Full Literature Research Articles

Methyltrioxorhenium Catalysis in Nonconventional Solvents: A Great Catalyst in a Safe Reaction Medium

The requirement that chemical processes are sustainable, reflected in waste reduction and the use of safe reagents and reaction conditions, is becoming even more stringent as a result of pressure by society and governments to preserve the environment and protect human health. Catalysis offers numerous benefits related to green chemistry, including lowered energetic reaction requirements; catalytic, rather than stoichiometric, amounts of materials; increased selectivity; lowered consumption of processing and separation agents; and, in many cases, the use of less-toxic compounds. Our research group has for a long time been studying methyltrioxorhenium in the oxyfunctionalization of different substrates, by using H(2)O(2) or its urea-hydrogen peroxide complex as the primary oxidant. In this Review paper we aim to provide a full literature account on the catalytic activity and selectivity of methyltrioxorhenium in the oxyfunctionalization reaction, either in nonconventional solvents or under solvent-free conditions, with a particular emphasis on the use of ionic liquids as green reaction media.

Bethanechol: Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (Pediatrics)

This Hospital Pharmacy feature is extracted from Off-Label Drug Facts, a quarterly publication available from Wolters Kluwer Health. Off-Label Drug Facts is a practitioner-oriented resource for information about specific drug uses that are unapproved by the US Food and Drug Administration. This new guide to the literature enables the health care professional or clinician to quickly identify published studies on off-label uses and determine if a specific use is rational in a patient care scenario. A summary of the most relevant data is provided, including background, study design, patient population, dosage information, therapy duration, results, safety, and therapeutic considerations. References direct the reader to the full literature for more comprehensive information before patient care decisions are made. Direct questions or comments regarding Off-Label Drug Uses to jgeneral@kumc.edu .

Ondansetron: Tardive Dyskinesia

This Hospital Pharmacy feature is extracted from Off-Label Drug Facts, a quarterly publication available from Wolters Kluwer Health. Off-Label Drug Facts is a practitioner-oriented resource for information about specific drug uses that are unapproved by the US Food and Drug Administration. This new guide to the literature enables the health care professional or clinician to quickly identify published studies on off-label uses and determine if a specific use is rational in a patient care scenario. A summary of the most relevant data is provided, including background, study design, patient population, dosage information, therapy duration, results, safety, and therapeutic considerations. References direct the reader to the full literature for more comprehensive information before patient care decisions are made. Direct questions or comments regarding Off-Label Drug Uses to jgeneral@kumc.edu .

Octocorallia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) from Brazilian reefs

Brazilian reef octocorals have been relatively poorly studied. The last major review was published in the early 1960s by F.M. Bayer. The current study includes a full historical and literature review of Brazilian reef octocorals and lists 17 species. Four new species are described: Muriceopsis metaclados, Leptogorgia pseudogracilis, Stephanogorgia rattoi and Trichogorgia brasiliensis. Two new synonyms are proposed: Olindagorgia gracilis (Verrill, 1868) with Olindagorgia marcgravii (Bayer, 1961), and Ellisella elongata (Pallas, 1766) with Ellisella barbadensis (Duchassaing and Michelotti, 1864). Current knowledge on Muriceopsis is included, but the Muriceopsis sulphurea complex needs a thorough revision. Whenever there is not a recent evaluation of a species, it is fully described and illustrated, its main synonymies are included, and distributional ranges are indicated. An identification key is provided.

Granisetron: Postanesthetic Shivering

This Hospital Pharmacy feature is extracted from Off-Label Drug Facts, a quarterly publication available from Wolters Kluwer Health. Off-Label Drug Facts is a practitioner-oriented resource for information about specific drug uses that are unapproved by the US Food and Drug Administration. This new guide to the literature enables the health care professional or clinician to quickly identify published studies on off-label uses and determine if a specific use is rational in a patient care scenario. A summary of the most relevant data is provided, including background, study design, patient population, dosage information, therapy duration, results, safety, and therapeutic considerations. References direct the reader to the full literature for more comprehensive information before patient care decisions are made. Direct questions or comments regarding Off-Label Drug Uses to jgeneral@kumc.edu .

Baclofen: Hiccups

This Hospital Pharmacy feature is extracted from Off-Label Drug Facts, a quarterly publication available from Wolters Kluwer Health. Off-Label Drug Facts is a practitioner-oriented resource for information about specific drug uses that are unapproved by the US Food and Drug Administration. This new guide to the literature enables the health care professional or clinician to quickly identify published studies on off-label uses and determine if a specific use is rational in a patient care scenario. A summary of the most relevant data is provided, including background, study design, patient population, dosage information, therapy duration, results, safety, and therapeutic considerations. References direct the reader to the full literature for more comprehensive information before patient care decisions are made. Direct questions or comments regarding Off-Label Drug Uses to jgeneral@kumc.edu .

The United States, Northern Ireland and the ‘War on Terror’: A Reply to Christopher P. Cunningham

In his article ‘Northern Ireland and the “War on Terror”: Political Perceptions’ (Irish Political Studies, 24(3) (September 2009), pp. 285–302), Christopher P. Cunningham attempts to gauge the impact of the 11 September 2001 attacks on the peace process in Northern Ireland. Whilst his conclusions regarding the event's non‐effect on British policy are broadly correct, his assumption that UK support for the United States' ‘War on Terror’ led the US to refrain from contradicting British policy in Northern Ireland is not. By acknowledging the structural autonomy granted to US special envoys to Northern Ireland, this article demonstrates that disagreements between US and British officials were common throughout the post‐Agreement period. The article also shows that, pace Cunningham, British officials failed to prevent US Special Envoy Richard Haass from promoting policy in Northern Ireland with which they disagreed precisely because of the ‘War on Terror’. Therefore, this article will suggest that Cunningham's interpretive error could have been avoided by engaging a full literature review and perhaps employing a different methodological design for his study.

Dolasetron: Spinal Opioid-Related Pruritus

This Hospital Pharmacy feature is extracted from Off-Label Drug Facts, a quarterly publication available from Wolters Kluwer Health. Off-Label Drug Facts is a practitioner-oriented resource for information about specific drug uses that are unapproved by the US Food and Drug Administration. This new guide to the literature enables the health care professional or clinician to quickly identify published studies on off-label uses and determine if a specific use is rational in a patient care scenario. A summary of the most relevant data is provided, including background, study design, patient population, dosage information, therapy duration, results, safety, and therapeutic considerations. References direct the reader to the full literature for more comprehensive information before patient care decisions are made. Direct questions or comments regarding Off-Label Drug Uses to hospital pharmacy@drugfacts.com .

Octreotide: Dumping Syndrome

This Hospital Pharmacy feature is extracted from Off-Label Drug Facts, a quarterly publication available from Wolters Kluwer Health. Off-Label Drug Facts is a practitioner-oriented resource for information about specific drug uses that are unapproved by the US Food and Drug Administration. This new guide to the literature enables the health care professional or clinician to quickly identify published studies on off-label uses and determine if a specific use is rational in a patient care scenario. A summary of the most relevant data is provided, including background, study design, patient population, dosage information, therapy duration, results, safety, and therapeutic considerations. References direct the reader to the full literature for more comprehensive information before patient care decisions are made. Direct questions or comments regarding Off-Label Drug Uses to hospital pharmacy@drugfacts.com .

Gabapentin: Cholestatic Pruritis

This Hospital Pharmacy feature is extracted from Off-Label Drug Facts, a quarterly publication available from Wolters Kluwer Health. Off-Label Drug Facts is a practitioner-oriented resource for information about specific drug uses that are unapproved by the US Food and Drug Administration. This new guide to the literature enables the health care professional or clinician to quickly identify published studies on off-label uses and determine if a specific use is rational in a patient care scenario. A summary of the most relevant data is provided, including background, study design, patient population, dosage information, therapy duration, results, safety, and therapeutic considerations. References direct the reader to the full literature for more comprehensive information before patient care decisions are made. Direct questions or comments regarding Off-Label Drug Uses to hospital pharmacy@drugfacts.com .

Ondansetron: Cholestatic Pruritus (Adults)

This Hospital Pharmacy feature is extracted from Off-Label Drug Facts, a quarterly publication available from Wolters Kluwer Health. Off-Label Drug Facts is a practitioner-oriented resource for information about specific drug uses that are unapproved by the US Food and Drug Administration. This new guide to the literature enables the health care professional or clinician to quickly identify published studies on off-label uses and determine if a specific use is rational in a patient care scenario. A summary of the most relevant data is provided, including background, study design, patient population, dosage information, therapy duration, results, safety, and therapeutic considerations. References direct the reader to the full literature for more comprehensive information before patient care decisions are made. Direct questions or comments regarding Off-Label Drug Uses to hospital pharmacy@drugfacts.com .

Thyroxine: Once-Weekly Administration for Hypothyroidism

This Hospital Pharmacy feature is extracted from Off-Label Drug Facts, a quarterly publication available from Wolters Kluwer Health. Off-Label Drug Facts is a practitioner-oriented resource for information about specific drug uses that are unapproved by the US Food and Drug Administration. This new guide to the literature enables the health care professional or clinician to quickly identify published studies on off-label uses and determine if a specific use is rational in a patient care scenario. A summary of the most relevant data is provided, including background, study design, patient population, dosage information, therapy duration, results, safety, and therapeutic considerations. References direct the reader to the full literature for more comprehensive information before patient care decisions are made. Direct questions or comments regarding Off-Label Drug Uses to hospital pharmacy@drugfacts.com .

Recent Progress in the Vinylic Polymerization and Copolymerization of Norbornene Catalyzed by Transition Metal Catalysts

Here progress in the development of the catalytic addition polymerization and copolymerization of norbornene by various transition-metal complexes is described. A full literature account is given in this review mostly covering the years of 2000 to the early of 2009. The interest in vinyl homo-polynorbornene is driven by its dielectric and mechanical properties for the technical application as an interlevel dielectric in microelectronics applications. For comparison, the norbornene/olefin copolymerization is also considered. The metal catalysts of Ti, Cr, Zr, V, Fe, Co, Ni, Pd and Cu are introduced and methylalumoxane (MAO) or perfluorinated borane, e.g. B(C 6 F 5 ) 3 , cocatalysts are presented in terms of their activity and ligand effects are emphasized.

Enhanced Oil Recovery by CO2 Flooding in Homogeneous and Heterogeneous 2D Micromodels

Abstract Visual micromodels are a powerful tool for examining the mechanisms of oil recovery from porous media at the pore level. To this end, an algorithm has been developed to create two-dimensional flow network patterns simulating porous media with controlled properties. This has been used to manufacture flow micromodels that have different grain size distributions, permeabilities and heterogeneities. CO2 floods were carried out to determine the effect of several factors, such as injection rate, oil viscosity and the co-injection of water with CO2, on the displacement process and the oil recovery mechanism. Viscous fingering was found to be the dominant displacement mechanism up to solvent breakthrough at all the flooding conditions. Subsequent growth of the fingers was by a much slower dispersion-type process. A mechanism for recovering watershielded oil by a cyclic build-up, thinning-out and then snap-off of the shield has been observed. Introduction Visual micromodels as used in this study can be defined as flow apparatuses that enable visual observation of multiphase flow behaviour in porous media at the pore level. The glass micromodels used in this study of enhanced oil recovery are essentially a flow network etched onto the surface of a glass plate. The first step in building a micromodel was obtaining a high contrast diagram of a flow network pattern. The flow network pattern was then etched onto a glass plate to produce a micromodel. This plate was then sandwiched with another flat plate to seal the channels. This assembly then formed a two-dimensional path through which various flow phenomena were visually observed. A special micromodel holder enabled carrying out floods at reservoir temperature and pressure. Other researchers used glass beads, sand grains, or even thin sections of rock sandwiched between glass plates. Micromodels have proven to be very useful for studying a variety of oil recovery processes such as waterflooding, gels for conformance control, miscible and immiscible displacements, surfactant floods, foam injection, foamy oil flow, microbial EOR and solution gas drive. Micromodels have also been used to study specific aspects relating to flow in porous media such as wettability, capillary pressure, interfacial tension, asphaltene deposition, heterogeneity, mass transfer, scaling, multiple contact miscibility and gravity drainage. A full literature survey has been previously presented(1) and previous research(2) compares glass micromodels with nanotechnology-based polymer ones and presents image analysis techniques for quantitative data interpretation. This paper presents an innovative method for the design of the flow network pattern. This is followed by a discussion of the etching procedure and of the experimental apparatus for carrying out visual micromodel floods at reservoir conditions. Results of several micromodel floods designed to investigate parametrically the influence of several factors on the flooding process are then presented and discussed. Finally, conclusions are drawn. Design of Flow Network Pattern A variety of approaches have been used in the literature to develop pore network patterns(1). These include commercial pattern transfers such as those employed by draughtsmen, computerdrawn regular patterns and thin-section micrographs of reservoir rocks.

Enteral tube feeding in older people with advanced dementia: Findings from a Cochrane systematic review

Enteral tube feeding for people with advanced dementia who have difficulty swallowing and poor nutritional intake is common. Potential benefits or harms of this practice are unclear and the authors aimed to evaluate the outcomes of this intervention. A full literature review was undertaken in April 2008. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), controlled clinical trials, controlled before and after studies, interrupted time series studies and controlled observational studies that evaluated the effectiveness of enteral feeding via a nasogastric tube or via a tube passed by percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy were selected. The study population comprised adults aged 50 and over with a diagnosis of advanced primary degenerative dementia who had poor nutritional intake and/or developed problems with eating and swallowing. The primary outcomes were survival and quality of life (QOL). No RCTs were identified. Seven observational controlled studies were found; six assessed mortality. There was no evidence of increased survival in people with dementia receiving enteral tube feeding. The other study assessed nutritional outcomes. None of the studies examined the effect on QOL and there was no evidence of benefit in terms of nutritional status or the prevalence of pressure ulcers. There is insufficient evidence to suggest that enteral tube feeding is beneficial in people with advanced dementia. Data is lacking on the adverse effects of this intervention.

Ondansetron: Postanesthetic Shivering

This Hospital Pharmacy feature is extracted from Off-Label Drug Facts, a quarterly publication available from Wolters Kluwer Health. Off-Label Drug Facts is a practitioner-oriented resource for information about specific drug uses that are unapproved by the US Food and Drug Administration. This new guide to the literature enables the health care professional or clinician to quickly identify published studies on off-label uses and determine if a specific use is rational in a patient care scenario. A summary of the most relevant data is provided, including background, study design, patient population, dosage information, therapy duration, results, safety, and therapeutic considerations. References direct the reader to the full literature for more comprehensive information before patient care decisions are made. Direct questions or comments regarding Off-Label Drug Uses to hospital pharmacy@drugfacts.com .

Colchicine: Primary Amyloidosis

This Hospital Pharmacy feature is extracted from Off-Label Drug Facts, a quarterly publication available from Wolters Kluwer Health. Off-Label Drug Facts is a practitioner-oriented resource for information about specific drug uses that are unapproved by the US Food and Drug Administration. This new guide to the literature enables the health care professional or clinician to quickly identify published studies on off-label uses and determine if a specific use is rational in a patient care scenario. A summary of the most relevant data is provided, including background, study design, patient population, dosage information, therapy duration, results, safety, and therapeutic considerations. References direct the reader to the full literature for more comprehensive information before patient care decisions are made. Direct questions or comments regarding Off-Label Drug Uses to hospital pharmacy@drugfacts.com .

Acebutolol: Ventricular Tachycardia

This Hospital Pharmacy feature is extracted from Off-Label Drug Facts, a quarterly publication available from Wolters Kluwer Health. Off-Label Drug Facts is a practitioner-oriented resource for information about specific drug uses that are unapproved by the US Food and Drug Administration. This new guide to the literature enables the health care professional or clinician to quickly identify published studies on off-label uses and determine if a specific use is rational in a patient care scenario. A summary of the most relevant data is provided, including background, study design, patient population, dosage information, therapy duration, results, safety, and therapeutic considerations. References direct the reader to the full literature for more comprehensive information before patient care decisions are made. Direct questions or comments regarding Off-Label Drug Uses to hospital pharmacy@drugfacts.com .

Levetiracetam: Rapid-Cycling Bipolar Disorder (Adults)

This Hospital Pharmacy feature is extracted from Off-Label Drug Facts, a quarterly publication available from Wolters Kluwer Health. Off-Label Drug Facts is a practitioner-oriented resource for information about specific drug uses that are unapproved by the US Food and Drug Administration. This new guide to the literature enables the health care professional or clinician to quickly identify published studies on off-label uses and determine if a specific use is rational in a patient care scenario. A summary of the most relevant data is provided, including background, study design, patient population, dosage information, therapy duration, results, safety, and therapeutic considerations. References direct the reader to the full literature for more comprehensive information before patient care decisions are made. Direct questions or comments regarding Off-Label Drug Uses to hospital pharmacy@drugfacts.com .

2009 Focused Update: ACCF/AHA Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults

2009;53;1343-1382; originally published online Mar 26, 2009; J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. Rahko, Marc A. Silver, Lynne Warner Stevenson, and Clyde W. Yancy Francis, Theodore G. Ganiats, Marvin A. Konstam, Donna M. Mancini, Peter S. Mariell Jessup, William T. Abraham, Donald E. Casey, Arthur M. Feldman, Gary S. Heart and Lung Transplantation Developed in Collaboration With the International Society for Guidelines Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Management of Heart Failure in Adults: A Report of the American College of 2009 Focused Update: ACCF/AHA Guidelines for the Diagnosis and This information is current as of August 30, 2010 http://content.onlinejacc.org/cgi/content/full/53/15/1343 located on the World Wide Web at: The online version of this article, along with updated information and services, is