CI Engine Fuelled Research Articles

Exploring the efficiency and pollutant emission of a dual fuel CI engine using biodiesel and producer gas: An optimization approach using response surface methodology

The present study focuses on optimizing the engine operating parameters of a dual-fuel (DF) engine. Producer gas (PG) and Honge oil methyl ester (HOME) are used as primary fuel and pilot fuel respectively for the operation. An experimental design matrix of 20 different combinations was considered using Design of Experiments (DoE), based on the central composite design (CCD) of response surface methodology (RSM). The effects of these combinations were experimentally investigated to calculate the performance and emission characteristics of the engine. The objective of the work is to maximize the Brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and minimize the exhaust gas temperature (EGT), nitrogen oxide (NOx), hydrocarbon (HC), and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions. The RSM model is developed using the experimental data and further, the operating parameters were optimized using the desirability approach. The optimized combination of operating parameters was obtained at 61.10% engine load, compression ratio (CR) of 18, and injection timing (IT) of 23.30° before top dead center (BTDC). The optimum responses corresponding to these operating conditions were found as 14.23%, 354.29 °C, 52.18 ppm, 39.53 ppm, and 0.51% for BTE, EGT, NOx, HC, and CO respectively with an overall desirability of 0.962. The optimized responses were validated experimentally at optimum input conditions and found to be within acceptable error levels. Further, an economic analysis of the optimized DF system is also carried out.

Effect of Modified Combustion Chamber on Performance Characteristics by using Blends of Simarouba Biodiesel

This work aims to study combustion chamber geometry on combustion, performance and emissions of a biodiesel (Simarouba) fuelled modified piston diesel engine. In the existing consequence, biodiesels have established a lot of consideration as an alternate fuel for internal combustion engines. In accumulation, the biodiesels have poor atomization individualities due to diminished CA at the time of fuel injection. However, biodiesel properties are not similar to conventional CI engine fuels, predominantly their higher value of viscosity and lower volatility. This paper emphasizes adapting the internal burning engine combustion chamber structure to promote whirl to better the mixture burning. An assessment of works indicates that investigational studies have not accompanied a specially modified piston for appraising at a constant speed of 1500 revolutions per minute and a compression ratio (CR) of 17.50 at different injection pressure (IP) and different injection timing too. The performance considerations viz... Specific fuel consumption (SFC), brake thermal eff. (BTH), carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and unburnt hydrocarbons have been studied. This effort aims to analyze the effect of cylinder structure on burning and exhaust gas emissions of a biodiesel (Simorouba) fuelled specially modified piston conventional diesel engine. It is observed that the IC engine with personalized piston contributes to optimal performance. This exertion is to overview the effect of the specially modified piston on burning, performance parameters and engine exhaust emissions of a biodiesel (Simorouba) fuelled specially modified piston conventional diesel engine. The internal combustion engine under contemplation with specially modified piston gives optimal performance for the internal combustion engine. It has been noticed that the engine under consideration with threaded piston gives optimum performance.

Impact of alumina and cerium oxide nanoparticles on tailpipe emissions of waste cooking oil biodiesel fuelled CI engine

Biofuels are one of the most sought-after renewable energy sources to overcome the current energy crisis in the world. Diesel blended with esters derived from oils has shown appreciable results for...

Performance and Emission Characteristics of CI Engine Fuelled with Jatropha and Pongamia Biodiesel along with Alumina Nano particles

In this study an experimental investigation has been carried out on compression ignition engine to understand the engine behaviour like its performance and emission characteristics while using Aluminium oxide (Al2O3) nano particle as additive with a blend of diesel and biodiesel sourced from Jatropha and Pongamia vegetable oil. The Alumina nano particles are characterized by X- ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. The biodiesel is made engine ready with adoptable properties by carrying out standard alkali transesterification process. The alumina nano particles are blended with jatropha in the mass fractions of 50, 100, 150 ppm and with Pongamia biodiesel in the mass fractions of 40, 60 ppm using an ultrasonicator. The experiments are carried out in single cylinder four stroke variable compression ratio diesel engine by varying the load using eddy current dynamometer. The experimental results reveal that there is a significant improvement in the performance characteristics like brake thermal efficiency (BTHE) and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and reduction in the emission constituents like carbon monoxide (CO) and unburned hydrocarbon (HC) but in turn increase in nitric oxide (NOx) emissions were observed.

Artificial neural networks approach on vibration and noise parameters assessment of flaxseed oil biodiesel fuelled CI engine

The current research dwells the experimental investigation together with artificial neural networks analysis on vibration and noise intensity of VCR diesel engine energized with flaxseed oil biodiesel blends. The tests were carried out at four different loads, namely 25, 50, 75, and 100% and three compression ratios (16.5, 17.5, and 18.5). The vibration levels were measured at different locations of the engine body which accounts for the development of bulk vibration. The RMS acceleration (vibration) and RMS noise were calculated. The flaxseed biodiesel mixes have shown the positive outcome concerning vibration and noise intensities, and FSOME20 (20% blend) was revealed inferior to leftover fuel samples. Besides, the intensity of vibration and noise was seen superior at higher compression ratios and loads. The identical disparity was observed irrespective of the fuel samples. At peak load, the RMS acceleration of FSOME20 was reduced by 12.2, 12.05, and 16.74%, while the RMS noise was brought down by 6.8, 9.6, and 7.23% at CR16.5, CR17.5, and CR18.5, respectively. Finally, the experimental results were compared with artificial neural networks (ANNs) predicted outcomes. The coefficient of correlation (R2) and root mean square error (RMSE) noticed were 0.965 and 0.12% intended for vibration, whereas 0.989 and 0.56% for noise correspondingly.

Experimental studies to improve the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of wheat germ oil fuelled CI engine using bioethanol injection in PCCI mode

Bioethanol is gaining momentum to be the best suitable replacement fuel for internal combustion engines; since it can be produced from biomass and lesser NOx emissions due its increased latent heat of vaporization. It has high flame speed which helps to complete the combustion quickly in premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) mode. The focus of this work is to inject bioethanol in the inlet port with varying energy share; subsequently wheat germ oil is injected directly inside the combustion chamber. Experiments were conducted with various injection timing and duration for bioethanol to optimize for PCCI operation. The brake thermal efficiency of the wheat germ oil is lower than the diesel. The operation of bioethanol with wheat germ oil in PCCI mode improves the combustion behaviour and the significant improvement is seen with the emission and performance characteristics. Brake thermal efficiency increase to the maximum of 29.14% with 30% bioethanol energy share which is very closure to the diesel value of 29.78%. NO emission reduces from 813 ppm to 756 ppm with 30% energy share at maximum load. Smoke emission increases from 65% opacity with diesel to 78% opacity with wheat germ oil at maximum load. Addition of bioethanol decreases the smoke emission; it decreases from 78% opacity to 67% opacity with 30% bioethanol share. Addition of diesel improves the cylinder pressure from 62.4 bar to 67.6 bar at maximum load. Ignition delay and combustion duration are reduced with bioethanol addition due to higher flame speed which in turn increases the heat release rate.

Utilization of CNG in dual fuel engine: Review

Petroleum products have been utilized for the power generation in diesel engine. As the fossils fuels are depleting at a faster rate and from the environmental viewpoint, it is necessary to use alternative source of energy that could replace fossils fuels in existing engines. Because of the aforementioned reasons, numerous scientists have discovered different solutions for the substitution of petroleum diesel, one of the promising techniques is the utilization of gaseous fuel's viz., compressed natural gas (CNG) as primary fuel under dual fuel mode in a customized diesel engine. Most of the engine scientists have observed that by utilizing CNG in modified engine, leads to significant reduction in exhaust emissions owing to complete combustion at higher loads along with comparable performance in comparison to neat diesel. However, the performance of engine was improved substantially with the addition of nano particles in pilot fuel. Nevertheless, for long term benefits of CNG in conventional engine economic aspects should also be considered. Moreover, the performance can be optimized by modifying injection parameters as well as better mixture formation responsible for efficient combustion. Overall, it can be concluded that CNG fuelled CI engine can be utilized for higher performance with reduced exhalations.

Performance and exhaust emission analysis of a variable compression ratio (VCR) dual fuel CI engine fuelled with producer gas generated from pistachio shells

In the current scenario, interest in harvesting energy from non-conventional sources such as biomass has mount due to appalling increase in energy demand. In this research work, performance and emission characteristics of VCR engine operating with PG originated from pistachio shells gasification has been determined. During experimentation, results have been acquired by altering CR and brake power and then compared with standard diesel run results. Apart from emission and performance analysis, engine sound level and diesel saving have also been observed. The maximum diesel substitution of 46.66% has been observed in case of dual mode. In addition, NOX fraction in exhaust during dual mode has been measured as 12.06–37.27% lower than diesel run. The results suggested that brake thermal efficiency (ηbth) of 25.71% and 23.81% have been obtained during diesel and DF run. CO2 emission has been measured in DF mode as 17.62–67.14% (at 3.44 kW brake power) more than diesel run. Under similar conditions, CO emission in diesel mode has been decreased (ranging from 63.06 to 73.37%) when compared with DF run. Further, hydrocarbon emission level in DF mode has been discerned as 473–593% higher when compared with diesel run.

Performance, Emissions, Combustion and Vibration Analysis of a CI Engine Fueled with Coconut and Used Palm Cooking Oil Methyl Ester

Biodiesels from coconut and palm cooking oil are viable alternatives to diesel fuel due to their environmental sustainability and similar physicochemical properties compared to diesel. In the present study, these fuels were tested separately in a diesel engine by blending with fossil diesel in proportions of 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% by volume. Experiments were conducted under a constant brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) of 400 kPa and at 2000 rpm. The results revealed similarities in engine performance, emissions, combustion and engine block vibration for used palm cooking oil methyl ester (UPME) fuel blends and coconut methyl ester (CME) fuel blends. Most blends resulted in slight improvements in brake specific energy consumption (BSEC) and brake thermal efficiency (BTE). A maximum reduction of 54%, 89% and 16.8% in pollutant emissions of brake specific hydrocarbons (BSHC), brake specific carbon monoxide (BSCO) and brake specific nitrogen oxides (BSNOx), respectively, was observed with UPME and CME in the blends. The cylinder pressure profiles when UPME-diesel and CME-diesel blends were used were comparable to a standard diesel pressure trace, however, some deviations in peak pressure were also noticed. It was also apparent from the results that engine vibration was influenced by the type of methyl ester used and its blend composition. Notably, the rate of pressure increase was maintained within an acceptable limit when the engine was fueled with both of the methyl ester blends.

Experimental investigation on Jatropha oil Methyl Ester fuelled CI engine using high EGR

The present experiment is carried out to study the effect excess cooled exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on four-stroke, single-cylinder, air-cooled direct injection (DI) diesel engine. The biodiesel used is 100% JOME (Jatropha Oil Methyl Ester). Here jatropha oil methyl ester fuel is transesterified to reduce the viscosity as per ASTM standard. The experiment is conducted by different BMEP with a constant speed of 1500 rpm. An Extensive level of EGR (up to 75%) was used to achieve lower emissions. Experimental results were showed a reduction in NOx higher rate compares to another emission. Exhaust gas Emissions of hydrocarbons, Nitrous oxide, carbon monoxide was measured using gas analyzer. Thermocouple mounted on tailpipe is used to observed the exhaust gas temperature. The calculated thermal efficiency and exhaust emissions are compared with diesel. Reduction in NOx was 62.5% at 75% EGR at 50% load was observed but hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide emissions are increased with rising of EGR percentage.

Experimental investigations on performance, emission and combustion characteristics of Diesel-Hydrogen and Diesel-HHO gas in a Dual fuel CI engine

Stringent emission norms being followed throughout the world increases the demand for clean and green fuels. Gaseous fuels like compressed natural gas (CNG), liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and hydrogen are promising alternatives to conventional diesel and gasoline. The use of hydrogen in the IC engine has gained interest among the researchers as it can be easily produced from water through electrolysis. Electrolysis of water produces stoichiometric mixture of hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio of 2:1. This study investigates the performance and emission characters of introducing hydrogen and HHO gas in the inlet manifold of a compression ignition engine in dual fuel mode. Experiments were conducted at 5 different torque conditions where hydrogen and HHO gases are supplied at the flow rate of 6, 12, 18, 24, 30 and 36 LPM along with air in the inlet manifold. The HHO gas was synthesized using stored hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio of 2:1. The performance and emission characteristics were noted for all the conditions. The introduction of hydrogen and HHO gas has reduced the diesel energy share ratio by 86% and 70% respectively at no torque condition.HC emission was found to be decreased at high torque condition when compared to neat diesel operation. Significant increase in NOx emission was noted with increase in gases substitution and torque. CO2 and smoke emissions showed positively decreasing trend as the gas percentage increases, due to reduction in carbon content of the fuel mixture. The cylinder pressure reduced with increase in the flow rate of gases. Combustion duration increases with increase in flow rate as well as increase in torque. It was noted that Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) reduced for all operating conditions except at 6 LPM of HHO gas addition in the combustion chamber.

Experimental Investigations on Effect of Modified Piston Geometry in CI Engine Fuelled with Blends of Diesel and Tyre Pyrolysis Oil

The performance and emission characteristics of modification of piston geometry on compressed ignition engine with tyre pyrolysis blends was investigated. The piston geometry was changed to grooved piston (6-holes D8 and 6 mm depth with 2x2 mm slot, each hole on piston crown and 7 V-grooves cut on piston bowl) to create automatic internal swirling of air during suction stroke. Four different blends of diesel and tyre pyrolysis oil like TPO10, TPO20, TPO30 and TPO40 were used to conduct the experiments at a constant speed of 1200 rpm. Experimental results indicate that the brake thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption and volumetric efficiency are optimal at TPO20 i.e 20% blend with the grooved piston engine. Modified geometry piston with TPO20 blends given complete combustion as well as reduced hydro carbon, and CO emissions. Nitrogen oxides emission was remarkably maximum reduced at ideal condition operated with grooved piston compared to basic line engine. The emission rates were found linearly increasing for more than 20% of blending.

Effect of Modifications of Piston Bowl Geometry in Stationary Diesel Engine Fuelled with Biodiesel–A Comprehensive Review

The fossil fuels are depleting at an alarming rate and as a result its cost is also increasing rapidly. Effect of fossil fuel emissions in the atmosphere is observed more. In this context, effective alternator with suitable changes in the existing CI engine are required. One such alternator is Biodiesel. As literature reveals that usage of Biodiesel in the existing engine will not give the original performance as diesel. Therefore, it is necessary to study the suitable changes that are to be done in the existing engine.Piston Bowl Geometry (PBG) is the major factor in diesel engine, even slight modifications done in the PBG gives the large changes in the fuel consumption rate, Performance, Emissions and combustion parameters.This present article, reviews the detailed study of various Piston Bowl Geometries such as Re-entrant type, Toroidal type, trapezoidal, shallow depth etc.., in relevance with its design, performance, emissions and combustion characteristics. And it also reviews the suitability of modified PBG with Biodiesel fuelled CI engine as compared to existing Hemispherical PBG diesel engine which can be used in future to overcome the problems encountered in petroleum based fuel engines.

Experimental studies to evaluate the combustion, performance and emission characteristics of acetylene fuelled CI engine

In this current study, the author has conducted an experimental investigation on the acetylene dual fuel CI engine at different mass flow rates of LPM (2, 4, 6 and 8) in CI engine. The performance, emission and combustion characteristics of the acetylene dual-fuel engine (DFE) at various loading conditions were evaluated and compared with that of baseline diesel. It was observed that when acetylene was inducted at 4 LPM, the modified CI engine has comparable BTE, i.e. 30.3%. CO, HC and smoke decrease by 17%, 24%, 27% and 32%, respectively, at peak loads for 4 LPM acetylene dual-fuel engine with a slight penalty of NOx emission during the DFE mode. The consumption of diesel was reduced significantly by 26% at maximum load for 4 LPM. Overall, it can be concluded that the optimum flow rate of acetylene should be maintained at 4 LPM for effective utilisation of acetylene. Abbreviation: BMEP: brake mean effective pressure; BSU: Bosch smoke unit; BTE: brake thermal efficiency; CI: compression-ignition; CO: carbon mono oxide; CO2: carbon dioxide; D: diesel; DFE: dual fuel engine; DFC: dual fuel combustion; DI: direct injection; EGT: exhaust gas temperature; HC: hydrocarbon; H: hydrogen; HRR: heat release rate; IC: internal combustion; ID: ignition delay; LPM: litres per minute; NOx: oxides of nitrogen; PPM: parts per million; VCR: variable compression ratio

Degummed Pongamia oil – Ethanol microemulsions as novel alternative CI engine fuels for remote Small Island Developing States: Preparation, characterization, engine performance and emissions characteristics

Diminishing fossil fuel reserves, rising market price for diesel and the need to combat greenhouse gas emissions have led to the development of a crucial area of research into alternative fuels for diesel engines. In this work, a hybrid fuel was prepared for the first time by blending Pongamia oil, hydrated ethanol (95% purity) and butanol (as a surfactant). To eliminate engine modification and reduce injector clogging in the diesel engine, degummed Pongamia oil was utilized for preparing hybrid fuels. The results show that the density and viscosity of Pongamia oil reduced considerably after blending with ethanol and was brought closer to that of diesel. The gross calorific values were comparable with that of diesel. The brake thermal efficiencies of using hybrid fuels on a compression ignition engine were very similar to that of diesel. The emissions characteristics of hybrid fuels show reduced emissions of CO2, NOx and SO2. The hybrid fuel blends E22B27DPO51 and E17B16DPO67 prepared with degummed Pongamia oil show the lowest emissions. Thus, these hybrid fuels have the potential to substitute diesel to run diesel powered inter-island shipping vessels, fishing boats and smaller power plants for household electricity in remote and outer islands of developing countries.

Effect of electrostatic precipitator on exhaust emissions in biodiesel fuelled CI engine.

The exhaust emissions from the compression ignition engines are harmful to both human beings and the environment. After-treatment devices placed in the exhaust are designed to reduce these emissions. These devices have significant conversion efficiency but have various drawbacks such as the cost and availability of the precious catalyst for catalytic converters. In this work, an emission reduction setup was developed that can reduce NO, HC, CO and smoke simultaneously. The emission reduction setup is based on the concept of an electrostatic precipitator (ESP) and plasma generation by corona discharge technique. Both diesel and waste cooking oil biodiesel (WCO) were separately used for the test. The results show that HC emissions at full load with ESP system reduced from 0.71 to 0.27g/kWh for diesel and for WCO it reduced from 0.81 to 0.31g/kWh. Similarly, the CO emissions reduced from 1.50 to 0.6g/kWh for diesel and from 1.95 to 0.92g/kWh for WCO. The smoke emission and NO emission were also reduced by 30.86 and 29.3% for diesel and WCO and 17 and 18% for diesel and WCO, respectively. However, the carbon dioxide emissions were found to increase as the HC and CO generated were also converted to CO2. The study shows that the emission reduction setup can effectively reduce the emissions without any effect on the engine performance.

Prediction of homogeneous combustion by modification of the fuel combustion mechanism in a DME fueled CI engine

This study was performed to predict numerically the homogeneous combustion characteristics where the fuel combustion mechanism was modified in a DME fueled CI engine. To achieve this, detailed chemical kinetic reaction mechanisms were used for the prediction of homogeneous combustion of hydrocarbon fuels (diesel and DME). The results were compared in terms of cylinder pressure, heat release rate, and CO and NOX emissions. Calculations were performed using the detailed chemical kinetic mechanism, including 671 species and 2933 reactions for n-heptane (n-C7H16) and 96 species and 453 reactions for dimethyl ether (CH3OCH3). In addition, a modified NOX mechanism was added to investigate the accumulated results of NOX production. The engine experiments were conducted using a single cylinder CI engine with a common-rail injection system. The fuel injection quantity was set to 8 mg, and the injection pressure was maintained at 50 MPa at 1500 RPM. In this study, DME and diesel fuels were injected for inducing the homogeneous combustion at BTDC 60 and BTDC 40 degree. The modified mechanism hardly affected the overall chemical reactions, which was almost identical in comparison to the results of the conventional mechanism. In addition, the ignition delay was slightly faster in the calculation of the n-heptane mechanism because it showed that a high reaction rate was involved in the fuel oxidation and reaction of the NTC region. The combustion and exhaust emission characteristics of the homogeneous combustion simulation were in good agreement with the engine experimental results at BTDC 60 degree of injection timing, but the CO emission was over predicted when the n-heptane mechanism was employed in the DME combustion simulation. The chemical reactions of the DME combustion process were dominated by the forward reaction, which were CH3OCH3+O→CH3OCH2+OH and CH3OCH3+OH→CH3OCH2+H2O reactions. Furthermore, this study confirmed that an increase of OH radicals promotes the fuel oxidation reaction, and it can influence the combustion temperature, which also affected the processes of NOX production and CO oxidation reactions.

Influence of Zinc oxide on Direct Injection CI Engine Fueled With Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel

Influence of Zinc oxide on Direct Injection CI Engine Fueled With Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel

Effect of manifold injection of methanol/n-pentanol in safflower biodiesel fuelled CI engine

This paper intends to study the influence of methanol and n-pentanol pre-injection in the inlet manifold with safflower oil biodiesel (B100) as base fuel replacing diesel. Safflower oil biodiesel was prepared through the transesterification process. Experiments were conducted in a single cylinder CI engine with the test fuels to evaluate the performance, emission and combustion parameters. Methanol and n-pentanol were injected in the inlet manifold along with intake air which enters the combustion chamber during the intake stroke. Both methanol and n-pentanol were injected 10% and 30% on a mass basis along with B100. The results demonstrated that the brake thermal efficiency in comparison to neat biodiesel operation is higher with methanol and n-pentanol injection. On 10% mass basis, the efficiency is higher with n-pentanol engine operation than methanol whereas the trend is opposite when 30% mass percentage of alcohols is used, due to higher heat release with methanol since its latent heat of vaporization is highest. The HC, CO and NOx emissions were higher with alcohol injection. Whereas the smoke emissions reduced with alcohol injection. The reduction in smoke emissions is due to homogeneous mixture formation between the pre-injected alcohols and air and less amount of biodiesel injected in this mixture. The increase in the mass percentage of alcohol tends to lower the smoke emissions further.

Experimental investigation to analyze the effect of induction length of diesel-acetylene dual fuel engine

ABSTRACT Many scientists have utilized acetylene as a renewable fuel in the dual-fuel engine without considering the significance of induction length. This paper aims to study and analyze the effect of induction length for acetylene fueled CI engine. In this present study, the author has conducted an experimental investigation on a modified diesel engine in which acetylene is being inducted at different induction length of 25 cm, 50 cm, 75 cm and 100 cm away from the cylinder head. The results show that when acetylene is introduced with a constant flow rate of 1 LPM at 50 cm induction length, BTE is marginally lesser than neat diesel by 0.8%. BSEC increases during acetylene induction under lower loads due to the higher flame velocity of acetylene and minimum value i.e. 10.8 MJ/kWh is observed at full load when induction length is 50 cm for DFE. EGT is slightly lower than diesel for entire loading conditions for acetylene DFE. From the several trials which were conducted, the highest obtained value of peak cylinder pressure is 77.34 bar and the HRR is 51.9 J/°CA when the fuel is inducted at 50 cm. Moreover, CO value is 0.0087%, and HC is 0.024 g/kWh for 50 cm induction length, which is also lower than baseline diesel at full load. However, there is a slight increase in oxides of nitrogen at peak loads, which may be due to the higher combustion temperature. Overall, it can be concluded that the optimum length for acetylene induction is 50 cm. Abbreviation: BMEP: Brake Mean Effective Pressure; BP: Brake Power; BTE: Brake Thermal Efficiency; BSEC: Brake Specific Energy Consumption; CA: Crank Angle; CI: Compression-Ignition; CO: Carbon mono oxide; CV: Calorific Value; DFE: Dual Fuel Engine; DI: Direct Injection; EGT: Exhaust Gas Temperature; HC: Hydrocarbon; IC : Internal Combustion; ID: Ignition Delay; LPM: Liters Per Minute; NOx: Oxides of Nitrogen