract 
 Moderation opinions that are massively rolled out by the government, especially the Ministry of Religion of the Republic of Indonesia, are still interesting to investigate about the deepening of the root facts or causes of the widespread opinion of religious moderation. Looking at the history that can be said to be harmonious between religions even before Indonesia's independence. The purpose of this study is to link the most important cause and synchronize it with the meaning of the word from the cause. Synchronization will also be carried out with public policy theory and civil society involvement in social conflict management. The method used in this study is a literature review research which refers to sources that are considered relevant and from the main sources. The results of the literature review show that there is ambiguity in taking the meaning of radicalism which is considered the main cause of the emergence of moderation opinions, the involvement of civil society by the government to parties who are considered radical or who are considered to carry radical ideas along with experts in their fields, no valid sources are found that explain this. Then joint efforts in handling conflict as part of conflict management must be able to distinguish between violent/radical conflict. These efforts are important to give full rights to the community and minimize new conflicts.
 Keywords: Moderation, Public Policy, Radicalism

Collective property rights lead to secondary forest growth in the Brazilian Amazon

Forests serve a crucial role in our fight against climate change. Secondary forests provide important potential for conservation of biodiversity and climate change mitigation. In this paper, we explore whether collective property rights in the form of indigenous territories (ITs) lead to higher rates of secondary forest growth in previously deforested areas. We exploit the timing of granting of property rights, the geographic boundaries of ITs and two different methods, regression discontinuity design and difference-in-difference, to recover causal estimates. We find strong evidence that indigenous territories with secure tenure not only reduce deforestation inside their lands but also lead to higher secondary forest growth on previously deforested areas. After receiving full property rights, land inside ITs displayed higher secondary forest growth than land outside ITs, with an estimated effect of 5% using our main RDD specification, and 2.21% using our difference-in-difference research design. Furthermore, we estimate that the average age of secondary forests was 2.2 y older inside ITs with secure tenure using our main RDD specification, and 2.8 y older when using our difference-in-difference research design. Together, these findings provide evidence for the role that collective property rights can play in the push to restore forest ecosystems.

SPECIAL AND DIFFERENTIAL TREATMENT (SDT) IN THE WTO AGREEMENTS: A RULE-BASED APPROACH

Members of the World Trade Organization (WTO) hold varying opinions regarding the status of developing countries as WTO members and Special and Differential Treatment (SDT), which reflects various perspectives on what constitutes fair treatment in the WTO. These discrepancies have now became more noticeable, which presents a problem for the organization. The definition of a developing country member, graduation, the efficacy of SDT, and technical support and capacity building have all been complicated topics explored in SDT discussions. Some of the WTO develop country members have suggested modifying the definition of developing country in regard to the Special and Differential Treatment (SDT) in the WTO agreements using a political and economic perspective. As the forum for negotiating agreements aimed at reducing barriers to international trade and ensuring a level playing field for all, the World Trade Organization (WTO) must be able to contribute to economic growth and development regardless of a country member's constitutional or socioeconomic structure, as well as foster peaceful cooperation among nations. The initiative of these members must, of course, be supported by the WTO, which role as the guarantor of the multilateral trading system, and as a bulwark against all forms of protectionism, while recognizing the developmental needs, as well as, the full WTO rights and obligations of members. The WTO can also, among other things, encourage all WTO members participating in plurilateral and multilateral initiatives to take a new approach to SDT in ongoing and future negotiations. Affirming that disputes concerning treaties, like other international disputes, should be settled by peaceful means and in conformity with the principles of justice and international law. By reviewing all laws and regulations that are connected to the status of developing countries as WTO members and Special and Differential Treatment (SDT), the author employs a "rule-based approach" in this article as set forth in article 31 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, to analyze and respond to the question of what constitutes a member from a developing country as a beneficiary of SDT in order to achieve the goal of the World Trade Organization (WTO) which primary purpose is to open trade for the benefit of all

Only the Clothes on Her Back: Clothing and the Hidden History of Power in the Nineteenth-Century United States by Laura F. Edwards

Reviewed by: Only the Clothes on Her Back: Clothing and the Hidden History of Power in the Nineteenth-Century United States by Laura F. Edwards Eva Sheppard Wolf Only the Clothes on Her Back: Clothing and the Hidden History of Power in the Nineteenth-Century United States. By Laura F. Edwards. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2022. Pp. xviii, 433. $34.95, ISBN 978-0-19-756857-6.) In Only the Clothes on Her Back: Clothing and the Hidden History of Power in the Nineteenth-Century United States, Laura F. Edwards marries [End Page 361] two of her longtime interests: her award-winning work in legal history, including in this journal, and her fascination with needlework and textiles. It might seem an odd combination, but Edwards shows that the law interacted in distinct and important ways with textiles, making it possible for people who had no property rights to produce, buy, sell, trade, invest in, and protect their ownership of textiles. The title refers to women and clothing, but the book actually addresses more capacious subjects—all people without full legal standing or on the margins of the economy, especially white women but also enslaved people and poor white men; and textiles of all sorts, meaning everything one wore or could wear on one’s body as well as household items such as sheets and table linens. Useful as a clearly written, engaging, and often humorous introduction to an aspect of early American material culture, Only the Clothes on Her Back also demonstrates the centrality of textiles to economic and social life, and it reveals how important nineteenth-century changes in law and economy diminished the economic power of those who had previously used textiles to their advantage. In Part 1, “Old Clothes in a New Country,” Edwards describes how, in the late colonial period and early republic, those without full rights relied on a long-standing tradition, barely noted in written law but well understood and respected in local courts, that people owned their clothing and also any textiles they made or purchased for later use. In 1842, when Polly, an enslaved woman in upcountry South Carolina, found that some yarn that she had spun was stolen from her yard, she took the matter to court. Her owner’s name was on the complaint, but Polly asserted that the “spun cotton belonged to her” and the court agreed (p. 21). Although Edwards acknowledges that marginalized people owned items beyond textiles, she does not fully explain her assertion that “textiles were different” from other material goods in law and practice (p. 37). The second section, “Protective Coverings in a Hostile World,” opens up a new view of the early American economy by showing how almost everyone used textiles as money, capital, and credit. Historians have largely missed this story because they have looked for economic activity in ledgers and account books, when it can also be found in women’s diaries, pawnshop records, and criminal court cases, which were open to women and enslaved people who could not bring civil suits to recover property. Although the American Revolution did not change how people used textiles, the rights-based legal principles of that era slowly grew dominant in American law and—along with a changing economy in which textiles became more numerous and their value became less stable—altered the fabric of American life. As described in Part 3, “Rags,” behaviors that had once been common, such as pawning or selling one’s clothes in order to leverage their value, had by the 1850s become suspect. The ability of people on the margins to use textiles to advance their economic interests diminished as their status outside the realm of rights-holders became more important. Women remained without rights the longest and after the Civil War were left with “only the clothes on their backs” (p. 289). Edwards’s historiographical point is that if we want to understand “the actual relationship of most Americans to law and economy,” we need to look [End Page 362] well beyond white male property owners (p. 299). She thus contributes to the recent form of economic history that places ordinary, and often struggling, people at the...

GENDER ASPECT OF THE PROBLEM OF CHILD MARRIAGES IN THE WORLD AND UZBEKISTAN

The problems of child marriages in the modern world are becoming more and more relevant. In the article, based on numerous data from many countries, as well as for Uzbekistan, the problems of early marriages, early childbirth, their negative impact on the health of young mothers and their children are considered. Child marriage is considered a form of forced marriage, provided that both parties have not expressed full, free and informed consent to the marriage and are under 18 years of age, widely accepted as the age at which a person becomes an adult and receives full civil rights.

Pemberdayaan dan Pemanfaatan BUMDes pada Era Pandemi Covid-19 di Desa Cibatok Satu Kabupaten Bogor

National economic development currently begins with the improvement of the economy at the village level as regional independence is a demand of the central government. This demand has been in effect since the implementation of regional autonomy, which applies not only to regional governments at the second level but also down to the village level. Villages have full rights and authority in managing and running their governance, making them independent and creative in improving the welfare and progress of their community. This is affirmed in Law No. 8 of 2005, which is an amendment to Law No. 32 of 2004 concerning Regional Government. Based on this law, the government proposed the issuance of the Village Law. One of the strategies to facilitate villages in obtaining sources of income is by forming Village-Owned Enterprises, which is regulated in Law No. 32 of 2004 concerning Regional Government. The Village-Owned Enterprises are useful in managing the village's economy, fulfilling needs, and exploring existing potentials.

PELATIHAN PENGENALAN E-COMMERCE BAGI PELAKU UMKM DI DESA BANDAR AJI KABUPATEN LAHAT

Bandar Aji hamlet is a hamlet that has banana chips and cassava chips which have the potential to be improved in marketing, but in reality marketing is only for certain groups so that the business carried out is not optimal and sometimes suffers considerable losses. The purpose of this study is to assist micro, small and medium enterprises (UMKM) in increasing the marketing of UMKM products in the Bandar Aji hamlet. This e-commerce software development was built using a prototype software development model. The development stage begins with communication, rapid planning, rapid design models, prototyping, submission and providing feedback on development. e-commerce is built using a website-based application, so that business actors can easily promote their business results. The main target for the use of e-commerce technology is UMKM in the Bandar Aji village. Users of this application are administrators who have full rights to application processing, UMKM are admins who have the right to enter product data, consumers who have the right to choose and order products. The results of trials and evaluations conducted on UMKM in Bandar Aji hamlet, showed that using e-commerce software could increase the marketing of UMKM products