Fueling Stations Research Articles

Presence of Hydrocarbon Degrading Bacteria in Contaminated Soil Collected From Various Fuel Station in Bhilai, Chhattisgarh

Abstract: In this study, we isolated seven strains (termed BY1–7) from polluted soil at an oil station and evaluated their abilities to degrade total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs). Among 45 bacterial colonies one bacterial strain was identified based on the cultural, morphological and biochemical characteristics. The isolated bacterium was then subjected to a preliminary assessment of their crude oil after 48 hours of incubation on nutrient agar plates overlaid with 100 ML of petroleum crude oil, the zone of clearance was observed. The isolated bacteria showed 35% petrol degradation, whereas a relatively high oil degradation rate, almost 40% was observed when the bacterium was acclimatized. The selected bacterial strains crude oil resistance was analysed based on the growth ability on the crude oil containing mediums. This strain was identified as Brevibacterium brevis. After inoculation, growth ability was measured and the highest percentage of petrol degradation occurred at temperature 37 °C with the value 30.8%. Bacteria displaying such capabilities are often exploited for the bio-remediation of petroleum oil contaminated environments. Recently, microbial remediation technology has developed rapidly and achieved major gains. However, this technology is not omnipotent. It is affected by many environmental factors that hinder its practical application, limiting the large-scale application of the technology. Keywords: Petroleum hydrocarbon-degrading Bacteria, Petroleum oil, Bio-remediation, Bacterial consortia, Environmental factors, Enzymes.

Data requirements for improving the Quantitative Risk Assessment of liquid hydrogen storage systems

Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) supports the development of risk-informed safety codes and standards which are employed to enable the safe deployment of hydrogen technologies essential to decarbonize the transportation sector. System reliability data is a necessary input for rigorous QRA. The lack of reliability data for bulk liquid hydrogen (LH2) storage systems located on site at fueling stations limits the use of QRAs. In turn, this hinders the ability to develop the necessary safety codes and standards that enable worldwide deployment of these stations. Through a QRA-based analysis of a LH2 storage system, this work focuses on identifying relevant scenario and probability data currently available and ascertaining future data collection requirements regarding risks specific to liquid hydrogen releases. The work developed consists of the analysis of a general bulk LH2 storage system design located at a hydrogen fueling station. Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) and traditional QRA modeling tools such as Event Sequence Diagrams (ESD) and Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) are employed to identify, rank, and model risk scenarios related to the release of LH2. Based on this analysis, scenario and reliability data needs to add LH2-related components to QRA are identified with the purpose of improving the future safety and risk assessment of these systems.

Genotoxic Effects of Lead and Cadmium on DNA of Some Fuel Stations Workers Blood in Hilla City

The study included the genotoxic effects of lead and cadmium on DNA damage of 60 workers of some fuel stations in Hilla city. The results revealed a significant differences (P<0.05) of lead and cadmium, the concentrations of Pb+2 in blood of control (mean ±SD) was 6.3±0.41 μg/dl while in blood of workers who exposed to fuel for one year, three years and five years were significantly increased and reached (15.5±2.46, 27.4±11.6 and 44.5±17.8) μg/dl respectively. Cadmium concentrations in blood of control was nil while in workers were significantly increased (5±0.72, 12.2±2.6 and 15.3±4.21) μg/dl respectively. Damage criteria was increased significantly (P≤ 0.05) with time of exposure to fuel in comparison with control.

A Mixed Epistemic-Aleatory Stochastic Framework for the Optimal Operation of Hybrid Fuel Stations

The fast development of technologies in the smart grids provides new opportunities such as co-optimization of multi-energy systems. One of the new concepts that can utilize multiple energy sources is a hybrid fuel station (HFS). For instance, an HFS can benefit from energy hubs, renewable energies, and natural gas sources to supply electric vehicles along with natural gas vehicles. However, the optimal operation of an HFS deals with uncertainties from different sources that do not have similar natures. Some may lack in term of historical data, and some may have very random and unpredictable behavior. In this study, we present a stochastic mathematical framework to address both types of these uncertainties according to the innate nature of each uncertain variable, namely: epistemic uncertainty variables (EUVs) and aleatory uncertainty variables (AUVs). Also, the imprecise probability approach is introduced for EUVs utilizing the copula theory in the process, and a scenario-based approach combining Monte Carlo simulation with Latin Hypercube sampling is applied for AUVs. The proposed framework is employed to address the daily operation of a novel HFS, leading to a two-stage mixed-integer linear programming problem. The proposed approach and its applicability are verified using various numerical simulations.

Techno-economic analysis of green hydrogen ferries with a floating photovoltaic based marine fueling station

The current study assesses the development of zero-carbon marine fuel production, storage and fueling for short-distance ferries from both technical and economic aspects. The solar driven integrated system is therefore designed in a stand-alone and carbon-free manner. The integrated system mainly consists of three parts: electricity production, hydrogen production and fueling, and hydrogen-driven propulsion systems. The land shortage of the urban environment is achieved by using a floating photovoltaic system, which is integrated with a proton-exchange membrane electrolyzer and a hydrogen tank to produce and store the hydrogen. A proton-exchange membrane fuel cell is used with auxiliary buffer batteries to power the propulsion system of ferries. A case study is carried out for the Toronto Island ferries urban transit system in Ontario, Canada. The current fossil fuel-driven ferry propulsion system is replaced with the proposed propulsion system with hydrogen fueling and production station. The developed system is thermodynamically and economically investigated where both energy and exergy approaches are used to carry out the thermodynamic analysis, and the cost comparison methods are deployed with various criteria, including internal rate of return, pay-back period and net present value. Also, additional maritime fuel comparison analysis is carried out for 2021 and 2030 cases at various hydrogen production capacities. A transient analysis is carried out to investigate the integrated system more deeply for each hour in a year to observe the vulnerabilities, provide more insightful details and maintain the decision-making process for component capacities. According to the case study, the proposed system's overall energy and exergy efficiencies in the grid-connected mode are calculated as 15.35% and 16.19%, respectively. The net present value of the proposed system is found to be 5.06 million Canadian dollars. The investment is paid back in 7.25 years with an 11.75% internal rate of return. The cost of hydrogen production, storage and fueling for the proposed system is found to be 6.47 Canadian dollars per kilogram at a 26.7 ton/year production rate.

Multi-stage stochastic programming based offering strategy for hydrogen fueling station in joint energy, reserve markets

Hydrogen fueling stations (HFSs) with onsite hydrogen production systems, which are usually composed of electrolyzers, hydrogen storage tanks and fuel cells, not only supply hydrogen for hydrogen-powered vehicles but also serve as a dispatchable technology that can bid in electricity markets. Except participating in energy market, joining in reserve market can compensate the cost in energy market and increase the total revenue of HFS. This paper proposes a multi-stage stochastic programming model to find the optimal offering strategy of the HFS in energy, reserve markets taking into account a series of uncertainties: day-ahead price, secondary reserve price, system imbalance price and hydrogen demand. Nonanticipativity constraints are employed to guarantee the decisions are made according to the realized uncertainty information up to the present stage. Compared with traditional stochastic programming model, the proposed model adequately considers the sequential bidding decisions with the gradual revealing of the uncertainty over time. Numerical experiments based on one case study indicate that the participation of reserve market greatly increase the revenue of HFS. In addition, the proposed multi-stage stochastic programming model is effective in characterizing the sequential decision.

ÁREA CONTAMINADA EM OBRA DE CONSTRUÇÃO DE TÚNEL NO MUNICÍPIO DE SÃO PAULO E O PROCESSO DE JUDICIALIZAÇÃO POR DANO AMBIENTAL

O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar um estudo de caso referente à uma área contaminada por compostos BTEX, oriundos de posto de combustível, e sua interferência na fase de execução de obra em via de grande circulação no Município de São Paulo, contribuindo para a prevenção de novas ocorrências. Foram instrumentos da pesquisa análise documental em órgãos ambientais e vistorias no local. A construção da obra foi exigida na Licença Ambiental Prévia da Operação Urbana Faria Lima. A área se situa sobre sedimentos quaternários, aquífero livre, nível d'água raso. Durante sua execução, em 2004, confirmou-se a presença de contaminantes trazendo prejuízos à municipalidade e expondo trabalhadores. Após a obra viária, foram removidos os tanques de combustível do posto e elaborado plano de intervenção de mudança de uso da área para residencial e comercial. O trabalho conclui que a legislação publicada em 2009 e 2013 apresenta avanços ao impor obrigatoriedade de investigação do solo no processo de licenciamento ambiental. A Empresa Municipal de Urbanização em 2004 ingressou com ação judicial de reparação de danos. A ação foi procedente em primeira instância, e encontra-se em análise. Entretanto, para prevenção de novos casos, é necessário intensificar a fiscalização e o controle ambiental de empreendimentos.

Optimal risk-constrained stochastic scheduling of microgrids with hydrogen vehicles in real-time and day-ahead markets

By growing interest in hydrogen vehicles (HVs), hydrogen fueling stations (HFSs) that convert electric power to hydrogen to supply HVs have emerged as a new asset for power grids. To safely and consistently supply HFSs with power, the use of microgrids (MGs), including various flexible generation units, is considered to be a reliable choice. This paper proposes a competence MG scheduling model. In this model, an optimal coordination of HFSs with demand response (DR), energy storage systems (ESS), and appropriate multi-market mechanisms is addressed. Also, a reformulated version of a risk-constrained stochastic scheduling (RSS) model is used to minimize the MG operation cost. The uncertainties associated with the real-time market price, renewables, electrical loads, and HVs are handled by considering conservativeness parameters. In this model, linearized AC optimal power flow (ACOPF) equations are included in the mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problem to satisfy the security of MG operation. The proposed model is examined on a 21-bus MG while considering various case studies. The results show that the operation of HFSs provides a profit of 254.5$/day by selling hydrogen for MG operator. In addition, it is found that developing the HFS technology can reduce the total daily operation costs of MG by up to 9.6%. It is also shown that participation of MG in both day-ahead and real-time markets leads to a reduction of 11.7% in the operating costs. Moreover, we show that employing DR programs leads to operation cost reduction and load flattening during high-demand hours. The security constraints keep the voltage between 0.97 p.u. and 1 p.u and the loss of lines within a reasonable range. Finally, a comprehensive comparison between our perceptive RSS with traditional stochastic scheduling and conservative RSS is carried out to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Geophysical and Structural Survey in the Diagnosis of Leaks at a Fuel Station in a Uranium Mine in Decommissioning Phase (Poços de Caldas, Brazil)

Geophysical and Structural Survey in the Diagnosis of Leaks at a Fuel Station in a Uranium Mine in Decommissioning Phase (Poços de Caldas, Brazil)

Multi-objective IGDT-based scheduling of low-carbon multi-energy microgrids integrated with hydrogen refueling stations and electric vehicle parking lots

There is little room for doubt that distributed generation systems including renewable energy, microgrids (MGs), combined heat and power (CHP) units and storage systems have been of particular importance in sustaining low-carbon and cost-effective operations due to the tremendous increase in greenhouse gas emissions in recent years. Additionally, hydrogen-based power technologies have earned a great deal of publicity that hydrogen can serve as a zero-emission fuel for electrical power and thermal energy production. In this regard, the current paper proposes an optimal energy management strategy for a combined hydrogen, heat, and power MG (CHHP-MG) with hydrogen fueling stations (HFSs) for hydrogen vehicles (HVs), electric vehicle parking lots (EVPLs) and fuel cell micro-CHP (FC-MCHP) units to meet power and heat requirements. In order to reduce the regular operating expense, the presented CHHP-MG could also communicate with both electricity and hydrogen markets. In addition, to compensate for the associated heat and hydrogen requirements, power-to-X technologies such as the power to heat (P2HT) and power to hydrogen (P2H) are integrated. In order to improve flexibility and build a low carbon MG, multi-energy storage (MES) system along with heat and power demand response (HPDR) programs will be taken into consideration. As the uncertainties associated with the predicted wind and photovoltaic power have a major impact on the energy management of the CHHP-MG, a multi-objective information gap decision theory (IGDT)-based robust approach is applied as an effective non-probabilistic modeling technique for handling such uncertainties. The empirical results show that the proposed model can efficiently handle the uncertainties and reduce the overall operation cost by 76.35%.

Numerical Evaluation of Safety Wall Bending Strength during Hydrogen Explosion

The main aims of this study are to assess numerically the stress state of a solid wall which is installed at the hydrogen fueling station in order to protect personnel from the consequences of the accidental hydrogen explosion, define the bending stress values in the foot of the wall exposed to explosion wave pressure forces and located at different distances from explosion epicenter in order to choose appropriate construction material of the wall and assess the minimum thickness of the wall satisfying bending strength condition. A three-dimensional mathematical model of hydrogen-air mixture explosion is used to define the distribution of the maximum overpressure on the wall surface. To assess the bending stress state at the foot of the wall, the design scheme of a cantilever beam is considered. It is assumed that the maximum overpressure force field influences the wall at the same time to assess the worst possible scenario. Actually, the computer-based methodology of how to resolve a coupled problem of explosion gas dynamics and defense wall strength is suggested. This technique allows evaluating of the construction parameters of the wall, which protects the personnel against consequences of the explosion wave exposure, without the destruction of the wall.

Preliminary Investigation of Inorganic and Organic Contaminants in Soils within Wukari Metropolis, Taraba State, Nigeria

This study aimed at the preliminary investigation of inorganic and organic contaminants in soils within Wukari metropolis and to assess the contamination status and metal bioavailability. Digested soil samples for total metals and fractionation were analyzed for heavy metal concentrations in triplicates using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer while 5 Varian Bond Elu SI SPE cartridges was used for solid phase extraction and the soil sample extracts were analyzed by GC-MS. The percentage bioavailability of metals ranged from Fe: 13.81 – 98.85 %, Ni: 65.01 - 80.93 %, Cr: 34.82 – 77.19 %, Pb: 66.93 - 86.59 % and Co: 70.35 - 99.14 % respectively. The bioavailability of Fe, Ni, Pb and Co station ST3 which is an agricultural area were above 50.00%. This indicates that food crops grown in the area may be contaminated by the metals. Irrespective of sampling points, the distribution of metals in the soil samples generally followed the order Fe: residual &gt; carbonate &gt; exchangeable &gt; oxidizable; Ni: exchangeable &gt; carbonate &gt; oxidizable &gt; residual; Pb: exchangeable &gt; residual &gt; carbonate &gt; oxidizable; Co: exchangeable &gt; carbonate &gt; oxidizable &gt; residual. Organic contaminants such as Halo alkanes; bromodichloromethane (molecular weight 162.0 g/mol) and chloroform (molecular weight 118.0 g/mol) were detected in ST1 while, 1, 1, 2 trichloroethane (molecular weight 132.0 g/mol). Another contaminant phenol d5 was recorded in sample ST2, ST3 and ST4 respectively. BTEX compounds were also contaminants present in ST5 (Fuel station near some automobile workshops).

Implementation of an Educational Fueling Station for a National Collegiate Athletic Association Division III Athletic Program.

Gomez-Hixson, K, and Brown, ML. Implementation of an educational fueling station for a NCAA division III athletic program. J Strength Cond Res 35(8): 2346-2350, 2021-The purpose of this project was to evaluate the effectiveness and sustainability of an educational fueling station for National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division III student-athletes. Subjects included student-athletes participating in the fall 2018 athletic season (n = 82). Once the mobile fueling station was established, the athletes were informed of the mobile fueling station policies and educated on the appropriate use and timing of the fueling station. The fueling station remained in operation until the end of the 2018 fall athletic season, after which the effectiveness and athlete acceptance of the mobile fueling station was assessed. An anonymous online survey was used as the assessment tool and was created by the authors based on the information pertinent to our institution and mobile fueling station goals and objectives. An itemized inventory usage tracking system was used to calculate actual costs. Data analysis was limited to basic descriptive statistics including the overall response rate and the frequency and percentage of responses to the survey questions. Outcome assessment indicated that 97% of athletes found that the foods provided helped their performance; 95% felt they were properly oriented to the fueling station, and 51% used the fueling station 1-2 times per week on game days. Furthermore, inventory tracking revealed that the operational costs came in under the projected budget. Overall, the mobile fueling station was successfully implemented for student-athletes within a NCAA Division III university and demonstrated feasibility and sustainability within a low-budget athletic program. Establishing proof of concept led to the permanent adoption of the mobile fueling station.

Incorporating fuel delivery in network design for hydrogen fueling stations: Formulation and two metaheuristic approaches

This study extends the fueling station location problem to consider interdependencies with fuel delivery. Specifically, we present a new variant of the bi-objective capacitated location routing problem (bi-objective CLRP), flow capturing location problem with fuel delivery (FCLP-FD), to simultaneously determine the location of hydrogen fueling stations (HFSs) and routing decisions for hydrogen delivery trucks. The FCLP-FD is proposed to overcome barriers to the deployment of HFSs. The HFS network is determined while maximizing the fueling demand flow captured and minimizing the total daily cost. The metaheuristic algorithm of adaptive large neighborhood search (ALNS) was developed, and its performance on solving bi-objective optimization problems was tested and compared with the genetic algorithm (GA). The developed model and algorithms were applied to a case study in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, France. Results show that the model improved the understanding of decision-makers about various components within the HFS network and provides useful managerial insights regarding the role of fleet composition and physical forms of hydrogen. In terms of algorithm performance, the GA was faster than ALNS for all the tested instances; however, ALNS is characterized by a better average gap, which is the differences between the obtained Pareto front (generated by ALNS) and the optimal one (generated using IBM ILOG CPLEX Optimization Studio).

Расчет теплоемкости продуктов сгорания компримированного газового топлива марок «А» и «Б» в дизелях

The article underlines the interest to using gas fuel in diesel engines of the coastal fishing vessels. If the change to liquefied natural gas is limited by the lack of bunkering capabilities in the Russian ports, using compressed gas has become widespread in transport and in the household. A number of gas fueling stations are already available for this purpose. It seems reasonable to start the conversion of the port fleet to compressed gas from using the motor gas bottling equipment for that purpose. It is important to evaluate the change in engine performance parameters when converting to compressed gas. Compressed gas is a mixture of gases such as propane, ethane, butane, methane, etc. There is given the percentage of each gas content, according to GOST. The quantitative composition of the pure compressed gas combustion outcomes, as well as the gas ignited by the ignition diesel fuel was determined by the oxidation reactions of the chemical elements of which they consist, as well as by oxygen from air. As a result of regression analysis applied to define the properties of water vapor and gases, there have been derived linear and quadratic approximating dependences of the heat capacities of gases (CO2, N2) and water vapor (H2O) on temperature. There have been obtained the equations for determining the heat capacity of the combustion products of compressed gas for fuel grade A and B. There have been produced the formulas for determining heat capacity of pure combustion products of compressed gas ignited by the ignition diesel fuel. The obtained expressions are recommended to be used for analysis of the working cycle of a diesel engine running on the compressed gas.

Economic Development Based on a Mathematical Model: An Optimal Solution Method for the Fuel Supply of International Road Transport Activity

Due to globalization and increased market competition, forwarding companies must focus on the optimization of their international transport activities and on cost reduction. The minimization of the amount and cost of fuel results in increased competition and profitability of the companies as well as the reduction of environmental damage. Nowadays, these aspects are particularly important. This research aims to develop a new optimization method for road freight transport costs in order to reduce the fuel costs and determine optimal fueling stations and to calculate the optimal quantity of fuel to refill. The mathematical method developed in this research has two phases. In the first phase the optimal, most cost-effective fuel station is determined based on the potential fuel stations. The specific fuel prices differ per fuel station, and the stations are located at different distances from the main transport way. The method developed in this study supports drivers’ decision-making regarding whether to refuel at a farther but cheaper fuel station or at a nearer but more expensive fuel station based on the more economical choice. Thereafter, it is necessary to determine the optimal fuel volume, i.e., the exact volume required including a safe amount to cover stochastic incidents (e.g., road closures). This aspect of the optimization method supports drivers’ optimal decision-making regarding optimal fuel stations and how much fuel to obtain in order to reduce the fuel cost. Therefore, the application of this new method instead of the recently applied ad-hoc individual decision-making of the drivers results in significant fuel cost savings. A case study confirmed the efficiency of the proposed method.

Thermodynamic modeling of hydrogen fueling process from high-pressure storage tank to vehicle tank

This study develops a hydrogen fueling station (HFS) thermodynamic model that simulates the actual fueling process in which hydrogen is supplied from a high-pressure (HP) storage tank into a fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) tank. To make the model as accurate as possible, we use the same components and specifications as in actual HFSs, such as a pressure control valve, a pre-cooling system, and an FCEV tank. After the components and their specifications are set, pressure and temperature profiles are set as the HP tank supply conditions. Based on the pressure and temperature profiles, the model solves for the temperature, pressure, and mass flow rate of hydrogen at each downstream position, including the inside of the vehicle tank. The values predicted by the model are compared with experimental data, and we show that the developed model makes it possible to accurately simulate those values at any position during the fueling process.

Characterization for Types and Percents of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Sera of Workers at Fuels Stations at Baghdad

Allpolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have a hightoxicity, and/or carcinogenic and \ormutagenic to most microorganisms andhumans.Main aim to this study is to providecontemporary information (quantitative and qualitative)PAHs in sera of fuel stations, workers whom exposure with petroleum products.The study includes 60 male petrol-filling workers in 5 petrol stations around Baghdad. Theirages were between (20 – 50) years. For compared the results a 30 sera samples from healthyindividuals was collected with corresponding age-matched as control group. The samples werecollected from October 2017 until April 2018. The BMI was calculated for all subjects.Technique of High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to detect thepresence of PAHs quantitatively and qualitatively in the sera of all subjects.The mean level of total PAHs in sera of workers was 1275.65± 934.267 higher than that forhealthy subjects 67.380 ± 46.16 with significant value p=0.033.Also the types and percent ofPAHs in the sera of workers were differ.For studying the epidemiologic,no correlation betweenthe percent of % PAHs in sera of workers who exposure to petroleum withoutaffected withtheirage and BMI.

The Effectiveness of Vitamin D , Succimer and Safety Precaution Measures in Regulation of Elevated Blood Lead in Fuel Station Workers.

Continuous exposure to air polluted with the vapor of lead (in leaded gasoline) by the workers in petroleum stations without following safety measures, results into elevated level of inorganic lead in blood of those workers and put them at increased risk of toxicity through exposure to lead and its products. The aim of the present study is to measure concentration of lead in blood of fuel station workers through lead care of blood testing system and lead care of blood testing kits, using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry(AAS) for confirmation and checking quality of measuring and repeat measuring of lead concentration in blood of workers with blood lead conc.> 50 μg/dl after certain interventions, Such as giving vit, D, lead chelating agents(Succimer) and certain safety precautions(mask, gloves, boot, cap, special clothes and regular skin cleaning and well balanced calcium enriched food ) to know their effectiveness in control and regulation of blood lead level. This study took two approaches: a case-control approach in which 76 Petroleum station workers and age-matched control participants were included, and an experimental approach in which the effect of various types of lead decreasing agents was investigated after giving medications and taking certain precautions by workers. From the current study it was concluded that following safety measures , receiving succimer , and vit, D supplementation helped in decreasing elevated blood level in fuel station workers.

Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell and hydrogen station networks for automobiles: Status, technology, and perspectives

The U.S. transportation sector accounts for 37% of total energy consumption. Automobiles are a primary application of polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells, which operate under low temperature and high efficiency, to reduce fossil fuel consumption and CO2 emissions. Using hydrogen fuel, PEM fuel cells can reach a practical efficiency as high as 65% with water as the only byproduct. Almost all the major automakers are involved in fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) development. Toyota and Hyundai introduced FCEVs (the Mirai and NEXO, respectively) to consumers in recent years with a driving range between 312 and 402 miles and cold-start capacity from -30 °C. About 50 fuel cell electric buses (FCEB) are operating in California, and most of them have achieved the durability target, i.e., 25,000 h, in real-world driving conditions. As of September 2020, over 8,573 FCEVs have been sold or leased in the U.S. More than 3,521 FCEVs and 22 FCEBs have been sold or leased in Japan as of September 2019. An extensive hydrogen station network is required for the successful deployment of FCEVs and FCEBs. The U.S. currently has over 44 hydrogen fueling stations (HFSs), nearly all located in California. Europe has over 139 HFSs, with ~1500 more stations planned by 2025. This review has three primary objectives: 1) to present the current status of FCEV/FCEB commercialization and HFS development; 2) to describe the PEM fuel cell research/development in automobile applications and the significance of HFS networks; and 3) to outline major challenges and opportunities.