Abstract
This study is reporting the biofuel synthesis and characterization from the novel non-edible feedstock cocklebur seeds oil. The Cocklebur crop seeds oil was studied as a potential source for biofuel production based on the chemical, structural and fuel properties analysis. The oil expression and FFAs content in cocklebur crop was reported 37.2% and 0.47 gram KOH/g, using soxhlet apparatus and acid base titration method, respectively. The maximum conversion and yield of the cocklebur crop seeds non-edible oil to biofuel was pursued 93.33%, using transesterification process. The optimum protocol for maximum conversion yield was adjusted: 1:7 oil-methanol molar ratios, ZnO nano-particle concentration 0.2 gm (w/w), reaction temperature 60°C, and reaction time 45 min, respectively. ZnO nano-particle was prepared by a modified sol-gel method, using gelatin and the particle was XRD, TEM, XPS, and UV-vis spectroscopies. Qualitatively, the cocklebur crop synthesized biofuel was quantified and structurally characterized by GC/MS, FT-IR, NMR, and AAS spectroscopies. Quantitatively, the fuel properties of cocklebur crop biofuel was analyzed and compared with the international ASTM and EN standards.
Highlights
The fossil fuel resources petroleum, coal and natural gas are the major energy sources all over the world
The present study aims to produce a quantitative and qualitative biodiesel from the proposed novel feedstock seeds oil through the double step process called esterification followed by transesterification, using acid catalyst H2SO4 and Zinc oxide (ZnO) nano-particle, respectively
Chemicals i.e., Sulfuric acid 98% and base catalyst Zinc oxide (ZnO) were used in esterification followed by transesterification reaction
Summary
The fossil fuel resources petroleum, coal and natural gas are the major energy sources all over the world. Continuing the above discussion, for biodiesel production low quality feedstocks must be utilized as crude resources In this regard, animal fats, waste frying oils and non-edible oils appear to be the most suitable crude resources. The flowering period stared from July to August and started fruiting (Figure 1B) in September to October (Acharya et al, 2019) It belongs to family Asteraceae and flourishes commonly in anxious, along lakes margins, streams sides, shores sides, marshes banks, banks of sloughs, railway tract sides and roads sides. Our literature survey show that there is no comprehensive work reported yet on this novel non-edible oil yielding energy crop species, on the production of biofuel (biodiesel) for bioenergy industry. Thereafter, to know the structure and nature of the novel non-edible feedstock synthesized biodiesel, possible analytical techniques: GC/MS, FTIR, NMR and AAS and various fuel properties tests are designed to be carried out in laboratory for the authenticate findings data and documentation
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