TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE Book Reviews 319 Auto Workers. They could afford the wages and chose to employ male workers long beyond the point that reemploying veterans or the strength requirements of auto production technology were issues. Lichtenstein turns the discussion to the power of workers to contribute to the shaping of work organization with his analysis of a distinctively placed group, factory foremen. Lichtenstein finds that foremen’s loyalty to company aims was as much created by union weakness and foremen’s anti-Catholicism and loyalties to Masonry as it was to any successful managerial plan to create loyalty. Steven Jeffreys sees another limit on managerial control in the particular circumstances that allowed the growth of an unusual degree of shop-floor control at Dodge Main. Steve Amberg looks toward the future with an analysis of the history of Studebaker-Packard as it relates to present debates about labor-management cooperation, job flexibility, seniority, and success ful international competition for American automakers. Even though Studebaker pioneered in techniques now seen as crucial for the future of the industry, these techniques failed to secure its survival in a 1950s context. Amberg finds the missing ingredients to be a public policy of full employment and the admission of labor and community voices into corporate decision making. Technology and Culture readers should find this volume well worth their while. The book should also find wide use in classrooms committed to a sophisticated investigation of the intersection of technology and culture in the context of industrial relations, business, and labor history. Joyce Shaw Peterson 1)r. Peterson is associate professor of history and associate dean of the College of Arts and Sciences at Florida International University. She is the author of American Automobile Workers. 1900-1933. Worktime and Industrialization: An International History. Edited by Gary Cross. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1988. Pp. vii + 251; notes, index. $34.95. Fora century, from the 1830s to the 1930s, industrial workers, labor union officials, and reformers of various persuasions struggled to reduce the hours of labor in workshops, factories, and mines. They considered many approaches but usually concluded that a stateimposed standard for all employees was the best, and perhaps the only, way to achieve their goal. Although each country’s experiences had distinctive features, the pattern throughout Europe and North America was similar: a trend toward a standard ten-hour day in the 320 Book Reviews TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE early part of the period and toward an eight-hour day in the latter part. The contributors to Worktime and Industrialization examine diverse features of this activity. Howard Rock and Clive Behagg describe the initial reactions of journeymen in America and Britain, respectively, to the realization that their interests were distinct from those of their masters and employers. Teresa Murphy and Stewart Weaver discuss the movements for shorter hours in New England and Britain in the 1830s and 1840s. Weaver’s lyrical essay portrays the agitation that culminated in the 1847 Ten-Hour law for textile workers as part of a larger campaign for political expression that included Chartism and related causes. Kathryn Kish Sklar succinctly describes the American campaign to reduce working hours for women, a campaign that became a classic expression of early-20th-century progressivism, while David Roediger documents the failure of employers to follow the lead of Henry Ford in reducing hours. Gary Cross’s contribution, a comparison of political struggles for shorter hours in Europe and North America, is the most valuable essay in the volume and the principal justification for the book’s subtitle. Cross notes the decisive role that World War I played in all countries, giving industrial workers and unions enhanced political leverage and creating an environment receptive to change. William Chase and Lewis Siegelbaum follow with an informative essay on the policies of the victorious revolutionaries in Russia. The Bolsheviks aggressively reduced the hours of labor, but their initiatives were in reality speed-up plans to force workers to pay the costs of industrial ization. Though their directives were often disregarded, shorter hours were associated with the degradation of labor and the collapse of living standards in the Soviet Union. The Soviet experience in turn coincided with a...