FTIR Identification Research Articles

Pollution level and distribution characteristics of heavy metals and microplastics in the soils from the Qionghai Lake Wetland, Southwest China

Urban wetlands are reported to be ideal habitats for accumulation of HMs and MPs. However, study on combined pollution of HMs and MPs in soil is rare in urban wetland environment. In this study, the characteristics of HMs and MPs in the soils of the Qionghai Lake wetland in southwest China were studied by using ICP–MS, and FTIR. The results showed that the average concentration of HMs in soil ranges from 0.84 to 552.75 (mg/kg). According to the EF and Igeo analysis results, Cd and Cr in the soil were significant enriched (EF=12.64) and moderately enriched (EF=2.09), and were at the moderate to heavy pollution level (Igeo = 2.83) and the unpolluted to moderate pollution level (Igeo = 0.23), and the other elements were at a low level. MPs are emerging micropollutants in the soil environment, and the abundance (pieces/g) of MPs in the soil was 3.90, 7.00, 3.10, 3.40, 14.80, and 1.10 at Stations M1, M2, M3, M4, M8, and M9, respectively, with an average of 5.55 ± 4.92. Films represented the main microplastic shape, accounting for 81.55 %, followed by fibers, accounting for 11.33 %. The proportion of MPs with a particle size of 0.1–0.5 mm is the highest. Black, blue, and green are the predominant colors found in MPs. Polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) were the main MP materials based on FTIR identification, accounting for 52.16 % and 42.31 % of the total MPs, respectively. The pollution load index (PLI) of MPs was 2.2, which is a level Ⅰ pollution. The research on HMs and MPs in urban wetland soil is still in its preliminary stage. Our aim is to offer a fresh perspective for evaluating the pollution status and risk associated with these two pollutants in urban wetland soil, while also providing a valuable reference for subsequent studies on wetland soil pollutants.

Plastic Debris in the Stomach of the Invasive Signal Crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus from a Baltic Coastal River

The signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus is one of the most widespread non-indigenous crayfish in Europe and is of interest to aquaculture in many countries. Once they escape into the wild, they disperse and become a potential source of food exploited for consumption by local inhabitants. The ingestion of plastics by the invasive signal crayfish in the Wieprza River, a tributary to the Baltic Sea, was determined by the FTIR identification of plastic compounds found in stomachs. The occurrence of plastic debris in the stomachs of P. leniusculus is reported for the first time. Plastic particles with the size range between 70 and 450 µm were observed only among crayfish inhabiting the lower, urbanized part of the river (7.3% of specimens). The presence of PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene), cellophane, PP (polypropylene), PE (polyethylene), PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate), and nylon was confirmed with the highest frequency of PTFE in the stomachs of crayfish. Fibres were the predominant type of microplastics in crayfish stomachs. The results indicated the size-selective uptake and ingestion of plastics depending on the traits of the species and environment.

Fabrication and characterization of inorganic-organic hybrid copper ferrite anchored on chitosan Schiff base as a reusable green catalyst for the synthesis of indeno[1,2-b]indolone derivatives.

This study presents a description of the catalytic synthesis of indeno[1,2-b]indolone derivatives. In this method, initially, a Schiff base compound was synthesized from the reaction of acetylacetone with 2-hydroxyaniline. Then, the prepared Schiff base was immobilized on chelated magnetic copper ferrite nanoparticles with a chitosan surface to design and prepare the CuFe2O4@CS-SB nanocomposite. Further, the one-pot multi-component cyclization reaction of aniline, dimedone and ninhydrin was conducted using the synthesized nanocomposite as a heterogeneous acid catalyst in water solvent under thermal conditions. In this reaction, the products were obtained in excellent yields and short reaction times, and the catalyst could be recycled and reused six times without any loss in product yields. By conducting FT-IR spectroscopy, 1H NMR spectroscopy, XRD, FE-SEM, TGA, elemental mapping scanning, EDX and BET analyses, the structure of the nanocatalyst was characterized. In addition, for the identification of organic compounds, FT-IR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectroscopies and melting point analysis were used, which confirmed the synthesis of this class of derivatives.

Isolation of Cellulase from Selected Fungal Strains and Its Use for Manufacture Microcrystal Cellulose from Kapuk Cortex (Ceiba Pentandra (L.) Gaertn)

This study aims to obtain cellulase enzymes from selected molds for microcrystalline cellulose preparation from ????-cellulose of kapok cortex. Alpha-cellulose was obtained by biodelignification, and the purified cellulase was obtained from the selected mold. The Microcrystalline cellulose obtained from enzymatic hydrolysis was then identified FTIR and DSC, followed by characterization of microcrystalline cellulose, Particle Size and Distribution Analysis (PSA), and Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), Loss on drying, pH, bulk density, tapped density, and flow rate. Biodelignification produced 14.88% ????-cellulose, Penicillium sp. the selected mold had the highest cellulase activity, with a cellulolytic index of 4.83. FTIR identification was similar to Avicel PH 101 with a melting point of 244.580°C. Loss on drying was 3.74%, pH was 7.0, particle size ranged from 13.06 to 196.79 ????m, bulk density and tapped density were 0.11 g/cm3 and 0.23 g/cm3, respectively flow rate character is quite good. SEM-EDX was showed that the morphological shape of the microcrystalline cellulose of the kapok cortex is elongated. Microcrystalline cellulose has shown a quite similar in character and can be furthered.

Synthesis of β-FeOOH/polyaniline heterogeneous catalyst for efficient photo-Fenton degradation of AOII dye.

Discharge of the untreated dye-containing wastewaters will induce water source pollution and further harm aquatic organisms. In this study, the akaganéite/polyaniline catalyst (β-FeOOH/PANI, about 1.0μm) could be successfully composed by polyaniline (PANI, (C6H7N)n, 200-300nm) and akaganéite (β-FeOOH, FeO(OH)1-xClx, less than 200nm), according to the identification and characterization results of XRD, Ramon, FTIR, XPS, SEAD, EDS, and FESEM (or HRTEM). Due to PANI providing more photogenerated electrons, the β-FeOOH/PANI composite (compared with β-FeOOH) in photo-Fenton system had the more highly catalytic degradation capacity to Acid Orange II (AOII) under an optimal condition (7.5mmol/L of H2O2 oxidant, 40mg/L of AOII, 0.2g/L of catalyst dosage, and pH 4.0). The AOII degradation kinetics could be well fitted by pseudo-first-order model. In photo-Fenton catalytic process of AOII dye, the ∙OH and h+ were the main reaction substances. The AOII in solutions could be gradually mineralized into non-toxic inorganic H2O molecule and CO2. The β-FeOOH/PANI catalyst also had a good reusable ability of about 91.4% AOII degradation after 4 runs. These results can provide a reference for synthesis of catalyst used in photo-Fenton system and the applications in degradation removal of organic dye from wastewaters.

Deteksi Jejak Komponen Polimer Geomembran pada Garam dengan Alas Pengering Plastik Geomembran

The use of geomembrane plastic in salt production has been effectively used since 2012. Geomembrane plastic can increase the growth of salt production by almost 100%. Geomembrane plastic is a relatively thin, interconnected polymer sheet. Geomembrane plastic is used repeatedly for approximately two years and is exposed to sunlight. This research was conducted to determine the traces of geomembrane polymer components in salt dried in the sun using a geomembrane plastic drying mat. UV-Visible was used to detect the presence of traces of polymer components and determine the functional groups of polymer components using FTIR spectroscopy. The results of the UV-Visible identification of salt water and polluted distilled water showed the presence of two migrating chemical elements and the FTIR identification of the samples showed absorption peaks at 3874-3209 cm?¹ O-H, 3059-2782 cm?¹ C-H, 1709-1509 cm?¹ C=C, 1378 cm?¹ CH and 1224-1068 cm?¹ C-C. The geomembrane plastic molecules that are thought to migrate to the salt are the HDPE copolymer and the antioxidant additive Irganox 1330.

AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN DAN KARAKTERISASI ISOLAT DARI FRAKSI n-HEKSANA PADA RUMPUT LAUT (Caulerpa sertularioides) ASAL SINGKAWANG KALIMANTAN BARAT (ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND ISOLATE CHARACTERIZATION OF n-HEXANE FRACTION IN SEAWEED (Caulerpa sertularioides) FROM SINGKAWANG WEST KALIMANTAN)

Seaweed (Caulerpa sertularioides) is one of the marine plants of West Kalimantan, which contains bioactive compounds that can act as antioxidants. The purpose of this study was to determine antioxidant activity and identify components of organic compounds in seaweed C. sertularioides. This research was carried out in several stages, namely extraction, fractionation, antioxidant test (DPPH), vacuum liquid chromatography (KVC), gravity column chromatography (KKG), and two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography (2-Dimensional TLC), and characterization. Antioxidant activity test by DPPH method on methanol extract, n-hexane fraction, and fraction DCM from seaweed C. sertularioides obtained IC50 values of 82.21 g/mL (strong antioxidant), 131.2 g/mL (medium antioxidant), and 192.43 g/mL (weak antioxidant). The results of the FT-IR identification of isolate I4 showed a strong absorption at 3483-3387 cm-1,which was specific for the OH group. The presence of strong absorption of 2926-2854cm-1 C-H stretching group, a wide absorption of 1338 cm-1 of methyl and methylene groups (stretching). There was a strong absorption of 1543-1463 cm-1 C-O ester group (bend), a broad absorption of 1074 cm-1 C-O (stretching), and absorption of 1795-1735 cm-1 specific for the C=O ester group. The results of GC-MS on isolate I4 indicated the main component was compound 1-nonadecene (14.09%), Trifluoroacetoxy hexadecane based on the literature, the compound included the organic component of fatty acids, and esters

Investigation of probiotic potential of yeasts isolated from sourdoughs from different regions of Turkey

Abstract In this study, 14 yeast cultures from 62 isolates from traditional sourdoughs collected from 6 different regions of Turkey were selected by FT-IR identification and characterised to reveal their probiotic properties. Four yeast strains were genotypically identified and compared with FT-IR identification. In all analyses, it was observed that mostly Saccaromyces cerevisiae strain exhibited high hydrophobicity, auto-aggregation feature, and all yeast isolates in this study showed tolerance to 0.3%, even salt concentration. In addition, all yeast strains were susceptible to anti-yeasts agents, although they were resistant to all antibiotics used in the study. All selected yeast isolates exhibited high antimicrobial activity against the Staphylococcus aureus. In conclusion, this study investigated the potential probiotic properties of yeast strains isolated from sourdough.

FAAS, FT-IR and XRD Identification of Natural and Heat Treated Opals Located in Wadla Woreda, North Wello, Ethiopia

Opals are naturally occurring hydrous silica materials (SiO2*nH2O), and have been largely used in jewelry and as decorative elements in artworks due to their optical properties. In this study, we present some gemological properties, a combined spectroscopic (FAAS, FTIR) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) identification of natural and heat treated opals obtained from the main deposits in North Wollo, Ethiopia. The gemological measurements, FTIR and XRD spectra for natural and heat treated samples are nearly identical, FAAS shows clear differences on their color this may be due to the concentration differences of metals. Both of these opals showed spectra and diffraction patterns typical of Opal-CT, with clearly defined patterns and main peaks in the 2θ range of cristobalite and tridymite, called microcrystalline opals.

Cationic Bola Form Metallosurfactants Based on Isothiouronium, Synthesis and Anti-Microbial Activity

Abstract Two series of well-defined dimeric metallo-bolaamphiphiles (bola surfactants) with the coordinated metal ions (Cu, Co, Zn) were prepared. These oligomeric surfactants consist of simple monomeric cationic surfactant fragments which are coupled via the hydrophilic ammonium chloride head groups by C6 and C12 spacer groups of different lengths. FTIR and 1HNMR identification techniques confirmed the obtained products. Measurements of surface tensions showed that the synthesized Bola amphiphiles have the desired, relatively low critical micelle formation concentrations (CMC). Bola amphiphiles with long spacer groups (C12) have a pronounced surface activity. The properties of these cationic surfactant oligomers in aqueous solution such as micellization and surface activity were discussed in relation to spacer group. In addition, the synthesized compounds were examined for their anti-microbial activity using the agar diffusion technique.

The effects of several parameters on the storage stability of the melamine-formaldehyde (MF) polymers by using a traditional design of experiment (DOE) software

Melamine-formaldehyde (MF) polymer is a hard, thermosetting plastic material made from melamine and formaldehyde by polymerization. The limited storage stability of MF polymer solutions hampers the applicability of these resins. The effects of several operative parameters, viz., reaction vessel pH, reaction time and temperature on the synthesized polymers (resins) stability time were investigated. The results were supported by FTIR, DSC and TGA identification techniques. A design of experiment (DOE) software was employed to derive an appropriate equation to predict the stability time of the synthesized MF polymer and also, to derive the optimum values of the studied parameters. The experimental tests showed that the studied parameters were effective on the stability of the MF. The original MF polymer solutions had less stability than water-diluted polymer solutions. The FTIR spectrums proved the bridge formation between two methylol-melamines and consequently, MF polymer synthesis. The DOE software suggested a second-order polynomial equation to predict the stability time of the MF polymers. The software also suggested the optimum parameters’ values of 8.47, 1.87 h and 71.36 °C for the reaction vessel pH, reaction time and temperature, respectively. By using the aforementioned optimum values, the stability time was calculated as 22.44 days.

Anticancer activity in 2-methoxy-4-((4-methoxy-phenilimino)-methyl)-phenol compound on T47D breast cancer cells

2-methoxy-4-((4-methoxyphenilimino)-methyl)-phenol compound is a Schiff base compound synthesized from vanillin and p-anisidin. The purpose of this research is to determine the stability of the 2-methoxy-4-((4-methoxyphenilimino) methyl) phenol compound and to test the anticancer activity of 2-methoxy-4-((4-methoxyphenilimino) methyl) phenol in inhibiting T47D breast cancer cells. The stability of the 2-methoxy-4-((4-methoxy-phenylimino)-methyl)- phenol compound was carried out by characterization using chemical tests, identification using FTIR and GC-MS. While the anticancer activity test of compound 2-methoxy-4-((4- methoxifenilimino) methyl) phenol using the MTT method. The results of re-characterization using chemical tests, identification of FTIR and KG-SM showed the compound was still stable. The IC50 value of compound 2-methoxy-4-((4-methoxyphenilimino) methyl) phenol was 353,038 μg/mL which showed weak activity in inhibiting T47D breast cancer cells.

Synthesis and Characterization of Zeolite Lynde Type A (LTA): Effect of Aging Time

Zeolite Lynde Type A (LTA) has been widely applied, such as adsorbent, catalyst, membrane, ion exchanger, and even molecular sieve. As molecular sieve, the zeolite LTA has high dehydration ability and has a prospect as separation agent such as water removal from the ethanol-water mixture to obtain high purity bioethanol. Furthermore, it can repeatedly be used, lower energy usage, and environmentally friendly. Due to the number of advantages possessed, this research conducted to synthesize the zeolite LTA. The sources of silica and alumina used are from Coal Bottom Ash (CBA), PLTU Tarahan, Indonesia. CBA is a waste of coal burning that has not fully utilized. This effect of aging time was examined to obtain the highest percentage of its crystallinity. The results showed that 36 hours aging gave a product of zeolite with the best characteristics. The XRD analysis reported that this zeolite had 89.43% of crystallinity. The FTIR identification showed the presence of double rings structure which is characteristic of zeolite LTA. Finally, the result of SEM expressed the morphology of zeolite A on 3.163 μm of crystal size.

Phytochemical Screening by FTIR Spectroscopic Analysis and Antibacterial Activity of Sesbania grandiflora

Sesbania grandiflora is a medicinal plant that has been used by many Indonesian people. They have the ability as antibacterial because they contain bioactive compounds that inhibit bacterial growth. Sesbania grandiflora also contains other active compounds such as tannins, saponins, steroids, flavonoids, and terpenoids. This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of extracts, n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction and water fraction of Sesbania grandiflora against Edwardsiella tarda using the well diffusion method in different concentration (75 ppm, 150 ppm dan 225 ppm), and knowing the active compounds of FTIR absorption bands. MIC ( minimum inhibitory concentration ) value of extract, n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water fractions respectively was 0.51 %, 1.11 %, 0.97 %, dan 0.79 %. InIibitory zone diameter of the n-hexane fraction is most active against Edwardsiella tarda bacteria. The results of FTIR identification showed that n-hexane fraction contained flavonoids and terpenoids, as seen from absorption bands that function as antibacterial compounds. Keywords: antibacterial, Edwardsiella tarda, FTIR, Phytochemical Sesbania grandiflora .

A new approach to the green synthesis of imidazole-containing polymer ligands and cryogels

Here we propose a new approach to the synthesis of polyallylamine (PAA) and polyethylenimine (PEI) derivatives containing 5-methyl-4-imidazolyl moiety. The developed approach is based on usage of an effective method of polymer transformation under «synthesis in gel» conditions in aqueous solutions under reflux via interactions of aminopolymers with 5-methyl-4-imidazolylmethanol as a non-standard reagent for nucleophilic substitution. Nontoxicity of the alkylating agent and transformation in aqueous medium assure significant preparative advantages and eco-friendliness of this approach to the synthesis of imidazole-containing polymers. It was found that N-functionalization proceeds simultaneously with cross-linking of the derivatives; however, using pre-crosslinked PAA cryogels, the same functionalization strategy can be applied to obtain highly porous materials. The composition of the derivatives was characterized using the elemental analysis and thermogravimetry with FT-IR identification of gaseous destruction products. The structure of the derivatives was confirmed using the FT-IR spectroscopy and 13C and 15N NMR spectroscopy in the solid state. The resulted imidazole-containing derivatives of PAA (IMPAA) and PEI (IMPEI) were compared with the imidazolylmethyl derivative of natural aminopolymer chitosan (IMC) and unmodified polymers (PAA, PEI, and chitosan) in terms of the Ni(II) ions sorption. It was demonstrated that that introduction of imidazolylmethyl groups remarkably increases sorption capacity of all polymers toward Ni(II) ions, which is changed depending on the polymer structure in the following order: IMPEI > IMC > PEI > IMPAAcryogel > IMPAA > PAA.

PEMBUATAN DAN KARAKTERISASI ARANG AKTIF DARI BAMBU APUS (Gigantochloa apus) DENGAN AKTIVATOR H3PO4

This paper discusses the manufacture and characterization of activated carbon from bamboo apus (Gigantochloa apus) with H3PO4 activator. The aims of study were to determine the optimum carbonization temperture and time as well as the amount of phosphoric acid required as the chemical activator. In addition, the activated carbon was also characterized following the Indonesian National Standard (SNI-1995) for activated carbon. Tthe activated carbon functional groups was determined using FTIR spectroscopy. The result showed that the optimum temperature of carbonization was 600oC, the carbonization time was 90 minutes and the phosphoric acid required was 20 gram for 1 gram carbon. Under these conditions, the activated carbon resulted met SNI-1995 with the characteristics as follows: the water content was (1.11±0.83%), the level of volatile substances was (8.13± 0.27%), the total ash amount was (7.33±1.35%), the carbon contents was (83.40±0.27%). and the absorption capacities of iodine and methylen blue were of 1057.75 mg/g, 472.88 mg/g, respectively. FTIR identification indicated the existence of some functional groups, namely aromatik, ketone, and hydroxyl.

A method for the characterisation of microplastics in sludge

Microplastics (MP) have become a concern owing to their increasing detection in the environment and potential impact on ecosystems. One of the main MP reservoirs is sludge generated during wastewater treatment. Estimates suggest that, through sludge settling, treatment processes remove between 80 and 90 % of MP present in wastewater. Nevertheless, reliable measurements of actual plastics loads retained by sludge are still lacking for management purposes. Hence, our goal was to validate a quick method for MP quantitation in sludge. Recovery tests were conducted with red low-density polyethylene (LDPE) fragments whose sizes ranged between 5 to 1 mm, 1 to 0.5 mm and 500 to 150 μm. For each size fraction, either 10 or 100 LDPE fragments were spiked into wet sludge (50 mL). Subsequent LDPE analysis involved steps such as freeze-drying, sieving, Fenton purification, visual shorting and FTIR identification. When expressed as number of fragments, quantitative (i.e. percentage values between 80 and 100) were obtained regardless of size fraction or initial spiked number. In terms of total spiked LDPE weight, however, recoveries consistently exceeded 100 % because LDPE fragments retained other materials. Such residues contributed to an overestimation of MP by weight up to 33 % of the 500−150 μm fraction.•Method was validated by spiking LDPE fragments.•Recoveries based on MP number showed good precision and accuracy.•Residues attached to MP resulted in overestimated recoveries by MP weight up to 33 %.

Lysozyme-Induced Degradation of Chitosan: The Characterisation of Degraded Chitosan Scaffolds

Up till now, chitosan has confirmed its versatile application in skin, cartilage and bone tissue engineering, as well as in drug delivery applications. This study is focused on enzymatic degradation of porous chitosan structures usually designed for mentioned purposes. In vitro degradation was monitored during four weeks of incubation at physiological temperature and in two different media, phosphate buffer saline solution and water. The scaffolds were characterised before and after enzymatic degradation using scanning electron microscopy and infrared spectroscopy with Fourier transformations (FTIR). According to the gravimetric analysis, higher weight loss of chitosan scaffolds was observed in buffered medium with respect to the water. The results implied that the total weight loss obtained in buffer involves physical dissolution of chitosan and lysozyme cleavage of glycoside bond. Importantly, FTIR identification of chitosan scaffolds after enzymatic degradation indicated the absence of lysozyme activity in water, indicating that weight loss is a result of the chitosan dissolution. This finding greatly impacts design of degradation experiments and characterisation of degradation behaviour of chitosan-based materials utilised as implants or drug delivery systems.

A novel library-independent approach based on high-throughput cultivation in Bioscreen and fingerprinting by FTIR spectroscopy for microbial source tracking in food industry.

The source tracking of fungal contamination in the food industry is an important aspect of food safety. Currently, all available methods are time consuming and require the use of a reference library that may limit the accuracy of the identification. In this study, we report for the first time, a library-independent FTIR spectroscopic approach for MST of fungal contamination along the food production line. It combines high-throughput microcultivation and FTIR spectroscopy and is specific on the genus and species level. Therefore, such an approach possesses great importance for food safety control in food industry.

Vibrational (FT-IR, Raman) and DFT analysis on the structure of labile drugs. The case of crystalline tebipenem and its ester

A tebipenem is active form of the first, oral carbapenem antibiotic – tebipenem pivoxyl. The optimized conformations of tebipenem pivoxyl and tebipenem were determinated by quantum-chemical calculations performed with the use of B3LYP functional and 6-31G(d,p) as a basis set. For the most stable conformations of tebipenem and its ester were established theoretical Raman and FT-IR spectra. The theoretical approach in significant part was support for identification of experimental Raman (400–4000 cm−1) and FT-IR (100–4000 cm−1) of tebipenem and tebipenem pivoxil. The geometric structure of molecules, HOMO and LUMO orbitals and molecular electrostatic potential were also determined. The benefits of applying FT-IR and Raman scattering spectroscopy for characterization of tebipenem and its ester consisted in demonstrating differences in their spectral properties.