Full Rights Research Articles

The Privilege of Territory: Christian Wolff at the Origins of Statist International Thought

The modern state is often taken as the only legitimate claimant to the division of the globe. Political theorists offer many theories of territorial rights but tend to agree that the state remains the proper institutional bearer of such rights. This article examines how states became the exclusive bearers of territorial rights by returning to the international theory of the eighteenth-century Prussian jurist Christian Wolff (1679–1754), who wrote in a moment when sovereign states were not the heirs apparent to the globe but competed with other claimants to territorial rights. Despite proposing a radically pluralistic and anti-imperial account of land ownership, Wolff nonetheless paved the way for the state to become the sole bearer of territorial rights. Wolff’s international thought is an illustration of how building a state-centric international order was a double-edged sword: it criticized imperial overreach while also closing the international arena to nonstate forms of collective life. In this process, he offered two distinct ideas of political space: the territorial space of states, and the land ownership tracts of nonstate peoples, including pastoralists and nomads. To Wolff, only states were entitled to full and permanent territorial rights, while nonstate peoples were shut out of the international system, made both de facto and de jure stateless.

Inhabiting temporariness: the agency-in-waiting of Eritrean refugees in the city

Protracted displacement turns what should be a temporary protection status, asylum, into a long-term process that defines the existence of millions of people. The unresolved causes of displacement, a flawed asylum system and restrictive refugee policies all force refugees to inhabit a state of temporariness in cities. We discuss the unfulfilled potential of Eritrean refugees in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and show how urban migration becomes part of a waiting game on a journey towards the realization of this potential. Using Brun’s concept of agency-in-waiting, we illustrate how Eritrean refugees use their agency in cities, finding ways to remain hopeful, circumvent restrictions and prepare for unpredictable futures. Our findings challenge the dominant discourse on Addis Ababa as a transit space where Eritreans remain inactive and unproductive, idly waiting for resettlement. Rather, they work towards their ultimate goal – to establish a secure life with full rights, wherever this might be.

Década del Envejecimiento Saludable: Calidad de Vida para los Adultos Mayores

This article deals with health as an inalienable human right of older people, as subjects with full rights, who must access health and life in general with quality, with information, without discrimination or abuse. Living this stage of life in the best conditions is possible by assuming responsibilities and trying to make conscious decisions for healthy aging. The challenge is everyone's task, without forgetting the share of responsibility that we have as pointed out by the WHO towards the Decade of Healthy Aging 2021-2030, declared by the United Nations General Assembly in December 2020, as the main strategy to build a society for all ages.

Unjust: Publishing Black and African American Children’s Books and School Availability

Traditional book publishing has a pronounced and unjust deficiency of Black and African American voices. White culture, thoughts, and rules are the standard in traditional publishing. Black and African American authors are not typically picked up by white-dominated publishing companies. In traditional publishing, mostly white literary agents are gatekeepers and acquisition editors shut the doors too frequently to non-white authors. Aspiring Black authors then resort to hybrid or vanity press companies that often use unscrupulous practices, charge exorbitant fees, accomplish little or low-quality work, and deny authors’ agency and full rights in the final disposition of a book. Because a majority of traditionally published children’s books featuring Black or African American stories or characters are written by or illustrated by non-Black people, the wide possibilities of adventure, celebrations, discovery, and friendship stories are not published for Black children. Instead, publishers favor stories about slavery, the civil rights movement, famous Black people, and hair tales as well as racially ambiguous characters. Regrettably, Black and African American culturally relevant stories written and illustrated by Black or African Americans are not readily available to children in school and library settings consistent with schools’ community or student demographics. This article shares research findings and viewpoints of Kathy Anderson and Karen Bowlding, two Black children’s book writers and publishing consultants who are also parents. Black and African American students encounter education and cultural injustice because of the practices of traditional publishing companies, educators, and librarians. Parents and guardians can ameliorate these issues with discernment and action. Foremost, publishing company decision-makers must acknowledge their own racial biases that deny representation and authenticity to all children in our US classrooms.

Self-reliance programming in urban displacement: a pragmatic approach or a disillusionment?

The promotion of self-reliance for refugees is a well-established policy priority within the global refugee support regime, hosting states and for many refugee-supporting organizations. For urban refugees, there is growing recognition of needs as well as potential for self-reliance support. However, meaningful investments in and commitment to the objective of self-reliance remain insufficient and critiques of the concept as an empty buzzword are many and substantial. This is a dialogue between Kellie Leeson and Boel McAteer, in which they elaborate on empirical examples of self-reliance programmes as either beneficial (Kellie) or counterproductive (Boel) to achieving genuine self-reliance. They conclude that self-reliance can only be wholly achieved alongside full refugee rights. They provide novel views of the concept by framing self-reliance as temporal and pragmatic on the one hand, and, on the other, by highlighting that the “self” in self-reliance often becomes unrealistically accentuated for urban refugees.

Legal Certainty Over Ownership Certificates of Building Buildings of Apartment Units Based on Law No. 20 of 2011 Concerning Apartment Houses. 20 of 2011 on Flats

Legal certainty in property ownership is crucial for protecting the rights and interests of property owners. This study examines the legal certainty provided by ownership certificates for flats under Indonesia's "Law No. 20 of 2011" (UURS). It also explores the legal implications of constructing flats on land with building use rights, a status that differs from full ownership rights. Using a normative research method, the study analyzes relevant laws, regulations, and academic literature to understand how legal frameworks govern flat ownership and ensure the legitimacy of ownership certificates. The findings reveal that ownership certificates for flats confer private ownership of specific units and related common areas, but legal challenges arise when flats are constructed on land with building use rights, especially concerning the renewal of these rights. The study underscores the importance of continuous legal oversight and clear legislative guidelines to maintain and strengthen legal certainty over ownership certificates. Additionally, it highlights the potential legal risks and uncertainties that flat owners may face if the underlying land rights are not properly managed or renewed. The study concludes that while ownership certificates offer significant legal protection, the dependence on building use rights for the underlying land introduces potential vulnerabilities. Future research should explore the legal and practical implications of the expiration and renewal of building use rights, the impact on flat ownership, and alternative legal frameworks that could provide greater security for property owners.

Juridical Study of Ownership of Ownership of Flats by Foreign Citizens Based on Government Regulation Number 18 of 2021 concerning Land Rights Management Rights for Flats Units and Land Registration

This study aims to determine and understand the Ownership of Usage Rights of Apartment Units by Foreign Citizens Based on the Theory of Benefit. The research methods used include a statute approach and a conceptual approach, a type of normative legal research, with data collection methods through library surveys and qualitative legal analysis. The results of the study indicate that Government Regulation Number 18 of 2021 provides a legal basis for foreign citizens to have usage rights over apartment units in Indonesia but does not provide full ownership rights, this regulation provides legal certainty and clear procedures, which are expected to be further elaborated in the Ministerial Regulation. The Indonesian government needs to consider allowing foreign citizens to have ownership rights over apartment units by considering the various benefits that can be obtained. This step can increase foreign investment, encourage economic growth, improve property quality, stabilize the property market, increase state revenues, and support infrastructure development. With proper regulation and strict supervision, this policy can provide significant benefits to the Indonesian economy and society as a whole.

Konflik China Dan Taiwan Dalam Tinjauan Hukum Internasional

Introduction: It is necessary to know that international law is basically a collection of applicable legal provisions defended by the international community. The current understanding of international law is law that refers to the relationship between one country and another, between a country and international organizations, which give rise to the rights and obligations of each country and international institutions. The Taiwan Air Force reported that at least 19 Chinese fighter jets, including nuclear bombers, entered their Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ) air defense zone on Sunday, May 9, 2021. Purposes of the Research: This study aims to study and understand the relationship between China and Taiwan in terms of international law and to examine and understand the penetration of Chinese fighter planes into Taiwan violating Taiwan's sovereignty in terms of international law.Methods of the Research: This research is a normative juridical research by means of research conducted by collecting primary, secondary, tertiary data, obtained by using library research. The data that has been collected is analyzed systematically based on legal disciplines to achieve clarity on the issues to be discussed.Results of the Research: The results obtained from this study are that the territorial sovereignty of the State is the most important thing in the case of relations between China and Taiwan according to international law. The territorial sovereignty of the State is a guarantee in upholding the meaning that the state has full power rights to exercise its territorial rights within the boundaries of its territory. This has been expressly regulated and stipulated in the provisions of international law as international law regulates the state to have the authority to be responsible and overcome violations of sovereignty in the territory of the country. As in the case of the conflict, the intrusion of Chinese fighter planes into Taiwan clearly violated the sovereignty of the State's territory, more specifically the territory of Taiwan, as well as impacted relations for the two countries. contrary to the applicable laws and regulation

Diseases of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems as the basis for obtaining a disability certificate among patients from Lublin in 2006-2021

Introduction. People with disabilities are individuals with full rights, who find themselves in a handicapped situation due to environmental, economic and social barriers that they cannot overcome in the same way as other people. About 15% of the global population live with disability. The number of patients suffering from cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and pulmonary diseases is increasing. Aim. The aim of the study was to find out if CVD and lung diseases were among the leading causes of issuing disability certificates in Lublin in 2006-2021. Material and methods. The data was obtained through a query at the Municipal Disability Adjudication Council in Lublin. We obtained anonymized data from years 2006-2021 referring to 16+ population. Results. In the years 2006-2021 Municipal Disability Adjudication Council in Lublin issued 76,581 disability certificates for persons over 16 years of age. Out of that number 15,648 (20%) certificates were issued due to CVD and pulmonary diseases. These were on the second position among causes of disability after musculoskeletal diseases. The certificate recipients were mainly men > 60years of age with secondary or vocational education. In all age groups unemployed persons predominated. Conclusion. The cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases were the second common reason of issuing disability certificates to adults in Lublin in the years 2006-2021. Keywords: disability, cardiovascular diseases, lung diseases.

Football as a Medium for (Transnational) Integration of the Romani People

Southeastern Europe is home to numerous Romani communities, each distinctive in their own way depending on their country of origin and the time of immigration, language, customs, religion etc. Based on multi-sited ethnographic research (in the Republic of Croatia, the Republic of Slovenia and the Republic of Serbia), this paper discusses the role of football (professional, amateur and recreational) in the integration of the Roma people. Considering the size and diversity of Romani communities, research results show that football, as the most popular sport, enables easier social integration into the ethnic community on the local and transnational levels. Various football activities (minority football camps, tournaments) are initiated and organized by the Roma community itself. Although the Roma people legally enjoy full civil rights, football serves as a means to reduce discrimination, inequalities, poverty and social exclusion. In order for young Roma to train in clubs, they have to attend school regularly, which results in economic integration. This research also contributes to the creation of public integration policies which are implemented by the very minority and immigrant communities working transnationally.

PENERAPAN HUKUM WARIS PERDATA DI INDONESIA

All forms of inheritance, whether in the form of cash, land for rice fields owned by a person are called inheritance. Given to heirs openly or known to the wrong family, there is usually a will when receiving an inheritance with a message from the person giving the inheritance. Not all heirs have full rights to the inheritance, but there is a responsibility to maintain and develop the inheritance obtained according to the testator's wishes. Inheritance is a legacy of assets to heirs. There are three (3) types of application of inheritance law in Indonesia, namely Civil Inheritance Law, Islamic Inheritance Law, and Customary Inheritance Law. In this article the author focuses on the application of civil inheritance law in Indonesia. The method used is normative juridical research, namely a doctrinal method to study the application of rules or norms in positive law. With several approaches, the first is the Legislative Approach. Second, historical approach, third, comparative approach. The results of this discussion provide knowledge to the public that civil inheritance law recognizes 3 (three) principles, namely first, the individual principle (personal principle) where the heir is an individual, secondly the bilateral principle, namely that a person not only inherits from the father but also vice versa. mother, as well as brothers inheriting from their brothers and sisters, the third principle is the principle of degree, meaning that the heir whose rank is close to the heir covers the heir who is further away in rank, so to simplify the calculations, classifications are made heir.

A Pharmacist Clinician Model as part of a collaborative clinical workforce: A philosophical critique

The term ‘clinician’ is not reserved for any healthcare professional group. However, there is a general acceptance that a clinician would have the knowledge, skills and behaviours to enable them to clinically assess and manage a patient autonomously. The expectation, in a modern collaborative healthcare system, is that this work would be completed as a part of a planned and integrated multi-disciplinary care delivery structure, where any given clinician delivers a devolved element of that patient's care. Forthcoming changes to regulation and professional development pathways in the UK will have a profound impact on pharmacist professional identity and practice. From 2026, all new UK pharmacist registrants will have full independent prescribing rights. A paradigm shift is expected to enable the development of a Pharmacist Clinician Model, incorporating pharmaceutical care needs with wider clinical assessment, diagnostic, and clinical management responsibilities. Consideration is given to this model and its implications. Changes to regulation, policy, education, and the governance required to deliver safe and effective pharmacist clinicians are outlined. A philosophical critique on the nature of being a clinician, and the differentiation of pharmacist clinician roles compared to other healthcare professions, is given. A further examination of the projected risks and expected benefits of this transformative practice model are then explored.

THE VOLUNTARY REPATRIATION OF ROHINGYA REFUGEES IS MADE POSSIBLE THROUGH EFFECTIVE MECHANISMS: A SOCIO-LEGAL ANALYSIS

Bangladesh has been acting as a safe haven for the Rohingyas for the last four decades. They have taken shelter in Bangladesh from the persecution of the state and radical Buddhists from the neighboring country, Myanmar. 2,00,000 such Rohingya refugees came to Bangladesh in 1978. In the early 1990, another 50,000 arrived in Bangladesh because of the Myanmar military's anti-Rohingya campaign. Many of the Rohingyas who came to Bangladesh in these two phases went back to their home country, Myanmar, after spending days in various sufferings at different times. But many did not return. They are in Bangladesh. Bangladesh supports them. On August 25, 2017, the world witnessed a massive humanitarian crisis in Rakhine State, Myanmar. Uncountable people from the Rohingya community fled the violence in Rakhine State, their villages destroyed. It triggered an unprecedented influx of people crossing the border into neighboring Bangladesh. Within a few weeks, more than half a million people entered Bangladesh in search of safety and shelter. A severe humanitarian crisis was averted due to the generous support of the local Bangladeshi community and the multinational aid efforts led by the Government of Bangladesh. This large number of refugees is definitely a big burden for Bangladesh. At times, the government has to face various political pressures and security problems regarding these refugee camps. The government of Bangladesh is facing a multifaceted reality regarding these Rohingya refugees. Myanmar is reluctant to take these refugees back home. Considering the overall situation, it is very unlikely that Myanmar will take back the Rohingyas in the near future. I don't think Myanmar will take them back unless they are forced to. This problem is not going to be solved in a year or two. Myanmar's clamor for the return of refugees reinforces that belief. As mentioned at the outset, this problem for Bangladesh began four decades ago. It took almost four decades to solve this problem. However, due to the negative role of Myanmar for a long time, the problem has not been solved. In the context of Myanmar's negative role in taking back the Rohingya, it is said that the problem is long-term for Bangladesh. In 2017, Bangladesh had hoped to send back more Rohingyas this time. But in October that year, when the Rohingya did not stop coming to Bangladesh, Bangladesh initiated talks with Myanmar to send them back. Myanmar formed a joint working group in December after signing a memorandum of understanding with Bangladesh. The purpose was to coordinate the return of the Rohingyas to their state. Both sides committed to repatriate the Rohingyas to their state in a voluntary, safe and dignified manner. So far, however, no progress has been made. The two countries took the initiative to repatriate the Rohingyas in November 2018 and October 2019. Not a single Rohingya could be sent back to Myanmar through these two initiatives. Although they want to go back, the problem arises with the terms of return to their state. They want to say they will not go back to Myanmar unless the institutional discrimination against them is removed and the continuous persecution is stopped. Rohingya leaders set some preconditions for their return. These include officially recognizing that the Rohingya are a minority ethnic group in Myanmar; returning them to full citizenship; upholding the freedom of movement of the Rohingya community; and providing them with job opportunities in Rakhine State. They want a system where this is their last chance to become refugees. They don't want it to happen again. They want to return to Myanmar with full rights.

We create the Universe: artists and scientists take on the Big Bang

Between October 2021 and January 2022 an ambitious combined art and science exhibition presented a unique object-rich cosmological story at the University Library of Leuven, Belgium, as part of the Kunst Leuven KNAL! City Festival 2021 (English: BANG! Big Bang City Festival). To the Edge of Time was a transdisciplinary[1] introduction for general audiences to one of the most famous and complex developments in science, the Big Bang theory. The exhibition presented artworks and science objects as equal partners that through curatorial placement and interpretation could fluidly convey key theoretical moments, materials, philosophical perspectives and ideas. The scientific story focused on how the groundbreaking work of the Belgian priest-astronomer Georges Lemaître bridged the insights of two of the twentieth century’s other leading European scientists, German physicist Albert Einstein and the British cosmologist Stephen Hawking. Objects from their lives and archives revealed their specific ideas and processes of thinking and discovery. Artworks from leading international artists brought new material, critical and conceptual dimensions and multisensory encounters. The exhibition was the result of a curatorial collaboration between the author, British contemporary art and transdisciplinary curator Hannah Redler-Hawes, and Belgian cosmologist and former collaborator of Stephen Hawking, Professor Thomas Hertog, of KU Leuven. As guest curators, they worked with Annelies Vogels, Exhibition Coordinator of the university and Wouter Daenen of KU Leuven Libraries, and others to form a closely collaborating curatorial team. To the Edge of Time was not only the first exhibition worldwide to explore Lemaître’s work through a transdisciplinary narrative, but also to place Stephen Hawking’s work in a broader historical context. In the trans- and interdisciplinary exhibition field, where new commissions and collaborations between living artists and scientists have been increasing, it was somewhat unusual for a cosmology exhibition in its reliance on material culture, concentration on historical art and science objects and its combining of these with presentations of recent contemporary art and advanced theoretical physics concepts. These combinations helped to convey parallel movements of thought where neither the art nor the science were presented as derivative to each other, a key curatorial ambition. This practice-based paper, offering Redler-Hawes’s personal reflections, discusses how the narrative evolved to define a shared language between the contributors. It considers, through a narrated walk-through of key object-artwork ‘constellations’, how the presentation generated new insights into different methods of enquiry, knowledge acquisition and making sense of our place in the cosmos, by bringing major themes in twentieth century science into dialogue with international artists working independently and in collaboration with science during the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries.[2] Note: Where images belong to the Science Museum Group this Journal shares them under a fully open access CC-BY licence (see our Open Access statement here https://journal.sciencemuseum.ac.uk/about-the-journal/). Where the image or work belong to a third party, this is indicated in the credit in the caption and full rights belong to the indicated party.

Marital Rape As A Crime Of Sexual Violence In Positive Law In Indonesia

Rape in a relationship has similar effects to rape outside of marriage. It is intended to avoid unnatural sexual behavior in a couple. Although men are considered to have full rights over their wives including in terms of sexual relations, it can worsen the relationship. The problem raised in this paper is to find out how the regulation of marital rape in Indonesia. The research method used is normative legal research, in order to analyze the vague norms related to marital rape in Law No. 23 Thn. 2004 with Law No. 12 of 2022. With the results of the analysis explaining that the factor of marital rape which later became a serious case both in the national and international scope needs regulations on marital rape, especially in Indonesia as a form of affirmation in the gander structure.

The German-Jews' Identity and Reactions to the Nazi Policy

In early April 1933, the racist laws went into effect in Nazi Germany. These officially dictated that all involvement with Jews should be severed by keeping a safe distance. On the eve of Hitler’s taking power, there were some six hundred thousand Jews in Germany. They enjoyed full civil rights and were deeply involved in social and political life. The German Jewish identity was clear-cut to most of them, and some were convinced that Nazi ideology had nothing to do with them. The following article, which focuses on the period between January 1933 and November 1938, will present some responses and identical dilemmas of those German Jews, who found it difficult to accept that Nazi laws include them as Jews only. It will describe their conduct within a community preparation that was gradually being formulated already in Zionist and German-Jewish responses and activities. Most of the sources and examples in this article are aimed to observe the German Jewish dilemma based on their dual cultural loyalty as Germans and as Jews as well. Describing these difficulties, and the German Jews' reactions to the Nuremberg Laws in 1935, and after the Kristallnacht pogrom in 1938, intends to describe expressions of uncertainty and a sense of detachment that characterizes German Jews more prominently. This article deals with the Legal-Racial Lows experienced as German Jews and its future impacts on their fate during the war and afterward.

A history of the community mental health movement and individuals with serious mental illness: A vision for the future.

The history of the development of the Global Alliance for Behavioral Health and Social Justice was founded on understanding the social determinants of mental health and society and the necessity for multiple disciplines to organize advocacy for human rights and social justice. This led way to a wide cross-section of disciplines working together to engage at the policy level, in legislation, and within community settings as the Community Mental Health Movement developed and made a path for the reformation of many forms within the mental health field. This article reviews some of that interesting history and the importance of understanding those fundamental roots as we also look at the future for what is next in advocacy, social justice action, and policy directions for advancing the lives of those with serious mental illness, who face some of the most oppressive forms of marginalization and rejection of human rights and citizenship. This article will outline social justice action agendas for the organization and diverse collaborative fields to pursue as we embark upon the future and envision the full rights of citizenship for those with serious mental illness. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

From New to Indispensable: How the 2004 Enlargement Reshaped the EU’s Transformative Powers

This editorial introduces a thematic issue that examines the consequences of the accession of the Central and East European countries to the EU 20 years onward. The socioeconomic transformation of these countries in the pre-accession period was considered a remarkable success, that was attributed to the EU’s conditionality policy. However, in the post-accession period, when these countries gained full membership rights and began playing a more active political role, they started deviating from some EU norms and rules, against a backdrop of EU crises. This shift has been, notably, reflected in concerns about democratic backsliding and rule of law violations. Nonetheless, the contributions in this issue also underscore that these countries have internalized (both top-down and bottom-up) EU norms and rules to a much greater extent than the focus on conditionality would suggest. Moreover, since Russia invaded Ukraine, Central and East European countries have become entrepreneurs of EU policy and bolstered its transformative power. These findings indicate a need to focus not only on the fundamental shortcomings in these countries—as the attention conferred to the (lack of post-accession) conditionality suggests—but also to consider other factors, such as the quality of the EU’s governance and political system, policy learning, geopolitics, and member states’ domestic politics.

THE LEGAL CAPACITY (AL-AHLIYYAH) OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE FROM AN ISLAMIC JURISPRUDENTIAL PERSPECTIVE

Capacity is the legal right and empowerment of a legal person to individual responsibility. A legal person has the right to social, economic, and political duties and responsibilities in the society to sue and be sued in the law court. However, the issue of artificial persons has been gaining attention in recent times, especially its legal capacity. This paper examines the legal capacity of Artificial Intelligence from Islamic jurisprudential perspective. For instance, legal and juristic issues remain around the legal capacity of humanoids like Sophia Robot which was granted the first full citizenship in Saudi Arabia. Does that citizenship translate to full rights and responsibility like a normal human? The study uses a qualitative method to employ the doctrinal approach of analyzing Islamic jurisprudential opinions on the legal personality of an artificial person. Although there are Islamic thresholds on minors and other interdicted persons, however, the study explores the extent of interpolating classical Islamic rulings of the legal capacity of certain corporations, entities, and interdicted persons on the artificial intelligence robot. The study found that an artificial intelligence robot does not have the complete traits to be considered for natural legal capacity. However, AI has the trait of artificial personality that is justified in Islamic jurisprudence. The vicarious tortious liability can be interpolated on the artificial personality of AI to ensure the protection of the public interest. Therefore, this study lays the groundwork for further studies in understanding how Islamic law can address the rights, responsibilities, and ethical considerations surrounding the use of AI, thereby facilitating the development of comprehensive, and religiously sensitive regulatory frameworks.

THE PROS AND CONS OF ARTICLE 207 OF THE 1988 FEDERAL CONSTITUTION OF BRAZIL

Purpose: This article focuses on Article 207 of the 1988 Brazilian Constitution. It then discusses the pros and cons of this article, which gives full rights to Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) in relation to their teaching and administrative autonomy. The social problem is as follows: Do HEIs (Higher Education Institutions) violate the law or not, as they are protected by Article 207 of the 1988 Brazilian Constitution? The aim of this study is to show how HEIs use Article 207 (BRAZIL, 1988) in their selection processes for undergraduate and postgraduate courses in Brazil.
 Method: This investigation used the Experience Report as its method and the qualitative approach as its approach.
 Results and Discussion: The results of this study show that HEIs do violate the law. Unfortunately, there seems to be no supervision by public bodies, except when the MEC (Ministry of Education) or another recognized body visits these institutions to qualify or disqualify their courses at national level and even internationally (institutions other than the MEC). On these occasions, unfortunately, many camouflages are made by these HEIs. Reading this article, it becomes clear that the university autonomy of Article 207 of the 1988 Federal Constitution (BRAZIL, 1988) does not in fact guarantee democracy within the HEIs, especially when it comes to entering and remaining as a student, teacher and/or employee/servant, especially in public HEIs.
 Implications of the Research: This experience report explores the possibility of re-evaluating Article 207 of the Brazilian Constitution of 1988, to the extent that the autonomy guaranteed to Higher Education Institutions in Brazil is more effective, linked to constant inspections by public authorities without prior warning. Thus, it is understood that, although "enslaved" to a higher order represented by the Brazilian government and the legislation in force in Brazil, Brazilian universities will indeed be secular and for everyone.
 Originality/Value: This research and article, although short, raises for discussion a crucial point for guaranteeing democracy in access to higher education and postgraduate studies in Brazil, which is little debated. There is a lot of talk about autonomy within Brazilian universities today. However, there is little questioning of this autonomy and how harmful and lethal it can be to democracy within them.