Fuels For Internal Combustion Engines Research Articles

Operational Issues of Using Replacement Fuels to Power Internal Combustion Engines

The classification of engine fuels was systematised in the present study. The basic evaluation criterion included the type of raw material used for the production of motor fuel and the prevalence of its usage. There was a reason for the purposefulness of searching for new kinds of engine fuels not only for the sake of environmental protection but also for the rational use of natural resources. The concept of substitute fuels was methodically presented. The criteria for the qualification of substitute fuels for internal combustion engines were systematised. Using the example of fuels produced from bio-oils, tests were carried out to assess the prospects of considering bio-oil fuels as substitute ones for self-ignition engines. Accordingly, an analysis was, inter alia, conducted on the fuel combustion process in the cylinder of a test self-ignition engine. Based on the results obtained, the thesis was formulated that rapeseed methyl ester (RME) fuel can be considered a substitute fuel for modern self-ignition engines. There are no significant differences between the physicochemical properties between DF diesel fuel and B100 fuel apart from a significantly higher oxygen mass content in B100. The torque of an internal combustion engine is regularly higher for diesel fuel. The use of B100 fuel enables a measurable reduction in pollutant emissions. The working factor pressure in the cylinder is slightly lower when the engine is powered by B100. The relative heat release rate for B100 is slightly lower compared to DF diesel.

Evaluation of strategies to optimize engine efficiency and NOx emissions with the synthetic diesel fuel oxymethylene ether

The use of CO2-neutral synthetic fuels in internal combustion engines contributes to achieving climate targets. Since their combustion is still associated with pollutant emissions, current research is focusing on minimizing harmful emissions, as well as on improving the efficiency of the combustion. The soot-free combustion of the synthetic diesel fuel oxymethylene ether (OME) opens up new scopes for reducing the remaining pollutants, particularly nitrogen oxides (NOX). Catalytic aftertreatment of NOX is costly and may lead to the generation of further emissions such as nitrous oxide, making it necessary to further investigate engine-internal approaches of NOX reduction. This work shows the influence of various in-engine measures on emissions and efficiency for OME and hydrogenated vegetable oil (HVO) as paraffinic diesel fuel, performed on a 1.75 l single-cylinder research engine. An injector variation was carried out for OME to compensate for the reduced lower heating value by a higher nozzle flow rate, which increases efficiency, but also NOX emissions. The examination of the measures of increasing exhaust gas recirculation, lowering rail pressure, Miller valve timing and high compression ratio shows a significant reduction in nitrogen oxide emissions in each case. At the same time, there is an improvement in indicated efficiency for Miller valve timing and high compression ratio, and with OME, in contrast to HVO, also by reducing the rail pressure. With HVO, each measure increases particulate number by up to several orders of magnitude. For OME, none of the measures resulted in a deterioration of the low particulate emissions, which allows an intensified application and combination of the measures. For example, the simultaneous application of higher compression, early intake closing and decreased injection pressure reduces nitrogen oxide emissions by more than two-thirds and improves efficiency by 5% without increasing particulate emissions.

Evaluation of Economic Possibilities of Production of Second-Generation Spirit Fuels for Internal Combustion Engines in Poland

With the rapid growth in industrial development, there is a particular need for new environmentally balanced energy source utilization. Ethanol produced from biomass, especially lignocellulosic waste products, represents an attractive, sustainable energy source for fuel production. Until now, in Poland, bioethanol has been produced from edible plants containing sugars susceptible to fermentation. Due to the growing technical and economical needs for alternative biomass source utilization, in the present work, an attempt has been made to identify the most cost-effective strategy to analyze ethyl alcohol production from different lignocellulose sources. The concept of an installation for the first and second stages of bioethanol production was proposed. All of the most relevant elements of the bioethanol production cost analysis were identified and characterized. Cost analyses of all important production process elements showed their relative effects on the production cost and potential for the competitive advantage of applied raw material. The study demonstrates the importance of renewable energy source utilization and the cost-effectiveness of bioethanol production. Furthermore, the proposed less energy- and labor-demanding process, primarily achieved via the implementation of technological medium recovery and recirculation, reduces the production cost and results in higher production efficiency, and therefore has a significant effect on the overall process economy.

Current Status of Research on Biodiesel as an Alternative Fuel for Internal Combustion Engines

In this paper, the research on biodiesel or blending with other fuels is reviewed. Based on the current status of biodiesel research, this paper introduces the current research progress, combustion and emission characteristics, blending with other fuels, and development direction of biodiesel. The combustion, emission, and spray of biodiesel are not exactly the same as diesel, so it is not suitable to be used directly in diesel engines. Biodiesel can be blended with diesel, ethanol, ammonia and other fuels to improve its power performance and reduce harmful emissions. This review can serve as an important reference for those who want to engage in biodiesel research, and a quick understanding of biodiesel research before.

Characterization of ammonia spray combustion and mixture formation under high-pressure, direct injection conditions

Ammonia has the potential to replace fossil fuels in internal combustion engines (ICEs). However, ammonia is characterized by unfavorable combustion characteristics and a propensity to form pollutants during combustion. The pilot-ignited high pressure, direct-injection of ammonia is promising regarding its prospective performance with ammonia as fuel. In this work, optical investigations (Mie-scattering (MS), shadowgraphy (SG), OH* chemiluminescence (CL)) and heat release rate (HRR) analysis are complemented by 1-D spray modeling to provide fundamental insight into distinctive features of ammonia spray combustion and mixture formation under engine-relevant conditions in a rapid-compression-expansion-machine (RCEM). CL measurements reveal that ammonia spray flames do not stabilize after ignition by a diesel pilot injection. Instead, the lift-off length gradually increases until the end of injection and beyond. To aid in the interpretation of the lift-off behavior, a 1-D, mixing-limited spray model is validated by experimental results for ammonia spray penetration and stationary liquid length (LL) under non-reactive conditions. Modeling results reveal that ammonia sprays are marked by low temperatures close to the nozzle exit, followed by a rapid decrease in mean equivalence ratios well below 1. Based on a mechanism that suggests flame stabilization by product re-entrainment and subsequent auto-ignition, the inhibition of flame stabilization in ammonia sprays is explained by high mixing requirements with combustion products to undergo auto-ignition. Implications of the lack of a self-stabilized flame on combustion characteristics are discussed and diesel post-injections, fuel pre-heating and reduction of the natural lift-off length are suggested as measures to avoid extensive pollutant formation in regions upstream of the lift-off length after the end of ammonia injection.

Methanol and wet ethanol as interchangeable fuels for internal combustion engines: LCA, TEA, and experimental comparison

The future of the transportation sector is currently in flux as the world moves to reduce fossil fuel usage. Alternative fuels can have a faster technological ramp rate than alternative powertrains and therefore can help reduce fossil fuel usage rapidly, stretching out the carbon budget to allow more time for other technologies to mature. One set of renewable fuels that show great potential for internal combustion engines are the alcohol fuels. Separately, methanol can be produced as a low carbon intensity electro-fuel and ethanol can be produced as a low carbon intensity biofuel; however, the two fuels can be produced together synergistically. In a fully renewable scenario, conventional ethanol production can be combined with gas fermentation and CO2-to-hydrocarbon catalysis to co-produce ethanol and methanol with competitive pricing compared to the current cost of gasoline. In this work, a detailed lifecycle and technoeconomic analysis showed that by combining corn wet ethanol 80 (80% ethanol, 20% water, by mass) with corn stover gas fermentation wet ethanol 80 and fermentation CO2-to-methanol, a 113% increase in alcohol fuel energy production per hectare of crop can be achieved compared to corn ethanol. This process would co-produce wet ethanol 80 and methanol with a 77%/23% energy split. The total carbon intensity and cost is 14 gCO2e/MJ and $2.63/gallon of gasoline equivalent, respectively.The similar liquid and chemical properties of ethanol and methanol result in their similar behavior and performance in internal combustion engines. This work experimentally demonstrates the interchangeability between these two high cooling potential alcohol fuels in compression ignition. The results show that in compression ignition, a hybrid injection strategy including premixed, partially-premixed, and mixing-controlled injections produced the lowest engine-out NOx and the highest fuel conversion efficiencies compared to a conventional mixing-controlled injection strategy. The diluent effect of the water in wet ethanol 80 resulted in slightly lower engine-out NOx levels and fuel conversion efficiency compared to methanol.

Effect of quality of waste cooking oil on the properties of biodiesel, engine performance and emissions

The number of research activities to find alternative fuels for Internal Combustion Engines has increased tremendously in recent years, owing to depleting oil reserves and growing climate concerns. In this scenario, biodiesel is one of the few promising alternatives that can potentially replace conventional fuel. When vegetable oil is used for frying food items, it undergoes physiochemical changes. After a while, it is discarded as waste cooking oil (WCO) which can be used in the production of biodiesel. Since WCO is a degraded raw material, it is important to understand its effect on the quality of biodiesel produced in terms of engine performance and engine emission. In current research study, total polar matter (TPM) is considered as a measure of quality for waste cooking oil. Sunflower oil and palm olein were used in this study for comparison since both exhibit different fatty acid compositions. Among the properties considered in this study, the results found that the kinematic viscosity of the biodiesel gets highly affected by total polar matter content of waste cooking oil. Further, the study also identified correlations to predict the kinematic viscosity of biodiesel from total polar matter content of WCOs. The authors found no significant difference in engine performance during engine tests between the biodiesels produced from fresh oils and waste cooking oils. However, biodiesels produced from WCOs emitted slightly higher carbon monoxide than the biodiesel produced from fresh oils. On the contrary, nitric oxide and smoke emissions from biodiesels produced from waste cooking oils and fresh oils were similar. Even though waste cooking oil is a degraded feedstock, the biodiesel produced from it has no adverse effect on engine performance and emissions. Therefore, WCO oil can be considered as a promising feedstock in the sustainable production of biodiesel.

Progress of Performance, Emission, and Technical Measures of Hydrogen Fuel Internal-Combustion Engines

To achieve the goals of low carbon emission and carbon neutrality, some urgent challenges include the development and utilization of low-carbon or zero-carbon internal combustion engine fuels. Hydrogen, as a clean, efficient, and sustainable fuel, has the potential to meet the abovementioned challenges. Thereby, hydrogen internal combustion engines have been attracting attention because of their zero carbon emissions, high thermal efficiency, high reliability, and low cost. In this paper, the opportunities and challenges faced by hydrogen internal-combustion engines were analyzed. The progress of hydrogen internal-combustion engines on the mixture formation, combustion mode, emission reduction, knock formation mechanism, and knock suppression measures were summarized. Moreover, possible technical measures for hydrogen internal-combustion engines to achieve higher efficiency and lower emissions were suggested.

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF METHANOL-ETHANOLGASOLINE BLENDING WITH ISO-BUTANOL ADDITIVE ON THE SPARK-IGNITION ENGINE

Nowadays, alternative fuels for internal combustion engines (IC) have gained traction due to environmental concerns and the necessity to reduce reliance on fossil fuels. Iso-butanol is an alternative fuel with low emissions that can be used in IC engines. The performance and emissions of a single-cylinder spark-ignition (SI) engine running on pure gasoline and iso-butanol additives (iB) at various engine load and blending ratios of EM10, EM10iB3, EM10iB5, and EM10iB10 were investigated experimentally in existing dual ethanol-methanol-gasoline blended fuel (EM10). The calorific value of the fuel sample containing iso-butanol additive is 6.3% higher than that of the EM10 blended fuel. As per engine performance and emissions, iso-butanol additive blended fuel had a better brake power than the EM10 blended fuel, with a mean increase of 3.1%, 1.2%, and 3.8% for the EM10iB3, EM10iB5, and EM10iB10, respectively. The EM10iB5 significantly increased brake thermal efficiency (BTE) by 5.4% higher than EM10 blended fuel. The CO and HC emissions from iso-butanol additive blends were reduced by 1.8% and 7.1%, respectively, compared to EM10 blended fuel. When combined with existing lower ratios of EM10 blended fuel, the iso-butanol additive is found to be a viable alternative fuel for SI engines.Keywords: Dual-alcohol blend, engine performance, emission characteristics, iso-butanol additive, heat of evaporation

Effects of water injection strategies on performance and exhaust emissions in an ethanol fueled gasoline engine

• Ethanol and gasoline mixtures are used as an alternative fuel in spark ignition engines. • The most effective method among emission reduction methods is water injection. • Improvements are observed in engine performance parameters with the water spray method. • NOx and HC emissions have been reduced by 28% and 15%, respectively with water injection. The increase in the world population and the rapid development of technology cause energy consumption. Alternative fuels to petroleum should be used to meet the increasing energy consumption. In addition, the increase in the use of fossil fuels causes an increase in environmental pollution. Researchers have investigated many methods to reduce pollutant emissions using alternative fuels for internal combustion engines. In this study, alternative fuel and exhaust emission reduction methods were used simultaneously. Firstly, alternative fuel E15 (85% gasoline + 15% ethanol) was used in the engine and emission values were slightly reduced. Secondly, different mass rates (10%, 20% and 30%) of water were injected into the intake manifold to reduce the released emissions further. Using these two methods, reductions in exhaust emissions were determined without any deterioration in engine performance parameters. As a result of the experimental study, the best results in effective power and engine torque were obtained in 20% water injection. The rate of increase compared to the standard engine in the effective powe is 2.5% at 3400 rpm. The maximum amount of reduction in HC emissions was obtained in 20% water injection, and the amount of reduction was 15.3% at 2200 rpm. According to the standard engine data, the maximum reduction in NO x emissions is 28.9% at 3000 rpm. In the study result, it has been found that using alternative fuel and water injection management together improves engine performance and significantly lowers exhaust emissions.

Response surface methodology (RSM) based experimental and model analysis of diethyl ether-biodiesel-diesel blends with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on stationary diesel engine

In compliance with proposed targets of green energy and reduced emissions during the Glasgow summit, the study of blended fuels in internal combustion engines is of great significance. To address this issue, a detailed study of the engine performance and exhaust emissions has been conducted with ternary fuel blends of diethyl ether (DEE), waste soybean cooking oil (WSCO) biodiesel, and ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD). Ternary blends were prepared by adding 0–15% v/v DEE with the B35 blend (35% v/v WSCO biodiesel + 65% v/v ULSD), and tests were carried out with 15% EGR. The RSM based modeling and experimental approaches have been used for analysis. With a desirability of 0.961, the ternary blend DEE10B35EGR15 (10% v/v DEE + 90% v/v B35 at 15% EGR) was found to be an optimal blend. The measured responses are 0.272 kg/kWh, 31.47%, 18.94 HSU%, 91 ppm, 0.030%, and 24 ppm for brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), brake thermal efficiency (BTE), smoke, nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions, respectively. An innovative approach to analysis and quantifying the responses to ternary blends with EGR has been presented in the form of mathematical equations for future use and scope.

A heat recovery boiler as part of a multi-purpose reseach bench based on an engine 2CH 10.5/13

The issues of development and creation of a multi-purpose stand based on the 2СH 10.5/13 engine are considered. The main areas of experimental research at this stand are: utilization of exhaust gas heat, ways to reduce emissions of harmful substances from engine exhaust gases, optimization of engine system parameters, the use of various fuels in internal combustion engines, including water-fuel emulsions and biofuels, control of the working process in the cylinder and torque measurement. It is emphasized that these directions do not exhaust the possibilities of the stand. The measures for the modernization of the engine and stand systems are considered: air supply and gas outlet, fuel and cooling. It is shown that in order to control the parameters of the stand, a measuring complex is needed that allows continuously measuring a large number of parameters, performing their processing, displaying, archiving and transferring to a computer that controls the operation of the stand.

Optimization of Operating Parameters for Tyre Pyrolysis Oil Blended Single Cylinder Diesel Engine

Abstract: Increasing industrialization and motorization led to a significant rise in demand for petroleum products. As these are the non renewable resources, it is difficult to predict the availability of these resources in the future resulting in uncertainty in its supply and price and impacting growing economies like India, importing 80% of the total demand of the petroleum products. Many attempts have been made by different researchers to find out alternate fuels for Internal Combustion engines. Many alternate fuels like Biodiesel, LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas), CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) and Alcohols are being used nowadays by different vehicles. In this context pyrolysis of scrap tyres can be used effectively to produce oil, thereby solving the problem of waste tyre disposal. In the present study Experimental investigations were carried out to evaluate the performance and emission characteristics of a single cylinder diesel engine fuelled by TPO10, TPO15, and TPO20 keeping the blend quality by controlling density and viscosity of tyre pyrolysis oil within permissible limit of euro IV diesel requirement to study its replace ability. The investigation involves three parameters such as blend proportion, injection timing and injection pressure, a simultaneous optimization method called Taguchi was used in this work. This method requires fewer numbers of trials for fixing optimum levels. As per this method nine experiments were required to be conducted and the results were used for optimization. This is the primary advantage as well as disadvantage of this method. In order to eliminate this difficulty and improve the quality of the research work, twenty-seven experiments were conducted in this work and the results were used for optimization. In addition, an ANOVA was also performed for the parameters to evaluate its percentage contribution over the desired output. Using the optimum levels, a full range experiment was conducted to compare its performance and emission behaviour with standard diesel operation. Keywords: Operating parameters, Diesel Engine, Tyre Pyrolysis Oil (TPO), Performance, Emission

Testing sodium borohydride as a fuel additive in internal combustion gasoline engine

Additives are added to conventional fuels to ensure complete combustion of fuels, increase engine performance and reduce harmful emissions from vehicles. Hydrogen and oxygen-containing fuel additives added to fossil-based internal combustion engine fuels improve the properties of the fuels and reduce vehicle-related emissions. Evaluation of mixed fuels created by adding different types of alcohol and nano-sized additives to motor fuels as an alternative fuel in motor vehicles is among the most researched scientific studies recently. In this study, alcohol-gasoline fuels (E5, M5), NaBH4-alcohol-gasoline fuels (ES5, MS5), and pure gasoline were tested in a gasoline engine. Fuels used in engine tests; E5 fuel (5% by volume ethanol 95% gasoline blend), M5 fuel (5% by volume methanol 95% gasoline blend), ES5 fuel (5% by volume NaBH4-ethanol solution 95% gasoline blend), MS5 fuel (5% by volume NaBH4-methanol solution 95% gasoline mixture) and pure gasoline. In the experiments, brake thermal efficiency, engine torque, specific fuel consumption, and exhaust gas temperature were measured and compared with pure gasoline. Compared to gasoline, the exhaust gas temperatures of all blended fuels decreased. On the other hand, there was an increase in engine torque values, except for ES5 fuel. At the same time, there was an increase in both specific fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency. When the CO and HC emission values of the blended fuels are compared with the gasoline fuel values, the highest reduction in CO emissions occurred in ES5 blended fuel with 65.53%, while the highest decrease in HC emission was realized in E5 fuel with 19.09%. On the other hand, when NOx and CO2 emissions of E5, M5, ES5, MS5 mixed fuels are compared with gasoline, NOx emissions are 12.63%, 28.37%, 19.65%, respectively; decreased by 36.03% but CO2 emissions increased by 8.51%, 30.46%, 34.48%, 25.95% respectively.

Experimental investigation of combustion characteristics of ethanol–gasoline blended fuel in a T-GDI engine

Interest in reducing greenhouse-gas emissions has increased in past decades because of global warming. In particular, research on alternative fuels for internal combustion engines is in progress for eliminating dependence on existing fossil fuels. Bioethanol—an alternative fuel—has attracted attention because it can be applied without major modifications to conventional internal combustion engines that use fossil fuels. However, further research is necessary, because gasoline and ethanol have different spray and combustion characteristics owing to differences in their physical properties. In this study, the penetration length, spray angle, and spray pattern were analyzed through spray experiments in which the blend ratio of ethanol–gasoline blended fuel was varied. In addition, a direct injection-type flex fuel vehicle engine test device was built, and the combustion and knocking characteristics were investigated with respect to the ethanol ratio through an engine test. Compared with the brake-specific fuel consumption and the combustion pressure of E0, those of E100 increased by 28.7% (because the lower heating value was lower for E100) and reduced by 11.2%, respectively. The heat-release rate of E22 increased faster than that of E0 owing to the characteristics of ethanol, which is an oxygen-containing fuel, and the high vaporization rate. The anti-knock properties of ethanol were superior to those of gasoline; therefore, knocking hardly occurred for fuel blend ratios above E50.

A Review of Plastic-derived Diesel Fuel as a Renewable Fuel for Internal Combustion Engines: Applications, Challenges, and Global Potential

Abstract Plastics’ broad application in a wide range of industries has resulted in an increase in global plastic production rates over time. The continued need for plastic, which can take up a lot of space in landfills due to the accumulation of plastic trash, has contributed to environmental problems. To address the problem of plastic waste, many options, such as recycling and energy recovery technologies, have been created. One possible technique to address landfill issues is to convert plastic waste into diesel fuel. In this review, the potential use of plastic-derived diesel fuel in internal combustion engines as a renewable and sustainable energy source is discussed. It’s been found that due to similar properties in plastic-derived diesel fuel, it inherits similar performance in internal combustion engines.

Analysis of the Piston Group Friction in a Single-Cylinder Gasoline Engine When Operated with Synthetic Fuel DMC/MeFo

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Synthetic fuels for internal combustion engines offer CO<sub>2</sub>-neutral mobility if produced in a closed carbon cycle using renewable energies. C1-based synthetic fuels can offer high knock resistance as well as soot free combustion due to their molecular structure containing oxygen and no direct C-C bonds. Such fuels as, for example, dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and methyl formate (MeFo) have great potential to replace gasoline in spark-ignition (SI) engines. In this study, a mixture of 65% DMC and 35% MeFo (C65F35) was used in a single-cylinder research engine to determine friction losses in the piston group using the floating-liner method. The results were benchmarked against gasoline (G100). Compared to gasoline, the density of C65F35 is almost 40% higher, but its mass-based lower heating value (LHV) is 2.8 times lower. Hence, more fuel must be injected to reach the same engine load as in a conventional gasoline engine, leading to an increased cooling effect. To determine this effect, the temperatures of the cylinder liner and piston of the research engine were measured. Depending on the load point, friction losses were reduced by up to 12.6% compared to gasoline operation. Although the floating-liner engine is operated with port fuel injection (PFI), the temperatures of the cylinder liner dropped by up to 4°C and those of the piston by up to 8°C. C65F35 therefore not only shows decreased emissions, but also leads to a reduction in friction losses, mainly due to the lower temperatures in the combustion chamber.</div></div>

A Review of the Existing Potentials in Biodiesel Production in Iran

Petroleum fuel plays an important role in industry, transportation, agriculture and other related industries in Iran. Iran has about 9.5% of the world’s total oil reserves in 2020 and is ranked 4th in the world. The presence of sufficient conventional fossil fuels for internal combustion engines has caused environmental problems. If these Iranian fossil fuels were to run out right now, there is no suitable alternative that is just as effective. The need to research alternative fuels in Iran is therefore unavoidable. In this study, the potential and available resources of raw materials, including rapeseed oil, palm oil, fish oil, waste oil, algae, animal fat, olive oil and jatropha oil for biodiesel production in different regions of Iran, have been reviewed. Given the potentials and resources described in this study, it is hoped that the findings of this study will play an important role in biodiesel production in Iran in the future and stimulate more researchers to create biodiesel from existing sources. It is also expected that this study will increase the attention of the governmental and non-governmental organizations in Iran to the existing resources for biodiesel production and development of these resources and get rid of the existing problems of fossil fuels by investing in this field.

Effect of Supplementing Water Electrolyzed Hydroxyl Gas and Exhaust Gas Recirculation in the Combustion Process of a Compression Ignition Engine

In the current state of affairs, the global concern is about greenhouse gas emission into the environment and ambient air pollution driven by massive consumption of fossil fuels by the various automobile and power generating sectors. One of the most excellent solutions to control the above concern is to develop and employ carbon-neutral fuels in internal combustion engines. Water electrolyzed hydroxyl gas (HHO gas) is the imperative and promising alternate fuel to pure fossil fuels. In this study, the performance, combustion, and emission characteristics of a 3.7 kW single cylinder four stroke CI engine enriched with HHO gas supplied to the intake manifold with the constant speed of 1500 RPM using diesel as a pilot fuel are studied. In this investigation, HHO gas was generated through the electrolysis of water and utilized to exterminate the handling and safety-related issues originated by compressed hydrogen. The examinations are repeated with HHO blend of 5, 10 and 15% with various Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) proportions to study the impact of HHO gas and EGR on dual fuel mode of diesel engine. The dual-fuelled (diesel + HHO gas) engine’s performance, combustion, and emission parameters are presented and compared in both analytical and graphical approaches. The results obtained at full load conditions are exhibited and compared with neat diesel operation. The brake thermal efficiency is higher by 9.6% for 15% HHO gas without EGR. NOx emission is almost similar for 10% HHO gas with 10 and 15% EGR. Smoke and greenhouse gas emissions are lower by 33.3% and 13.2% respectively for 15% HHO gas without EGR. Reduction in CO and HC emissions are noticed in dual-fuel operation.

Effect of Biodiesel Blended Fuel on the Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engines – A Review

The internal combustion engine plays a vital role in transportation, industry, and shipping. However, diesel as one of the main fuels for internal combustion engines, caused many environmental and human health problems. In order to solve the problems, more researchers have been committed to the research of alternative fuels. Biodiesel is a renewable, sustainable alternative fuel, and its characteristics are similar to traditional diesel. It can be mixed with pure diesel. It has been found that a mix with pure diesel in a certain ratio can effectively reduce the negative effects caused by its characteristics, improve the combustion performance, and reduce the NOx and PM emissions. This article mainly reviews the effects of the mixture of biodiesel and diesel on engine combustion characteristics and exhaust emissions, including three parts: part (1) summarizes and analyzes the biodiesel’s production and characteristics, part (2) analyzes the engine’s performance under different working conditions, and part (3) studies and analyzes the exhaust emission under different working conditions.