Analysis Of Fuel Properties Research Articles

Effects of oxidative degradation on the single-droplet burning behavior of refined palm and Jatropha curcas oil

To clarify the effect of oxidative degradation of vegetable oils on their droplet combustion behaviors, a single-droplet combustion experiment was carried out. Refined palm oil (RPO) and Jatropha curcas oil (JCO) were used as representative vegetable oils. First, these vegetable oils were oxidatively degraded for 12 h by the Rancimat method to produce degraded RPO (RPO12) and JCO (JCO12), respectively. The effects of degradation on fuel properties were evaluated in terms of the kinematic viscosity and fatty acid composition, which were measured with an Ubbelohde viscometer and GC–MS, respectively. The results revealed that JCO was more susceptible to oxidative degradation and its kinematic viscosity significantly increased after degradation. This was due to its high content of unsaturated fatty acids, such as oleic and linoleic acids. Then, single-droplet combustion experiments were performed at 0.1 MPa and 1023 K. A droplet with a diameter of approximately 0.5 mm was inserted into an electric furnace and spontaneously ignited. Puffings were observed under all conditions, regardless of fresh or degraded RPO and JCO. The puffing periods of RPO12 and JCO12 were longer than those of RPO and JCO due to the longer time from bubble expansion to droplet disruption. Furthermore, the change in the droplet diameter caused by droplet disruption was suppressed for JCO12 and RPO12, which was probably attributed to the increased kinematic viscosity. Finally, the diameter of secondary droplet released by the droplet disruption was explored. The average diameters of secondary droplet of RPO12 and JCO12 were larger than those of RPO and JCO, and this was probably because of the increase in surface tension. Novelty and Significance StatementThe novelty of this study is that a series of experiment, i.e., production of oxidatively degraded vegetable oils, fuel property analysis (viscosity measurement and fatty acid composition analysis), and droplet combustion experiment, were simultaneously carried out. Thus, effects of oxidative degradation on combustion behavior were systematically clarified for the first time. This study is significant in that it provides the knowledge on treating vegetable oils in internal combustion engines, which is necessary for realizing a carbon neutral society.

Improving fuel quality from plastic bag waste pyrolysis by controlling condensation temperature

Plastic waste is a major problem in many areas around the world. The pyrolysis of plastic waste to produce fuel is another solution to this problem. But the fuel obtained from plastic waste was of low quality due to improper experimental factors. Therefore, the improvement of fuel quality in the production process is essential. This research has objective was to study the first condenser temperature in 5 levels: 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 °C. The experimental conditions were pyrolysis temperature of 300 °C, hot filter temperature of 200 °C, second condenser temperature of -40 °C, 1 kg of plastic bag waste and the experimental period of 2 h. The results showed that the first condenser temperature of 30 °C yielded the highest first fuel yield of 70.7 wt%. When raising the temperature to 40 °C, the second fuel yield was up to 7.3 wt%. The results of the fuel properties analysis revealed that the first fuel had a high heating value (HHV) of 42.4 MJ/kg. There is a chemical composition of substances in the diesel fuel group mostly. But the first condenser temperature increased from 10 to 50 °C, causing a decrease in calorific value and density. This is a result of chemical compositions where many macromolecules are condensed in the fuel. For the analysis of the second fuel, it was found that the HHV was 38.1 MJ/kg, which was 4.3 MJ/kg lower than the HHV of the first fuel. However, the calorific value and density of the second fuel increases as the temperature of the first condenser increases. The chemical composition of the second fuels is Benzene, Toluene and Cyclononane as its main constituents, giving it a physical appearance like that of gasoline. But, in second fuels there is a chemical composition of Dicyclopentadiene. It has a clear yellow color and a pungent odor that annoys users. If in the future this substance can be eliminated, it will enable the production of fuel from plastic waste as a substitute for gasoline.

The production of microbial biodiesel from cellulose-derived fungal lipid via consolidated bioprocessing

Lignocellulosic biomass from agro-industrial residues can potentially be used as carbon-rich carbohydrate feedstock for the conversion via oleaginous microorganisms into lipids, and subsequently microbial biodiesel. As multiple processes are required to conventionally convert lignocellulosic biomass into lipids, from the hydrolysis of carbohydrate into simple sugars for the fermentation, it is not economically favourable. Consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) combines the saccharification and fermentation of lignocellulosic biomass into a single processing step. As such, this study aims to screen multiple oleaginous fungi to identify the most effective lipid producers in CBP systems, followed by optimization study. Three different fungi (Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, and Rhizopus sp.) were screened by the co-cultivation of monosaccharides. Rhizopus sp. yielded the highest lipid content. The response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize​ lipid production by Rhizopus sp. from cellulose in CBP systems. The CBP system with carbon concentration of 0.8% (w/v), temperature of 32 °C, and carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N) of 99.5, yielded the optimum lipid content (51.8%). The lipid from Rhizopus sp. was then converted into biodiesel, that comprised 56.0% of saturated fatty acids. Fuel properties analysis indicated that microbial biodiesel from lipids of Rhizopus sp. is a promising alternative to diesel fuel.

Production and Characterization of Bioethanol from De-oiled Seeds Cake of Rothmannialongiflora Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The motive of the research is production of bioethanol from deffated seeds cake of Rothmannia longiflora and analysis of its physical/chemical properties. The fermentation process was optimized for maximum ethanol yield considering four parameters; temperature, pH and yeast concentration. The statistical analysis revealed that pH and temperature are the most influential parameters affecting the ethanol yield. The maximum ethanol yield of 11.14 g/cm3 was observed at the following optimum conditions; pH of 6, temperature of 30oC and yeast concentration of 2 %. The produced ethanol was subjected to fuel properties analysis. The structural investigation of the derived bioethanol was conducted using FT-IR analysis and it confirmed the characteristics bands of ethanol at 3369.52 cm-1, 2918.5 and 2844.0 cm-1. Some fuel properties were found to be consistent with ASTM standard and to those of conventional ethanol. The study revealed the viability of Rothmannia longiflora seeds cake as promising feedstock for bioethanol production.

Comparative study of performance and emission characteristics of bio-oil from waste milk and oil cover in CI engine

The fast depletion of oil resources and increases in the growth of industrialization leads to the demand for fossil fuel. This makes the researchers identify an alternative fuel for the CI engine. The conversation of waste into useful energy is a trending technology. Thermal cracking process is carried out for milk and oil cover can produce three products as pyrolytic oil (bio-oil), syngas, and residue, though it is the best to process than another process. Non-decomposable plastics have an attractive feedstock for the production of bio-oil. In this process, waste polyethylene covers like milk cover pyrolysis and oil pockets are used as feedstock for the oil cover pyrolysis since other plastics are banned. These covers are collected from hotels and they are subjected to physicochemical characterization to identify its Glass transition temperatures and amount of moisture, volatile matter, carbon, and hydrogen content through Thermo gravimetric analyses (TGA), Proximate, and ultimate analysis. The experiment is carried out in batch type reactor and maximum bio-oil yield temperature is identified from 400 to 550 °C for both the feedstock. Based on the fuel property analysis B20 is considered as the best blend and its performance and emission characteristics are conducted in CI and confirm that BTE has an increase of 1.5 % than diesel and there is a reduction in all emissions but there is a slightly higher ppm is found in NOx emission. Therefore, waste polyethylene covers based on bio-oil are suitable for CI engines without any modifications.

Blended fuel property analysis of butyl-exchanged polyoxymethylene ethers as renewable diesel blendstocks

Methyl-terminated polyoxymethylene ethers (MM-POMEs), having the formula CH3O-(CH2O)n-CH3 (n = 3–6), are a class of oxygenates with desirable diesel-like fuel properties including high cetane number and low soot formation. However, their low energy density and high water-solubility present barriers to their adoption. Both concerns were recently addressed by our research group by synthesizing a mixture of POME structures having butyl end-groups and n = 1–6, termed B*POME1–6. B*POME1–6 maintained the advantageous properties of the parent MM-POMEs, and exhibited improved energy density and most notably, dramatically decreased water solubility. For evaluation against a set of criteria for a blended diesel blendstock, a 20 vol% blend of B*POME1–6 with a base diesel fuel was investigated here. Oxidation stability, cetane number, sooting tendency, lubricity and conductivity were improved in the B*POME1–6 blend compared with the base diesel, while also maintaining the flash point, cloud point, energy density, viscosity, and boiling point requirements. The B*POME1–6 product demonstrated a synergistic blending behavior at 10 vol% and a linear blending behavior at 20–30 vol% blends, in agreement with similar POME blends at comparable blend levels. Finally, common environmental and toxicity models performed on B*POME1–6 component molecules suggested they have a greater propensity to partition into the water compartment compared to a common diesel surrogate, but with a lower tendency to bioaccumulate.

Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using magnetic bifunctional calcium and iron oxide nanocatalysts derived from empty fruit bunch

Magnetic bifunctional nanocatalyst supported on activated carbon (AC), CaO-Fe2O3/AC was synthesized via wet impregnation method and was utilized for catalytic transesterification of waste cooking oil (WCO). A series of characterization techniques were performed to determine acid-base properties, magnetism, thermal stability, crystallinity, chemical composition, surface properties, and morphology of the catalyst. The BET analysis showed that the CaO-Fe2O3 catalysts had specific surface areas and pore sizes (∼5 nm) that were suitable for the transesterification reaction. The optimized catalyst, CaO(10%)-Fe2O3(10%)/AC, possessed significant acidity and basicity desorption of 18532 μmol g−1 and 2653 μmol g−1, respectively, which contributed to maximum biodiesel yield of 98.3% at the following reaction conditions: 3 wt%, catalyst loading, 18:1 methanol to oil molar ratio and at 65 °C for 3 h of reaction. Furthermore, the magnetism of CaO(10%)-Fe2O3(10%)/AC was 7.59 emu/g, which facilitated high recovery rates from the reaction mixture by magnetic decantation. Reusability experiments revealed a high catalytic stability (FAME yield > 80%) for at least six consecutive cycles. Biodiesel confirmation by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy showed a strong C=O absorption band at 1774 cm--1 and a singlet methoxy proton signal at 3.7 ppm. Lastly, fuel properties analysis met the American biodiesel standard ASTM 6751 with low kinetic viscosity of 3.42 mm2s−1 and flash point of 134 °C.

Comprehensive Analysis of Fuel Properties of Adansonia digitata Methyl Ester with the Influence of Nanoparticle Additives Extracted from an Agricultural Waste

Comprehensive Analysis of Fuel Properties of Adansonia digitata Methyl Ester with the Influence of Nanoparticle Additives Extracted from an Agricultural Waste

Development and Validation of Mass Reduction Prediction Model and Analysis of Fuel Properties for Agro-Byproduct Torrefaction

Global warming is accelerating due to the increase in greenhouse gas emissions. Accordingly, research on the use of biomass as energy sources, is being actively conducted worldwide to reduce CO2 emissions. Although the production of agro-byproducts is vast, their utilization for energy production has not been fully investigated. This study suggests an optimal torrefaction process condition for agro-byproducts, such as grape branch and perilla, that have moisture content but low calorific values. To determine whether these agro-byproducts can be used for energy sources as substituents of fossil fuels, a mass reduction model was established and validated via experimental results. Thermogravimetric analysis was conducted for different heating rates, and the activation energy and frequency factor were derived through the analysis. The model was developed by changes in rate constants, moisture content, ash content, and lignocellulose content in biomass. To ascertain the optimal torrefaction conditions, fuel characteristic analysis and changes in energy yield of torrefied grape branch and perilla were investigated. The optimal torrefaction conditions for grape branch and perilla were 200 °C for 40 min and 230 °C for 30 min, respectively. The comparison result of the experiment and simulation at the optimum conditions of mass reduction were 1.42%p and 1.51%p, and 15 °C/min and 7.5 °C/min at heating rate, respectively.

Analysis of Fuel Properties on Combustion Characteristics in a Narrow-Throat Pre-Chamber Engine

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">In this study, the authors investigated the effect of fuel properties on the combustion characteristics by employing methane, methanol, ethanol, and primary reference fuels (PRFs) as the main chamber fuel while using methane for the pre-chamber. Global excess air ratios (λ) from 1.6 to lean limit were tested, while 13% of total fuel energy supplied to the engine was delivered via the pre-chamber. The gaseous methane was injected into the pre-chamber at the gas exchange top-dead-center (TDC). Port fuel injection was tested with both open and closed inlet valves. The pre-chamber assembly was designed to fit into the diesel injector pocket of the base engine, which resulted in a narrow throat diameter of 3.3 mm. The combustion stability limit was set at 5% of the coefficient of variation of gross IMEP, and the knock intensity limit was set at 10 bar. GT-Power software was used to estimate the composition of pre-chamber species and was used in heat release analysis of the two chambers. It was found that the rich limit was controlled by engine knock. Hence a higher reactivity fuel (lower octane) had to be operated leaner. However, with the increasing reactivity, the lean limit was also extended, while the peak efficiency was also obtained with a leaner mixture. With PRF 90, the lean limit was at global-λ = 3.0, while the limit was 2.3 with methane. The alcohol fuels exhibited a different behavior from the methane and the PRFs. Ethanol has the same lean limit as PRF100, but methanol could be operated up to global-λ = 3.2. The pre-chamber combustion did not change much with the different fuels in the main chamber, so the combustion stability trends must be related to the transition from burning jets to ignition of the main chamber charge and its subsequent combustion.</div></div>

Alternative liquid fuel from pyrolysis of polyethylene wax

Polyethylene wax was investigated its possibility to be liquid fuel using non-catalytic pyrolysis process at pyrolysis temperature of 400, 450 and 500 °C. The results showed that at 450 °C pyrolysis temperature, the highest liquid product yield was 78.24 and the left part was the incondensable gas and a solid fuel. The results from the elemental analysis showed the products obtained from pyrolysis had similar components for all conditions. The carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen contents were in the range of 76.49–86.38%, 12.99–14.77%, 4.67–6.38%, and 0.46–2.09%, respectively. The results of the chemical structure analysis by GC–MS showed that the increasing pyrolysis temperature resulted in the mainly increasing of the straight-chain paraffin but instead reducing the structure of the double bonds. The results from the fuel property analysis indicated that the specific gravity, viscosity, and heating value of pyrolysis oil were as 0.83, 2.17 cSt, and 10,939 cal/g respectively, that is consistent with the conventional diesel standards. However, the flashpoint still needs to be improved continuously.

Determination of optimum diesel: jatropha blend for compression ignition diesel engines through fuel properties analysis

The non-edible oil jatropha biodiesel is a diesel blend fuel source for the compression ignition (CI) diesel engines. Hence, the determination of the exact blending ratio of biodiesel to diesel fuel for best engine operation is needed through research. Keeping this in mind, this work investigated various acceptable jatropha biodiesel-diesel blends for diesel engines through fuel properties analysis. In this study, six different volumetric percentages of the biodiesel-diesel fuel samples were prepared. The percentage of the biodiesel was varied from 5 to 30% with a step of 5% by volume. The important properties required for engine operation like cloud and pour point, flash and fire point, density, viscosity and calorific value were measured under standard conditions. The average measured properties of biodiesel-diesel blends were compared with diesel fuel. The possibility of using 100% biodiesel in diesel engines without any modifications is also checked by comparing its properties with diesel fuel. The investigation revealed that the cold flow properties of diesel fuel such as cloud and pour point were improved with jatropha biodiesel blended fuels. Also, the results confirmed the good ignition quality and stability, energy content and atomization property of jatropha biodiesel blended fuels. The diesel and 20% jatropha biodiesel blending (B20) fuels showed an identical pour point temperature of − 3.5 °C. Similarly, B20 fuel has produced only 2.28% lower calorific value and 1.2% higher density as compared to diesel fuel. The other B20 fuel properties such as fire point, viscosity, flash point and cloud point were found within 7.44% to 12.5% higher than the diesel fuel. Hence, the study has recommended the B20 as the optimum blend fuel for CI diesel engines.

Application of laser induced breakdown spectroscopy for direct and quick determination of fuel property of woody biomass pellets

The feasibility of fuel property analysis of the biomass fuel by laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has been demonstrated in a previous study. As a further move to apply this quick method to industrial application for direct monitoring of the woody biomass pellets quality, effects of four key parameters during the pelletizing process on the LIBS spectral data have been investigated before applying LIBS directly to the woody biomass pellet. Partial Least Squares (PLS) models were built to evaluate the performance of the LIBS fuel property analyses directly on the wood pellets supplied by different manufacturers, which were produced on different pellet mills, with different pelletization technologies and under various pelletizing conditions. The results showed satisfactory performance using LIBS technique for direct determination of the fuel property of wood pellets without further sample preparation. The coefficient of determination (R2) of calibration models were all above 0.98. The root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of the gross calorific value (GCV), volatile matter (VM) and ash content (AC) were 0.09 MJ/kg, 0.52% and 0.15% respectively, while the average relative error (ARE) were 0.39%, 0.54% and 8.52% respectively, and the average standard deviation (ASD) were 0.14 MJ/kg, 0.52% and 0.18% respectively.

Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Biofuel From Cocklebur sp., Using Zinc Oxide Nano-Particle: A Novel Energy Crop for Bioenergy Industry.

This study is reporting the biofuel synthesis and characterization from the novel non-edible feedstock cocklebur seeds oil. The Cocklebur crop seeds oil was studied as a potential source for biofuel production based on the chemical, structural and fuel properties analysis. The oil expression and FFAs content in cocklebur crop was reported 37.2% and 0.47 gram KOH/g, using soxhlet apparatus and acid base titration method, respectively. The maximum conversion and yield of the cocklebur crop seeds non-edible oil to biofuel was pursued 93.33%, using transesterification process. The optimum protocol for maximum conversion yield was adjusted: 1:7 oil-methanol molar ratios, ZnO nano-particle concentration 0.2 gm (w/w), reaction temperature 60°C, and reaction time 45 min, respectively. ZnO nano-particle was prepared by a modified sol-gel method, using gelatin and the particle was XRD, TEM, XPS, and UV-vis spectroscopies. Qualitatively, the cocklebur crop synthesized biofuel was quantified and structurally characterized by GC/MS, FT-IR, NMR, and AAS spectroscopies. Quantitatively, the fuel properties of cocklebur crop biofuel was analyzed and compared with the international ASTM and EN standards.

Individual and combined supplementation of carbon sources for growth augmentation and enrichment of lipids in the green microalga Tetradesmus obliquus

Microalgae with high lipid productivity offer great promise as a potential source of biodiesel, an alternative to fossil diesel. Since a target of both high biomass yield and lipid content is difficult to attain with the classical photoautotrophic mode of nutrition, mixotrophy has evolved as a preferred mode for enhancement of growth in microalgae. In the present study, this strategy was explored extensively with six different exogenous carbon sources in eight different concentrations to investigate the effect of these carbon sources on the biomass and lipid production potential of the green alga Tetradesmus obliquus (SAG 276-3a). To further augment the effect of mixotrophy on the growth and lipid accumulation of the test microalga, selected carbon sources with their specific concentrations showing enhancement in both biomass yield and lipid accumulation in the first phase of the experiment were interacted with each other. Significant rise in biomass yield by twofold was seen in the case of 0.16% citrate + 0.08% bicarbonate interaction, whereas for lipid accumulation, maximum rise in lipid content (% dry cell wt.) by 2.3-fold and lipid yield (g L-1) by 4.5-fold was observed in the case of 0.16% acetate + 0.16% citrate-supplemented cultures. The biodiesel samples as analyzed using GC–MS were predominated with saturated and monounsaturated fatty acid methyl esters. Fuel property analysis of the biodiesel samples found them to be well suited to the Indian, American (ASTM), and European (EN) biodiesel standards.

Combustion and emission characteristics investigation of diesel-ethanol-biodiesel blended fuels in a compression-ignition engine and benefit analysis

This study has investigated feasibility to use ethanol in a compression ignition engine by blending it with diesel fuel, called diesohol. Additionally, biodiesel, acting as a co-solvent, is mixed into diesohol to prevent phase separation. Three blended ratios including B3E5, B7E5 and B10E10 were selected to conduct fuel property analysis and the engine test. In addition, commercial diesel in Thailand (B7) was used as a referent fuel. A commercial diesel engine with common rail fuel system was used to measure engine performance, fuel consumption, exhaust gas emissions including aldehydes as well as combustion characteristics. Benefits of using the diesohol fuel in pickup truck were also investigated.The results showed that with increasing ethanol fraction, the biodiesel fraction needed to be increased to prevent phase separation. When ambient temperature was decreased the phase separation could easily occur. Engine torque and power decreased when percentage of ethanol increased. In-cylinder pressure analysis showed that pilot combustion was moderated and retarded due to higher heat of vaporization of ethanol. With ethanol fraction increasing, the blended fuels required more time to evaporate, induced to higher heat release rate due to long ignition delay. Hydrocarbon emission was increased with longer period of fuel vaporization and mixing processes while the nitrogen oxide increased with increasing of maximum heat release rate. However, the diesohol can help facilitate biofuel market management by increasing biofuel (both ethanol and biodiesel) from diesel sector. In addition, fossil fuel will be suppressed and global warming impacts will be mitigated with diesohol supported measures.

Biodiesel from Saccharomyces cerevisiae: fuel property analysis and comparative economics

The depletion of exhaustible underground petroleum resources has put the present civilization at stake, thereby warranting intense research on non-exhaustible fuel. With this energy crisis hitting the block, microorganisms such as yeasts are gaining wider importance as potential biofuel candidates. An indigenous yeast strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolated from laboratory-scale brewing was investigated for biodiesel production. Biodiesel was produced by in situ transesterification approach using 1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine as the catalyst. The fuel properties such as viscosity, density, calorific value and cetane number (CN) were determined to assess the fuel quality of S. cerevisiae biodiesel. Additionally, the investigation also focuses on theoretical studies considering the yeast de-oiled cake (low-value biomass refuse). Fatty acid methyl ester analysis revealed that biodiesel was primarily composed of tricosylic acid (C23:0, 28.71%), palmitoleic acid (C16:1, 28.96%) and oleic acid (C18:1, 18.13%). Eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5, 2.01%), one of the most commonly known polyunsaturated fatty acid, was present in the yeast strain. The CN of yeast biodiesel was 71.58, which was much higher than petro-diesel. The theoretical findings suggest the competitiveness of yeast biomass conversion technologies with petroleum refining process economics. The overall study warrants the feasibility of co-production of biodiesel from S. cerevisiae and cracked biofuel products (from S. cerevisiae de-oiled cake) under the aegis of biorefining applications.

Comparison of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) in Optimization of Aegle marmelos Oil Extraction for Biodiesel Production

Non-edible feedstock is attaining importance due to authentic concerns behind the utilization of food crops for fuel production. Aegle marmelos seed is one such feedstock with high oil content portraying a better entrant among other non-edible feedstock. In this study, optimization of oil extraction, and biodiesel production from Aegle marmelos seeds had been reported. Oil extraction performed with n-hexane was optimized by response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN). The influence of five parameters on oil extraction, namely particle size, acid concentration, solvent-to-seed ratio, extraction time and temperature were investigated. A comparison of performance evaluation between RSM and ANN was executed. The lower value of coefficient of determination ( $$R^{2} = 0.998$$ ), root mean square error ( $${ RMSE} = 0.2784$$ ), standard error of prediction ( $${ SEP} = 0.7068$$ ) and absolute average deviation ( $${ AAD} = 0.3425$$ ) for ANN compared to those of $$R^{2}$$ (0.9769), RMSE (0.5349), SEP (1.3326) and AAD (1.1072) for RSM showed the prediction competence of the ANN was much better than RSM. Among the process parameters studied, solvent-to-seed ratio was the most influential variable on oil yield. The maximum oil yield of 45.99 wt% was obtained at optimum conditions, with an acid value of 18.92 mg KOH $$\hbox {g}^{-1}$$ . Hence, a dual-stage acid-base transesterification was employed to produce biodiesel. It was followed by $$^{1}$$ H NMR spectroscopy study and fuel properties analysis. The highest conversion of 98% was ascertained using $$^{1}$$ H NMR spectroscopy, and the biodiesel fuel properties were found to comply with ASTM standards.

Thermal Properties of Green Fuel Briquettes from Residue Corncobs Materials Mixed Macadamia Shell Charcoal Powder

The objective of this research was to produce green fuel briquettes from corncobs by adding macadamia shell charcoal powder. The study was sectioned into 3 parts: 1) Quality improvement of green fuel briquettes by adding macadamia; 2) Fuel property analysis based on ASTM standards and thermal fuel efficiency; and 3) Economics appropriateness in producing green fuel briquettes. This research produced green fuel briquettes using the ratio of corncobs weight and macadamia shell charcoal powder in 100:0 90:10 80:20 70:30 60:40 and 50:50 and pressing in the cold briquette machine. Fuel property analysis showed that green fuel briquettes at the ratio 50:50 produced maximum heating values at 21.06 Megajoule per kilogram and briquette density of 725.18 kilograms per cubic meter, but the percent of moisture content, volatile matter, ash, and fixed carbon were 10.09, 83.02, 2.17 and 4.72 respectively. The thermal efficiency of green fuel briquettes averaged 20.22%. Economics appropriateness was most effective where the ratio of corncobs weight to macadamia shell charcoal powder was at 50:50 which accounted for the cost per kilogram at 5.75 Baht. The net present value was at 1,791.25 Baht. Internal rate of return was at 8.62 and durations for a payback period of investment was at 1.9 years which was suitable for investment.

3-7-2 新バイオディーゼル燃料HiBDの性状分析とエンジン特性(Session 3-7 BDF II・水熱II)

3-7-2 新バイオディーゼル燃料HiBDの性状分析とエンジン特性(Session 3-7 BDF II・水熱II)