Full-fat Soybean Research Articles

THE EFFECTS OF EXTRUDED CORNSOY AS PARTIAL REPLACEMENT FOR MAIZE AND GROUNDNUT MEAL IN WEANER-GROWER PIG RATIONS

Two feeding trials were conducted using sixteen Landrace x Large White cross-bred pigs to determine the effect of feeding extruded corn-soyabean diets on performance and carcass traits in growing pigs. Extruded corn-soyabean meal was used to replace full fat soyabean at 0 33.67 and 100% in a practical weaner and grower diets. Average 'feed intake was significantly (P<0.05) increased by the addition of corn-soyabean to the diets. Average daily gain and feed/gain were also improved (P<0.05) by Corn-soyabean diets. The use of extruded corn-soyabean meal had no significant effect on some retail cuts. However, certain carcass traits were affected (P<0.05). Corn-soyabean diets improved warm dressing percentage but lowered percent lean cuts (P<0.05).

The feeding value of full-fat cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale Linn) rejects and low cereal diets for broiler chicken

A study was conducted to examine the economic benefits of using full-fat cashew nut (FFCN) rejects and low cereal for diets on 195 Anak 2000 strains of broilers. The five diets used contained 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% FFCN for diets 1 to 5 respectively, as a replacement for full-fat soyabean (FFSB). Cost of feed wieght grain reduced from N38.41 in diet 1 to N24.43 in diet 5 and the total cost of feed consumed per bird reduced from N116.17 in diets 1 to N86.24 in diets 5. Weight gain also decreased while feed/gain increased with inclusion level of FFCN in the diets. Revenue/feed cost increased (P>0.05) with inclusion level of FFCN. The treatment also had significant (P>0.05) effect on the nutrient digestibility. The carcass characteristics showed a non significant (P>0.05) difference between treaments in all the parts except the shanks. The result showed a significant saving in the total cost of feed consumed/bird without any negative effect on the performance of the birds

The effect of different fertilizer doses on the yield of soybean varieties cultivated in the central hungarian region on the basis of the results of the cultivation technologies

„Within the framework of the tender, we sought the answer to the question of what production technology can be used to successfully grow soybeans in the Central Hungarian region. This region has the lowest national soybean production area (637 ha), which is particularly difficult to increase further due to high production costs and extreme weather conditions. At the same time, the demand of the domestic processing industry for soybeans is constantly increasing, which is mainly covered by foreign imports. In this article we present three varieties of the Hungarian feed company (Galldorf Zrt.) with very high protein content and drought tolerance, which are marketed and grown in this special production area. The goal is to have a yield of more than 2 t ha-1 with a ProFat content more than 50%, which is suitable for full-fat soybeans for dynamic pork upbringing and the production of high-quality pork.”

An innovative approach for the assessment of Bulgarian soybean cultivars

The evaluation of climate plasticity and content of free amino acids, sugars and fatty acids in Bulgarian soybean cultivars were used as an innovative approach. The field performance, expression and metabolomic profiles of leaves, green seeds and mature seeds of plants grown from low temperature pre-treated and not-treated seeds were assessed by real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The data from the morphological indicators, expression profiles and content of metabolites confirmed that the plants grown from low temperature pre-treated seeds had better performance. The expression profiles correlated with the content of amino acids and sugars. Inclusion of extruded full-fat soybean from cvs. Srebrina and Richy in the compound feed for pigs and soybean cake obtained after cold pressed soybeans of cv. Srebrina in compound feed for laying hens were investigated. The results confirmed that extruded full-fat soybean cv. Srebrina could be successfully included in the protein component of feed for growing pigs at a rate of 50% of soybean meal in protein equivalent. Extruded full-fat soybean cv. Richy in the amount of 30% of the protein component of the ration, in protein equivalent of the compound feed for the period of fattening of pigs could be included. The results confirmed that feed for laying hens, in which 50% of imported soybean meal is replaced by soybean cake produced from locally grown soybean, could increase the content of free amino and fatty acids of the final product and benefit the quality of eggs. Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/13102818.2021.1954092 .

The Effects of Pelleted and Unpelleted All Mash Broiler Diets on Performance, Carcass Quality and Internal Organ Developments of Broiler Chickens

The performance, carcass traits and internal organ development of broiler chickens as influenced by dietary form (pellet or mash) were assessed using 180 straight run Ana 2000, (14 to 63 days of age). Soyabean meal (SBM) mash diet was used as a reference diet. Full fat soybean (FFSB) was the other mash diet. The pelleted diet was a commercial source. Results showed lack of significant (P>0.05) influence of diet form on performance traits in the starter phase SBM mash diet produced the least feed cost per kg gain. In the finisher phase, feed intake and weight gain were not influenced significantly (P>0.05) by diet form but feed to gain ratio was improved significantly (P<0.05) for the SBM mash diet. Feed cost per kg gain was least on the pelleted diet. The cumulative effect of diets showed lack of significant (P>0.05) effect on feed intake. Weight gain was least (P< 0.05) for broilers fed FFSB diet. Broilers fed pelleted and SBM gained similar weights. Feed cost per kg gain was least on SBM mash diet. Relative values for New York dressed, dressed weights, and breast of birds fed FFSB mash were significantly (P<0.01) lower than SBM mash and pelleted diets. Sex had no influence on relative values except abdominal fat where females had significantly (P<0.05) more fat than males.

Effect of graded levels of raw roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) seed meal on performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality traits of broiler chicken

Means of reducing the rising cost of feed resources in livestock production is a concern in the poultry industry in Nigeria.The study was carried out to investigate the effect of graded level of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) seed meal on performance traits, physical and sensory quality of broiler chicken meat. One hundred and twenty birds at day 28 were used and thirty birds were randomly allotted into respective four dietary treatments [T1 - control diet with 0% inclusion level of raw roselle seed meal (RSM) while T2, T3 and T4 had 25%, 50% and 75% inclusion level of RSM respectively] in a complete randomized design. Each treatment had three replicates with ten birds per replicate. At the end of the 28-day feeding trial being 8 weeks, 24 birds (2-birds/replicate) were slaughtered for physical and sensory meat quality characteristics: colour, appearance, flavor, texture, taste and overall acceptability. Result showed there was not significant (P>0.05) difference for final weight, weight gain and feed intake among T1, T2 and T3 but T4 had significant (P<0.05) least values in final weight (1.58kg) weight gain (1.05kg) and feed intake (3.52kg) among the treatments. The FCR was not significantly different for T1 (3.32) and T4 (3.36) while both T1 and T4 differed significantly from T2 (3.13) and T3 (3.11). There were not significant (p>0.05) differences in the carcass traits that were measured across the treatments. The cooking loss from the thigh meat in T2 (27.55%) was significantly lower in comparison to treatments T3 (36.60%) and T4 (35.62%) but was not significantly different from T1 (30.48%). The cooking loss from breast and drumstick meat showed insignificant (P<0.05) difference among the treatments. The texture of the meat had least scored value in T1 (4.93) which was significantly different from T1 (6.33) but not significantly different from T2 (5.13) and T4 (6.07). The overall acceptability of the meat from the treatments was highest in T1 (7.03) with no significantly different from T3 (6.33) and T4 (6.67) but was significantly different from T2 (5.6). It can be concluded that raw roselle seed meal can be used as a substitute for full fat soybean for use in finisher broiler diets up to 50% inclusion level without adverse effect on the performance traits and some meat quality attributes of chicken.

Performance and carcass characteristics of broiler fed raw and processed kenaf seed meal

Two hundred and forty (240), unsexed day old Arbor Acre broiler chicks were used to evaluate the effects of replacing whole kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) seed meal (WKSM) with full fat soybean meal (FFSM) in the diets on the performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chicken in a 2 x 4 factorial arrangement, consisting two processing methods (raw kenaf seed meal RKM and roasted kenaf seed meal HKM) and 4 inclusion levels (0%, 10%, 20% and 30%). Both RKM and HKM were analysed for anti-nutritive factors, data were collected on performance, carcass characteristics and cost benefit. The results of anti-nutritive factors (ANF) in RKM and HKM revealed that HKM had lower values of 0.045%, 0.029mg/g and 0.013mg/g for tannin, oxalate and phytic acid respectively when compared to 0.078%,0.124mg/g and 0.026mg/g obtained for RKM (P<0.05). The performance of broiler chicken showed that birds on 10% RKM with an average weight gain and FCR of (2640.00g and 2.48) competed favourably with the control (2554.67g and 2.45). The results of carcass characteristics showed that birds on 10% and 20% inclusion levels had significantly (P<0.05) higher values of 64.25% and 65.58% for dressed weight respectively. In terms of weight gain and FCR, birds fed RKM performed better than birds fed roasted kenaf meal HKM. About 5% feed cost savings was made when WKSM was included in the diets of broilers. It was concluded that RKM and RKM can replace FFSB in broiler diets up to 10% without any detrimental effect on performance and carcass quality.

Carcass yield and haemato-biochemical indices of broiler chickens as affected by dietary replacement of yellow maize with gayamba pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) variety

The consumer price for poultry products in Nigeria and the expansion of the commercial poultry industry are negatively affected by the utilization of competitive and costly ingredients in making poultry diets. Consequently, the identification and utilization of locally available alternatives would greatly reduce cost of poultry production and products. In this regard, a study was undertaken to examine the effects of replacement of yellow maize (YM) with gayamba pearl millet variety as dietary energy source on carcass yield and blood parameters of broiler chickens. Three hundred (300) Ross 308 broiler chicks weighing 167.94 – 173.07g were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments of 75 birds each. Each treatment was replicated thrice with 25 birds in a completely randomized design. The experimental diets contained 0, 33.33, 66.67 and 100% gayamba millet as replacement for YM designated as diets 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively. Full-fat soya bean and groundnut cake meal were the main vegetable protein sources used in the diets. Feed and water were provided ad libitum and the experiment lasted for 49 days. Results for carcass yield indicated a significant (P<0.05) influence of diet on live weight (1828.33 – 2316.66 g), plucked weight (1622.83 – 2132.83 g), eviscerated weight (1429.50 – 1883.47 g) and carcass weight (1277.66 – 1680.33 g) in favour of diet 3. However, dressing percentage (69.00 – 72.50%) did not differ among treatments. In the same way, most of the relative weights of organs were also not significantly affected by diet. Except for the packed cell volume (29.81 – 35.04%), none of the haematological parameters showed significant difference among the treatments. Similarly, most of the serum biochemical indices apart from total proteins, albumin and globulin, did not differ significantly among treatments. It was therefore concluded that gayamba pearl millet can completely replace yellow maize in broiler chickens' diets with no adverse effect on carcass yield and blood constituents.

PSVII-36 Late-Breaking Abstract: Protein concentrations in basal diets affect metabolizable energy of feed ingredients determined by difference procedure in pigs

Abstract The objective was to investigate the influence of crude protein (CP) concentrations in the basal diet on the metabolizable energy (ME) of feed ingredients determined using the difference procedure in pigs. Twelve barrows (73.7 ± 5.5 kg body weight) individually housed in metabolism crates were used. A low-protein basal diet (LPBD, 7.4% CP) was composed of 97.5% corn as the sole energy source and a high-protein basal diet (HPBD, 14.3% CP) was composed of 78.0% corn and 19.6% soybean meal. Four additional diets were prepared by replacing 20% of the energy sources in the basal diets with full-fat soybean (FFSB, 37.7% CP) or soy protein isolate (SPI, 87.6% CP). The 6 experimental diets were fed to 12 pigs employing a replicated 6 × 4 incomplete Latin square design with 4 periods. Each period was consisted of 4 days of adaptation and 4 days of collection period and the marker-to-marker method was used for fecal collection. Urinary gross energy output was greater (243 vs. 176 kcal/d; P < 0.05) in the HPBD group compared with the LPBD group. While ME in the HPBD was greater (3,418 vs. 3,322 kcal/kg; P < 0.05) than in the LPBD, ME in FFSB diets (3,585 and 3,633 kcal/kg in the LPBD and HPBD group, respectively) and SPI diets (3,537 and 3,537 kcal/kg, respectively) were not different between the 2 basal diet groups. Metabolizable energy of the test ingredients was less (P < 0.05) in pigs fed the HPBD group (4,565 and 4,111 kcal/kg in FFSB and SPI, respectively) compared with pigs fed the LPBD group (4,756 and 4,517 kcal/kg in FFSB and SPI, respectively). In conclusion, as the protein in the basal diet increases, metabolizable energy in a test ingredient determined using the difference procedure decreases mainly due to greater urinary energy output in pigs.

Digestibility of Amino Acids in Protein-Rich Feed Ingredients Originating from Animals, Peanut Flour, and Full-Fat Soybeans Fed to Pigs.

Simple SummaryDietary protein is a major contributing factor to animal feed cost. Recently, the overwhelming demand for and the unstable cost of conventional feed ingredients, such as soybean meal, have caused interest in alternative feed ingredients. By-products of agricultural industries may be cost-effective alternatives to conventional protein sources in swine diets. Therefore, to assess their full nutritional potential for pigs, it becomes necessary to evaluate the protein quality in alternative feed ingredients. In the present work, the digestibility of amino acids in four animal-derived protein sources (egg albumen, casein, blood meal, and blood plasma meal) and two plant-derived protein sources (peanut flour and full-fat soybean) were evaluated. Experimental diets were prepared to contain each of the test ingredients as the sole source of nitrogen and fed to growing pigs in two digestibility trials. The results of the experiments showed greater digestibility of amino acids in casein than the other animal protein sources. Digestibility of most amino acids in peanut flour was greater than in full-fat soybeans. Based on the current results, it is concluded that the test ingredients contain readily digestible amino acids which could make them useful in the diets of growing pigs.Standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in alternative protein sources for growing pigs was determined in this study. Diets containing egg albumen (EA), casein, blood meal (BM), and blood plasma meal (BPM) and a nitrogen-free diet (NFD) were fed to 20 barrows in a quadruplicate 5 × 2 incomplete Latin square design with two periods in experiment 1. The SID of AA was greater in casein than other ingredients (p < 0.05), except Pro. The SID of Arg, Ile, and Met was lower (p < 0.05) in EA than BM and BPM. The SID of Trp in BM was greater (p < 0.05) than EA but not different from BPM. In experiment 2, 20 pigs were fed diets containing peanut flour (PF) or full-fat soybeans (FFSB) or NFD in a randomized complete block design with body weight as a blocking factor but providing six observations for NFD. The SID of Arg, Ileu, Leu, Met, Phe, and Val was greater (p < 0.05) in PF than FFSB. The SID of Lys was greater (p < 0.05) in FFSB than PF. In summary, the test ingredients contain readily digestible AA and could serve as alternative protein sources for growing pigs.

10.4314/sajas.v40i5.65281

Full-fat soyabeans (FFSB) intended for use in monogastric nutrition need to undergo heat treatment so that present anti-nutritional factors can be inactivated. Under- or over-treatment will decrease the level of amino acids available to the animal. In this study, the slope-ratio technique was used in two trials with broilers for determining the optimum treatment temperature for soyabeans. Average daily weight gain (ADWG) and feed conversion efficiency (FCE) were used as response parameters. The optimum temperature for dry extrusion of FFSB was 144 °C for Trial 1 and 138 °C for Trial 2. Similar temperature values were generated by both ADWG and FCE. Either one can therefore be used as response parameter for determining the optimal heat treatment conditions of FFSB for use in poultry feeding.

Apparent total tract and ileal amino acids digestibility values of vegetal protein meals with dietary protease to broiler diet.

This experiment was carried out to study the effect of dietary exogenous monocomponent protease on the coefficient apparent total tract (ATTD) and apparent ileal (AID) digestibility of amino acids of corn, soybean meal (SBM), and full fat soybean meal (FFSM) in broilers. A total of 400 males Cobb-500 (14 d of age) were equally allocated in 80 metabolic cages (50 cm × 50 cm × 45 cm) in a completely randomized design and a semi-controlled environment. Eight treatments (basal diet with or without a protease and three ingredients replacing the basal diets in 40% to corn and 30% to SBM and FFSM, with and without protease), with 10 replicates each were evaluated. The protease was added at 200 mg/kg resulting in 15,000 unit of PROT/kg. The total collection of excreta was held during 3 d, after 5 d for adaptation of broilers at the diets. The ileal content was collected on d 21, after slaughter of birds. The enzyme increased (P < 0.05) the ATTD and AID of most amino acids contained in SBM and FFSM. The digestibility of cysteine, glycine, proline, and threonine had higher (P < 0.05) ATTD and AID in all tested ingredients with the use of protease. On average, the dietary protease increased in 5.19% and 3.86% the total and ileal digestibility of amino acids, respectively. It was concluded that the dietary protease exerts major effects on toasted full-fat soybean, followed by soybean meal and corn to broilers.

Mycotoxicological monitoring. Part 3. Feedstuffs from raw grain processing

The paper presents the results of mycotoxicological testing of the production batches of sunflower cake and meal, feedstuffs of soybean and wheat bran processing received from domestic processing establishments and livestock farms from 2009 to 2019. Detection and measurement of the content of fusariotoxins, including T-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone and fumonisins of B group, as well as alternariol, ochratoxin A, citrinin, aflatoxin B 1 , sterigmatocystin, cyclopiazonic acid, mycophenolic acid, ergot alkaloids and emodin was carried out by a competitive ELISA in accordance with certified procedure. The summarized results demonstrate the predominant role of alternariol in the contamination of sunflower cake and meal, as well as the frequent occurrence of T-2 toxin, ochratoxin A, citrinin, cyclopiazonic acid, sterigmatocystin, mycophenolic acid and emodin. For the main contaminants, a shift in the medians and 90% percentile towards the lower values of the average and maximum contents was observed, which indicates the possibility of their accumulation beyond the typical range. The summary and results of mycotoxicological study of wheat bran and feedstuffs of soybean processing for a complete list of 14 parameters are presented in this paper for the first time. It was found that the range of mycotoxins that can contaminate soybean meal, cake and full-fat soybean is quite wide, which is consistent with the results of the study of soybean seed mycobiota composition. It was demonstrated that soybean meal can accumulate high concentrations of mycophenolic acid – up to 1,255 μg/kg. As for the wheat bran batches, cases of contamination with diacetoxyscirpenol and the frequent occurrence of T-2 toxin, emodin and ergot alkaloids were detected. The initial monitoring data, systematized and summarized in this paper, are presented in electronic form in the section “Additional materials”. The prospects of testing of feedstuffs from processing other oilseeds, as well as from wheat and corn grain processing are discussed.

Feeding value of de-hulled sunflower seed meal for broilers

The effects of de-hulled sunflower seed meal (SFM) samples with different crude protein (CP) and non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) content on apparent metabolizable energy (AME), AME metabolizability (EM) and pre-caecal protein digestibility (pcPD) were examined. The birds were fed one of four mash diets. On a per kilogram basis, the basal diet (BD) contained as major ingredients 549.5 g wheat, 150 g soybean meal and 175 g full fat soybean meal as well as 215.4 g crude protein kg–1 and 12.81 MJ AME kg–1. Another three diets containing 200 g kg–1 of each of three experimental SFM samples in place of the BD were also mixed. Each diet was fed to birds in ten pens with two male Ross 308 broilers ranging in age from 8 to 21 days. Dietary AME was determined from excreta collection between days 17 and 21, while AME, EM and pcPD were determined when the birds were 21 days old. The substitutional method was used to determine AME, EM and pcPD in the SFM samples. The SFM samples high in NSP had lower AME (P = 0.001), EM (P < 0.001) and pcPD (P = 0.005). The beneficial effect of carrying out a further de-hulling of SFM seems to be mediated through reduced NSP content and improved energy and protein bioavailability.

Effect of replacing fish meal by full fat soybean meal on growth performance, feed utilization and gastrointestinal enzymes in diets for African catfish Clarias gariepinus.

Study aimed to evaluate the effect of replacing fish meal with different levels of full fat soybean meal (FFSBM) on growth and digestive enzyme activities in the stomach, Liver and intestine for Clarias gariepinus. Four diets (D1, D2, D3 and D4) were formulated with 0, 15, 20 and 20 g 100-1 protein + DL-methionine by alternating FFSBM with fish meal. The growth of C. gariepinus was found to be significantly decreased when FFSBM replacement increased. Final body weight was 89.69, 79.70, 70.82 and 68.29 g for fish fed on D1, D2, D3 and D4, respectively, with significant differences between treatments. Specific growth rate (SGR) ranged between 3.11 to 2.78%. Proteolytic activity was higher only with alkaline pHs, whereas only very low activity was shown with acidic. Results of liver showed approximately similar results at acid and alkaline. In contrast, higher proteolytic activity in the stomach was observed at acid pHs 3.0 and 4.0 μg tyrosine-1 minute-1 mg-1 protein) whereas lower values were observed at neutral pH 7.0 g tyrosine-1 minute-1 mg-1 protein for catfish fed on the experimental diets. Moreover, trypsin activity was higher for the stomach, followed by the intestine and liver. However, higher amount of amylase observed in the liver than intestine and stomach.

The Estimation of Trypsin Inhibitor Activities in Soybean Meals Produced in Turkey

This study was conducted in order to determine the nutrient contents and some anti-nutritional factors of of soybean and soybean meal produced in the Adana province of Turkey and imported from various countries. Totally 8 samples, consisting of 5 soybean meals, 1 full-fat soybean meal, 2 raw soybeans, were used in this study as research materials. The trypsin inhibitor activities (TIA) and urease activities (UA) were determined as anti-nutritional factors. Additionally, the degrees of changes in these factors were analyzed in the soybeans which were exposed to heat, humidity and pressure. Besides, the cresol red (CR) test was used to estimate the toasting degree of the samples and to compare with other analysis results. The average TIA, UA and CR values in soybean meal of the soya produced in Turkey used in the experiment, were found to be 2.59 mg/g, 0.05 mg N/g/minute and 4.39 mg/g, respectively. TIA, UA and CR values are determined for the imported soybean meal are 1.62 mg/g, 0.082 N/g/minute and 4.45 mg/g respectively. These values are in the same order for for full-fat soybean, 9.60 mg/g, 0.071 mg N/g/minute and 4.43 mg/g. TIA values of raw soybean (1) which were autoclaved for 35 minutes at 100°C, 110°C, 120°C and 130°C were found as 23.20, 10.27, 2.91, 0.53 and 0.20 mg/g respectively. UA values for same raw soybeans were detected as 8.40, 2.36, 0.23, 0.00 and 0.00 mg N/g/min and CR values were found as 2.42, 2.42, 4.22, 4.46 and 4.95 mg/g respectively. TIA values were 30.00, 27.12, 26.74, 26.29 and 22.74 mg/g in the raw Soybean sample that was subjected to dry heat (heated at 100°C, 110°C, 120°C, 130°C). In the raw soybean sample, where dry heat was applied, the UA values were started with no heat applied, respectively, 8.87, 8.87, 8.80, 8.75 and 4.62 mg N/g/min; CR values were found as 3.03, 3.07, 3.07, 3.22 and 3.28 mg/g in the same order.

Effects of processing full‐fat soya beans and fish trim for sustainable sablefishAnoplopoma fimbriafeeds

To quantify the efficacy and cost of different soya protein ingredients, heated soya beans (HSB) and underprocessed (SB) full-fat soya beans (FFSB), soya protein concentrate (SPC) and trim waste from Pacific whiting (Merluccius productus) were incorporated into feeds for the cold water marine sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria). Feed ingredients for this study were processed using an experimental heated ball mill with demonstrated potential as an affordable process for rural or small-scale feed production. The three feed treatments were formulated with equal amounts of soya protein and Pacific whiting process trim. The three feed treatments contained 46% protein and 18% lipid as dry matter. Three 480-L tanks of 10 fish were used to evaluate each of the three feed treatments. Fish were fed to satiation every 2 days for 8 weeks. Weight gain of the treatment groups ranged between 56% and 105% over the course of the study. Fish growth was significantly better among fish receiving the feeds containing HSB and SPC than a feed containing SB. At the conclusion of the study, histomorphologic evaluations of the distal intestines of final fish were conducted. Varying levels of inflammation were measured for all three treatments. Fisher's exact test showed a significant reduction in mononuclear cell infiltration among fish fed heat-treated full-fat soya beans vs those receiving underprocessed full-fat soya beans. Fish receiving HSB feed had significantly lower intestinal inflammation than SB fish. Based on our results, cost savings of $ 0.253/kg were calculated for the HSB feed over the SPC feed.

Estrategias de alimentación, evaluación del impacto ambiental y valoración económica de dietas de porcino ecológico

El principal desafío en alimentación para porcino ecológico es garantizar que los alimentos de la dieta cumplan los requerimientos nutricionales, en particular en proteína y perfil de aminoácidos, al finalizar la moratoria de uso de hasta un 5% de alimentos no ecológicos en las raciones, prevista para 2020. Así, este trabajo se planteó para proponer una estrategia de alimentación y analizar la viabilidad nutricional, económica y ambiental de formular raciones con alimentos alternativos, producidos localmente. Se seleccionó una muestra representativa de productos de cultivos ecológicos, de acuerdo al Reglamento (CE) 834/2007 y 889/2008, de fábricas de piensos y productores de Cataluña y zona próxima: cereales (n=22), subproductos de cereales (n=4) y concentrados de proteína vegetal (n=25). Las dietas se formularon para las diferentes fases fisiológicas, ajustadas a las recomendaciones nutricionales españolas (FEDNA, convencional) y francesas (ITAB, ecológicas). Se formularon dietas prescindiendo de la soja (torta de presión y soja integral) según recomendaciones nutricionales francesas y utilizando fuentes proteicas adaptadas al clima mediterráneo (alverjón, habas, guisantes y alholva) y cereales de invierno (centeno, trigo, cebada y triticale). Los impactos ambientales de las dietas (por unidad de pienso compuesto producido) en cuanto a demanda de fósforo, uso de energía no renovable, eutrofización, acidificación, cambio climático y ocupación de tierra, evaluados mediante el análisis de ciclo de vida de la base de datos francesa ECOALIM (2016), resultan mayores en lechones y menores en cerdas gestantes, y notablemente superiores si se formula según FEDNA vs. ITAB. En la valoración económica de las dietas (compra frente a autoproducción), resultaría más rentable un modelo de negocio con integración agropecuaria.

Mineral content in local feed ingredients used by fish farmers in four different regions of Tanzania

This study investigated the content of selected minerals (P, Ca, K, Na, Mg, Fe and I) in local feed ingredients used by tilapia fish farmers in Tanzania. Analyses were performed on 26 local feed ingredients collected at four different geographical locations in Tanzania (Dar es Salaam, Morogoro, Mbeya and Mwanza). The samples were taken randomly from fish farmers, fish feed producers, fingerling producers and animal feed shops or centers near fish farms in each region. The results showed a wide range of mineral concentrations. The highest levels of P was found in fish skeletons (17.8 g kg-1), of Ca in limestone (107.3 g kg-1), of K in gallant soldier (51.0 g kg-1), of Na in marine shrimp (Exhippolysmata oplophoroides) (11.7 g kg-1), of Mg in prawn head waste (4.2 g kg-1), of Fe in azolla (2355 mg kg-1) and of I in full fat soybean (447 mg kg-1). The data on mineral content in feed ingredients can be used as a platform for better-targeted feed formulation for tilapia farming systems. In conclusion, the data suggest that if more than two ingredients are used in the diet, this may be sufficient to meet the mineral requirements of all cultured tilapia species and their hybrids, without inclusion of any mineral premix.

Effectiveness Evaluation of Use of Various Protein Feeds for Broiler Chicken Feeding

Abstract The purpose of this paper was to assess the suitability of various protein feeds in broiler chicken feeding. The study covered 160 birds split into 5 equipotent groups (SBM, EFFS, RFFS, EL, DDGS). Four protein feeds were an experimental factor: extruded full-fat soybean (EFFS group), raw full-fat soybean (RFFS group), extruded lupine (EL group) and distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS group) that were added to starter rations in an amount replacing 30%, and in grower and finisher rations 50% of extracted soybean meal protein. Results showed that after replacing an identical amount of extracted soybean meal protein with protein from extruded soybean or DDGS in chicken rations, the final body weight and feed conversion ratio were similar to those of birds from the control group. Deterioration (P≤0.01) in the above-mentioned parameters was observed for chickens fed with rations containing raw soybean or extruded lupine. Birds that were given rations containing raw soybean (RFFS group) were characterized by the lowest dressing percentage, and, compared to the control group, the difference was significant (P≤0.01). The type of protein feed contained in the rations did not affect the musculature of chickens, however it did impact their fat deposition. Fat deposition was the lowest in birds from RFFS and DDGS groups that reached the lowest final body weight. Microscopic images of all examined livers showed a normal histological structure. The results of the studies carried out provide a basis for recommending the use of extruded full-fat soybean or DDGS in broiler chicken rations as partial substitutes for extracted soybean meal protein.