Full Facility Research Articles

Optimizing Air Contactor Design for Efficient Carbon Capture in Direct Air Capture Systems: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach

As carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions continue to rise, direct air capture (DAC) has emerged as an important technology for removing CO2 from ambient air to combat climate change. The air contactor design is a critical factor impacting DAC system performance and costs. This research describes a strategy for improving the design of a single air contactor unit to increase CO2 capture flux while minimizing costs using optimization techniques grounded in experimental data .The research focuses on a 100 m2 slab air contactor modeled utilizing cooling tower and scrubber principles. The system includes the chemical, mechanical, and structural engineering disciplines. The mass transfer coefficient, air velocity, packing depth, and capital cost per frontal area are four major design characteristics that were maximized.The model integrated requirements for low air velocity, pressure drop, and energy consumption, as well as adequate gas-liquid interaction via structured packing selection and depth.The design space was explored using a multi-objective optimization strategy based on gradient-based and heuristic methods. Initial sampling via a design of experiments methodology demonstrated response surface trends in the objective function across the design space. The response surfaces mapped the optimization objective as a function of the design variables. Using gradient information, sequential quadratic programming efficiently located an optimal design vector that met all constraints on the design variables and feasibility requirements. The constraints included bounds on mass transfer coefficient, air velocity, packing depth, and capital cost per frontal area. The optimized air contactor design achieved a CO2 capture flux of 10,440 kg/m2-yr at a cost of $ 0.068 per kg CO2 captured. The developed optimization framework maximizes contactor performance while decreasing operational costs. A multi-objective genetic algorithm approach was used to identify the trade-offs between the two competing objectives of maximized CO2 capture and minimized cost by expanding the formulation. The Pareto-optimal front of the optimization results offered numerous optimized solutions with specific DAC system setups. This methodology, as well as the optimum configurations identified, serve as the foundation for constructing larger-scale DAC systems, in future. Ongoing research aims to improve solution approaches by including advanced optimization software packages such as DAKOTA, which offers global optimization algorithms, as well as to boost model accuracy via integrating additional choice variables. Future optimization and modeling studies will include contactor interactions and the modeling of a full DAC facility to boost confidence that a globally optimal design has been established.Overall, this study illustrated an efficient optimization strategy for air contactor design and contributes to the improvement of sustainable carbon capture technology, which is crucial to controlling rising global CO2 levels. Contactor configuration optimization enables superior DAC system designs at lower costs, hence promoting the urgent deployment of negative emissions solutions.

Scale-up of plug-flow reactors in anaerobic treatment of agro-industrial wastes

This study is aiming to evaluate the optimization potential of anaerobic digestion systems for the treatment of complex agro-industrial wastes at an industrial scale. In previous work, the performance of a 20 L pilot-scale Plug Flow Reactor (PFR) that was able to operate at Organic Loading Rates (OLRs) of up to 25 kg Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) m−3 d−1, was demonstrated. This concept was then successfully transferred in a semi-industrial scale PFR of a volume equal to 50 m3, and the optimal operational parameters were evaluated. The construction of a full industrial scale facility followed, utilizing initially a 380 m3 PFR. Since PFR systems in practice do not behave ideally, due to short Length to Diameter ratio (L/D) and/or higher axial dispersion, the ideal PFR behavior was compared with real data of the non-ideal industrial-scale system; a performance reduction of 25–30 % was detected. However, the disadvantage of the non-ideal behavior of PFRs can be overcome by the cascaded arrangement of two such reactors (2 × 380 m3 PFRs), leading to a total volume reduction of 35 %, as depicted by experimentation on the industrial scale cascaded PFRs. The optimal design parameters for the PFRs are provided.

Determination of Airborne Release Fractions from Loose Powder Contamination Under Impact Stress

Safety basis calculations support the safety considerations necessary for legacy nuclear facilities as they transition from active use, through limited operations and standby modes, until final disposition is achieved. Many of the calculations are governed heavily by the coefficients presented in DOE-HDBK-3010 in the form of airborne release of radioactive material resulting from penetration of the facility per seismic activity, full facility fires, and/or explosions. The main objective of this study is to validate the original data for airborne release fractions (ARFs) for powder contaminants under impact, as determined in DOE-HDBK-3010. The limited data available for impact experiments was generated at the Rocky Flats Plant in 1987, where the median ARFs for surrogate powder contamination were 4E-4 with a bounding value of 1E-2. However, estimating the level of uncertainty was challenging in the absence of multiple measurements conducted under identical test conditions. Moreover, the uncertainty was significantly increased due to the restricted range of the test conditions. A more modern approach has been developed for the experimental design in this study, utilizing standardized techniques and analytical instruments. An impact apparatus was employed to be able deliver repeatable impact forces up to 369 kg·cm (320 in.·lb.). Cesium chloride was used as the surrogate powder contaminant in these experiments as it is extremely soluble in water and is even more so in the acidic media used to leach/dissolve the air filters for concentration analysis using mass spectrometry The developed approach leveraged multiple international standards and historical documents in an attempt to recreate a valid testing system that can be used for future analysis and to analyze mitigation factors such as contamination fixative technologies. The current ARFs were found to be consistent with the original values in DOE-HDBK-3010, 3.47E-4 and 4E-4, respectively.

A consolidated and geolocated facility list in Senegal from triangulating secondary data

Having a geolocated list of all facilities in a country – a “master facility list” (MFL) – can provide critical inputs for health program planning and implementation. To the best of our knowledge, Senegal has never had a centralized MFL, though many data sources currently exist within the broader Senegalese data landscape that could be leveraged and consolidated into a single database – a critical first step toward building a full MFL. We collated 12,965 facility observations from 16 separate datasets and lists in Senegal, and applied matching algorithms, manual checking and revisions as needed, and verification processes to identify unique facilities and triangulate corresponding GPS coordinates. Our resulting consolidated facility list has a total of 4,685 facilities, with 2,423 having at least one set of GPS coordinates. Developing approaches to leverage existing data toward future MFL establishment can help bridge data demands and inform more targeted approaches for completing a full facility census based on areas and facility types with the lowest coverage. Going forward, it is crucial to ensure routine updates of current facility lists, and to strengthen government-led mechanisms around such data collection demands and the need for timely data for health decision-making.

Determinants of employee engagement in the hotel industry: An application of fuzzy analytic hierarchy process approach

The study aims to apply the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) method to evaluate the priority of factors that constitute employee engagement with hotels. The theoretical review introduced and modeled five factors and 21 indicators. A pairwise comparison survey was designed and sent to experts, including university scientists, leaders of state management agencies in charge of tourism, and leaders of hotels. The research results show that the job characteristics factor is ranked as the first, the second factor is the working environment, the third factor is salary and welfare, the fourth factor is direct management, and the last ranking factor is the employee’s personality. Twenty-one indicators belonging to five factors were ranked through Liou and Wang’s (1992) method; the results showed that they ranked in the first three positions and had the most influence on hotel employee engagement as rated by experts, including recognizing employee efforts ranked first; the second factor is working together to achieve a common goal, and meaningful and purposive are ranked as the third factor. Meanwhile, the three factors with the lowest rankings, skills requirement, are ranked 19, the 20th place belongs to full facility, and the last place belongs to the sociable, enthusiastic, and friendly.

The Gravitational-wave Optical Transient Observer (GOTO): prototype performance and prospects for transient science

ABSTRACT The Gravitational-wave Optical Transient Observer (GOTO) is an array of wide-field optical telescopes, designed to exploit new discoveries from the next generation of gravitational wave detectors (LIGO, Virgo, and KAGRA), study rapidly evolving transients, and exploit multimessenger opportunities arising from neutrino and very high energy gamma-ray triggers. In addition to a rapid response mode, the array will also perform a sensitive, all-sky transient survey with few day cadence. The facility features a novel, modular design with multiple 40-cm wide-field reflectors on a single mount. In 2017 June, the GOTO collaboration deployed the initial project prototype, with 4 telescope units, at the Roque de los Muchachos Observatory (ORM), La Palma, Canary Islands. Here, we describe the deployment, commissioning, and performance of the prototype hardware, and discuss the impact of these findings on the final GOTO design. We also offer an initial assessment of the science prospects for the full GOTO facility that employs 32 telescope units across two sites.

Development Full Vehicle Scale Collision Test Facility Powered by Falling Weight

Development Full Vehicle Scale Collision Test Facility Powered by Falling Weight

Full Scale SBR Municipal Wastewater Treatment Facility Utilization of Simultaneous Nitrification/Denitrification Coupled with Traditional Nitrogen Removal to Meet Water Criterion

Simultaneous nitrification denitrification (SND) is a well-established phenomenon in biological nutrient removal activated sludge systems. Study at a municipal wastewater treatment facility sought to determine nitrogen removal effectiveness within a full-scale sequential batch reactor (SBR) system utilizing SND in conjunction with traditional nitrogen removal. In addition to characterizing extent of SND, the research examined the ability of SND to meet state-based effluent water quality standards. At the selected facility, the average SND efficiency during a two-month sampling period was 52.8%, paralleling results from similar SBR municipal wastewater systems. The observed SBR system had removal efficiencies > 99% for the influent to effluent -N concentrations. The SND process also resulted in average NO3-NO2-N concentration that was 82% lower than the theoretical concentration under comparable circumstances. Overall, nitrogen removal for this SBR system was >99% which typified results in other SND systems, but at a higher Total Nitrogen removal rate.

SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in a Canadian suburban tertiary hospital necessitating full facility closure: a descriptive observational study.

Background:SARS-CoV-2 can cause outbreaks in community- and hospital-based settings. The aim of this study was to provide a detailed epidemiologic account of a hospital-wide SARS-CoV-2 outbreak and provide a description of case evaluations, transmission networks and the interventions implemented to stem the outbreak.Methods:We conducted a retrospective descriptive study of a hospital-wide SARS-CoV-2 outbreak at the Misericordia Community Hospital (Edmonton) from June 21 to Aug. 14, 2020. We reviewed hospital chart, public health and occupational health records to determine demographics, case type (community- or hospital-acquired), need for critical care and outcome for each case linked to the outbreak (patients, hospital staff, and community and patient visitors). We developed detailed transmission networks using epidemiologic data to determine what variables may have contributed to transmission.Results:Fifty-eight cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection were linked to this hospital outbreak (31 patients, 25 staff members and 2 visitors; 66% female, age range 19–97 years). One patient required critical care, and 11 deaths were recorded (all among inpatients). Most cases were hospital-acquired (91%), and 28% were asymptomatic at the time of diagnosis. The outbreak was composed of 2 clusters driven by protective equipment breaches, premature removal of precautions, transmission in small staff quarters and infection of a staff member after exposure to a wandering patient with dementia and asymptomatic, undetected SARS-CoV-2 infection.Interpretation:A detailed epidemiologic review of this hospital-wide outbreak shows that a SARS-CoV-2 outbreak can involve complex transmission chains and clusters. Multipronged bundled approaches, aggressive contact tracing, and patient and staff prevalence screening are important to help bring such outbreaks under control, along with ongoing vigilance in detecting delayed cases.

Denitrification Process Enhancement and Diversity of the Denitrifying Community in the Full Scale Activated Sludge System after Adaptation to Fusel Oil

Implementation of anaerobic digestion of primary sludge in modern wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) limits the availability of organic carbon for denitrification in conventional nitrification-denitrification (N/DN) systems. In order to ensure efficient denitrification, dosage of the external carbon source is commonly undertaken. However, application of commercial products, such us ethanol or acetate, greatly increases operational costs. As such, inexpensive and efficient alternative carbon sources are strongly desirable. In this study, the use of the fusel oil, a by-product from the distillery industry, was validated in terms of the denitrification process enhancement and impact on the activated sludge bacterial community structure. The experiment was conducted at a full scale biological nutrient removal facility (210,000 PE), in the set of the two technological lines: the experimental line (where fusel oil was introduced at 45 cm3/m3 dose) and the reference line (without an external carbon source addition). During the experimental period of 98 days, conventional nitrate utilization rate (NUR) measurements were carried out on a regular basis in order to assess the biomass adaptation to the fusel oil addition and denitrification process enhancement. While the NURs remained at a stable level in the reference line (1.4 ± 0.1 mg NO3-N/g VSS·h) throughout the entire duration of the experiment, the addition of fusel oil gradually enhanced the denitrification process rate up to 2.7 mg NO3-N/g VSS·h. Moreover, fusel oil contributed to the mitigation of the variability of NO3-N concentrations in the effluent from the anoxic zone. The bacterial community structure, characterized by 16S rRNA PCR—DGGE and the clone libraries of the genes involved in the denitrification process (nirS and nirK), was comparable between the reference and the experimental line during the entire experimental period. In both analyzed lines, the most frequent occurrence of denitrifiers belonging to the genera Acidovorax, Alcaligenes, Azoarcus, Paracoccus and Thauera was noticed. Our results proved that fusel oil would a valuable substrate for denitrification. The addition of fusel oil enhances the process rate and does not reflect a severe selection pressure on the bacterial community at applicable doses. Practical application of fusel oil generates opportunities for the WWTPs to meet effluent standards and reduce operational costs, as well as optimizing waste management for the distillery industry.

Availability, utilization and quality of emergency obstetric care services in Sousse, Tunisia.

Introductionemergency obstetric care (EmOC) is a high-impact priority intervention strongly recommended for improving maternal health outcomes. The objectives of this study were to assess the availability, utilization, and quality of emergency obstetric care services in the Governorate of Sousse (Tunisia).Methodsa cross-sectional study was conducted among public health facilities which performed deliveries in Sousse in 2017. Data were collected by consulting clinical records and registers and interviewing staff using WHO EmOC tools. Emergency obstetric care (EmOC) indicators were calculated.Resultsonly the University maternity Unit functioned as full comprehensive EmOC facility. No other public facility provided all the 7 Basic EmOC signal functions 3 months prior to the survey. The unperformed signal functions were: administration of parenteral antibiotics, manual removal of placenta and assisted vaginal delivery. The number of EmOC facilities was 0.72 per 500,000 inhabitants. The met need for EmOC was 89.5%. The proportion of caesarean section was 24.2%. The direct obstetric case fatality rate was 0.159% and intrapartum and very early neonatal death rate was 0.65%.Conclusionraising maternity facilities to a minimum level of basic EmOC status would be a major contributing step towards maternal mortality reduction.

Accounting in the CloudVeneto private cloud

CloudVeneto is a private cloud implemented as the result of merging two existing cloud infrastructures: the INFN Cloud Area Padovana, and a private cloud owned by 10 departments of University of Padova. This infrastructure is a full production facility, in continuous growth, both in terms of users, and in terms of computing and storage resources. Even if the usage of CloudVeneto is not regulated by a strict pay-per-use model, the availability of accounting information for such infrastructure is a requirement, to detect if the resources allocated to the user communities are effciently used, and to perform an effective capacity planning. We present in this paper how the accounting system used in CloudVeneto evolved over time, focusing on the accounting framework being used now, implemented by integrating existing components.

Teachers' Experience of Teaching and Online Learning Via WhatsApp as a Combination of Interactive English Learning media in the Covid-19 Pandemic Era of UNU Lab Elementary School Students in Blitar

English learning in elementary schools should be engaging, interactive and fun so that students have an interest and motivation for learning especially in the current Covid-19 pandemic, but in reality, the learning patterns in SD Lab Blitar UNU still do not apply English learning patterns that are interactive and fun online because teachers have not affected the learning model that suits students' needs. They find it difficult to determine the right online media as a learning medium due to locations that do not support using the full online facility. The purpose of this study is that the authors intend to provide solutions in formulating exciting and interactive patterns of English teaching to all teachers and students during the co-19 pandemic under online learning conditions. The author uses a qualitative approach through the case study application and applies self-selection to select audiences and conduct online interviews to retrieve all data in the completeness of the study. The results revealed that Teachers' Experience of Teaching and Online Learning Via WhatsApp could create Interactive English Learning in the Covid-19 Pandemic Era, and the Combination can attract students' interest in learning online.

Psychoactive Substances and How to Find Them: Electrochemiluminescence As a Strategy for Identification and Differentiation of Drug Species

Rapid and continuous appearance of novel psychoactive substances (NPS) onto the global drug market has highlighted the significant requirement for new and alternative screening methodologies. Current screening protocols, primarily consisting of the colorimetric NIK® tests, are not only inadequate for NPS but they are not compatible with any matrix other than the pure drug product.Here we discuss the potential power of electrochemiluminescence (ECL) as a simple tool for drug screening. The intrinsic advantages of ECL make it an ideal candidate as an alternative analytical technique for the rapid identification of drug species, within a range of complex matrices. NPS, often contain a mixture of substances, while analysis of complex matrices can be challenging due to a number of potential interfering species present. Traditional ECL systems typically employ a single ruthenium based luminophore. This single complex approach often prevents the successful differentiation of structurally similar compounds, which typically interact with the complex via analogous mechanisms producing emission within the same potential regions. Multiplexed sensors utilising several different metal luminophores as well as pH controlled emission offer viable mechanisms to tackle the limited specificity associated with ECL techniques.Utilising tropane alkaloids, atropine and scopolamine as model compounds, a straightforward ECL sensor based upon a portable screen printed electrode set up, offering rapid results at minimal cost in a variety of complex matrices has been developed. The sensors portability matches that of current screening protocols but utilises less hazardous materials and removed subjectivity. Two alternative methodologies to improve the specificity offered by ECL were investigated within this study.By exploiting the relationship between pH and ECL emission the ability to differentiate between the two structurally similar species, upon a simple ruthenium based sensor, such as shown in Figure 1, is possible. The use of pH controlled ECL, allows for emission from one species to be “switched off” within a mixed sample. With knowledge of the target species pKa this methodology can be used to tailor the sensor toward a variety of species, offering improved specificity without having to alter sensor fabrication.The employment of different metal luminophores, such as iridium and osmium, can offer the possibility to increase specificity, with different selectivity offered by each luminophore. By using a combination of different metal luminophores the ability to differentiate between structurally similar species becomes possible, something currently not attainable when utilising a single luminophore system. Furthermore, the opportunity to negate previously encountered interference effects due to matrix composition becomes viable. By utilising a combination of different metal complexes we have successfully demonstrated the ability to effectively negate the interference effect from naturally occurring amino acids present in biological matrices such as human serum, a previously noted limitation for the use of ECL within biological matrices.Here we provide a strong proof-of-concept for the development of multiplexed ECL sensors, utilising several luminophores to tackle the limited specificity currently offered by ECL. By tackling this limitation, the potential applications of current ECL based sensors could be expanded significantly. Whats more our sensor design offers the ability to analyse a variety of complex biological matrices without the requirement of sample preparation. The potential to utilise one portable technique for drug screening across a variety of matrices, with the ability to tailor emission toward a specific drug species, without the requirement of a full lab facility will not only benefit the wider sensing community but such sensors offer the potential to reduce cost, increase throughput and simplify drug screening procedures in a variety of fields. Finally, a key challenge of electroanalytical sensors is multiplexed detection and this study will facilitate understanding of ECL based sensors to overcome this hurdle. Figure 1

Uncharted waters: the unintended impacts of residual chlorine on water quality and biofilms

Disinfection residuals in drinking water protect water quality and public heath by limiting planktonic microbial regrowth during distribution. However, we do not consider the consequences and selective pressures of such residuals on the ubiquitous biofilms that persist on the vast internal surface area of drinking water distribution systems. Using a full scale experimental facility, integrated analyses were applied to determine the physical, chemical and biological impacts of different free chlorine regimes on biofilm characteristics (composition, structure and microbiome) and water quality. Unexpectedly, higher free chlorine concentrations resulted in greater water quality degredation, observable as elevated inorganic loading and greater discolouration (a major cause of water quality complaints and a mask for other failures). High-chlorine concentrations also reduced biofilm cell concentrations but selected for a distinct biofilm bacterial community and inorganic composition, presenting unique risks. The results challenge the assumption that a measurable free chlorine residual necessarily assures drinking water safety.

Iatrogenic Rupture Uterus with Bowel Prolapse – Missmanaged Third Stage of Labour

We present a case of mismanaged 3rd stage of labour by untrained dai who delivered the patient by injudicious administration of uterotoric drug and tried to remove the placenta manually with excavation of the small intestine through vagina. Every women present a unique challenge during her pregnancy and delivery period, unfortunately a significant number will have medical and surgical problems which will complicate their pregnancy and puerperal period, develop such serious condition that the lives of both mother and their unborn baby will be threatened. The aim of this case presentation are to ensure the ANC for every women and facilitate to make informed decision concerning where they will be seen, who will undertake the case, which screening test to be done, where they plan to give birth and where she will achieve full facility for safe delivery. These helps to prevent the catastrophic complications.
 Bangladesh J Obstet Gynaecol, 2017; Vol. 32(2) : 124-127

Industrial cryo-EM facility setup and management.

Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has rapidly expanded with the introduction of direct electron detectors, improved image-processing software and automated image acquisition. Its recent adoption by industry, particularly in structure-based drug design, creates new requirements in terms of reliability, reproducibility and throughput. In 2016, Thermo Fisher Scientific (then FEI) partnered with the Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, the University of Cambridge Nanoscience Centre and five pharmaceutical companies [Astex Pharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, GSK, Sosei Heptares and Union Chimique Belge (UCB)] to form the Cambridge Pharmaceutical Cryo-EM Consortium to share the risks of exploring cryo-EM for early-stage drug discovery. The Consortium expanded with a second Themo Scientific Krios Cryo-EM at the University of Cambridge Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy. Several Consortium members have set up in-house facilities, and a full service cryo-EM facility with Krios and Glacios has been created with the Electron Bio-Imaging Centre for Industry (eBIC for Industry) at Diamond Light Source (DLS), UK. This paper will cover the lessons learned during the setting up of these facilities, including two Consortium Krios microscopes and preparation laboratories, several Glacios microscopes at Consortium member sites, and a Krios and Glacios at eBIC for Industry, regarding site evaluation and selection for high-resolution cryo-EM microscopes, the installation process, scheduling, the operation and maintenance of the microscopes and preparation laboratories, and image processing.

DEMAND FOR MICRO INSURANCE OF HEALTH AMONG INFORMAL WORKERS: A DISCRETE CHOICE EXPERIMENT IN INDIA

Micro-Insurance of Health (MHI) is considered as one of the possible instruments in reducing impoverishing effects of catastrophic out-of-pocket healthcare expenditure for the households in lower-income strata of the developing countries. MHI schemes can complement a publicly funded healthcare system within a specific local context. The present study attempts to investigate the demand for MHI among informal workforce using a Discrete Choice Experiment (DCE). In any DCE application we can determine the characteristics that describe a product and to what extent the respondent is willing to trade-off one characteristic to another. Our DCE in West Bengal (India) suggests that, any MHI scheme with low premium, transport coverage, full family coverage, cash-back facility and comprehensive benefit will encourage enrolment.

A theoretical and experimental study on subcooled flow boiling under passive IVR-ERVC conditions

External reactor vessel cooling (ERVC) strategy has been used in China advanced passive nuclear power plant. For this concept, it is very important to remove the decay heat through two phase natural circulation flow between reactor pressure vessel (RPV) wall and insulation. A full height facility named REPEC-II was constructed to study the capability of the two phase natural circulation flow under IVR-ERVC conditions. In this experiment, the effect of flow channel geometry and subcooling on local critical heat flux under atmosphere pressure were studied. The high-speed photography (HSP) technique was applied to the investigation of boiling characteristics.In this paper, a theoretical model based on hydrodynamic model is developed to describe the hydrodynamic behavior of the macrolayer under two-phase boundary layer, which play an important role to initiate critical heat flux.

Heat transfer characteristics of an ex-vessel molten core cooling system based on two-phase natural circulation

Passive cooling based on natural circulation is utilized in ex-vessel core catcher system of an advanced nuclear reactor to handle severe accident scenario. The core catcher coolant channel has a unique geometry which consists of heated downward-facing slightly inclined and vertical surfaces. A full height experimental facility with natural circulation driven flow to model ex-vessel core catcher system was designed using scaling analysis. In this study, the cooling capability and heat transfer characteristics of the ex-vessel core catcher system was carried out. Two-phase flow parameters and wall temperatures were measured under a uniform heat flux condition. Two-phase flow structures were identified by high-speed camera visualization along with measurements of two local parameters, void fraction and re-wetting time. The wall temperature and local heat transfer coefficient distribution along the cooling channel were obtained by direct measurements of the heater surface and liquid temperature. The cooling performance of the core catcher system was analyzed based on the experimental results. The results indicated that the core catcher coolant system provides adequate cooling and maintains the integrity of the core catcher plate for prototype heat flux conditions.