Fruit Cultivars Research Articles

The comparative analysis of pectin methyl esterase activity of the bagged fruits of pear cultivars based on methanol assay

ISHS III International Organic Fruit Symposium and I International Organic Vegetable Symposium The comparative analysis of pectin methyl esterase activity of the bagged fruits of pear cultivars based on methanol assay

Shotgun proteomics of Nanicão and Prata bananas reveals changes that may account for their different resistance to low temperature

Low-temperature storage has been widely used to extend the post-harvest life of many fruits. However, tolerance to cold is largely variable even among different fruit cultivars. In this regard, the banana cultivars Nanicão and Prata display different responses to low-temperature storage. Prata is less affected by cold storage, while the synthesis of volatiles is drastically reduced in Nanicão bananas. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of low temperature storage at the proteome level using a shotgun proteomics approach to identify a large number of proteins in these banana varieties. Seventy-four differentially expressed proteins were identified in cv. Prata and 43 in cv. Nanicão. Principal component analysis indicated that samples from control and cold storage groups could be differentiated based on their proteome. Overall, low temperatures decreased proteins related to carbohydrate metabolism and energy, defense, and transport in Nanicão bananas. Contrastingly, low temperatures induced the accumulation of proteins for carbohydrate metabolism and energy, transport, and defense in Prata bananas. Therefore, the observed changes in the proteome during cold acclimation and ripening in Nanicão and Prata bananas can explain, at least in part, the differences in low-temperature tolerance between these cultivars.

Oil Quantity, Chemical and Organoleptic Properties of Three Olive Cultivars Grown under Irrigation at a Typical Arid Region in Jordan as Influenced by Harvesting Method and Date

An experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of harvesting method and harvesting date on the quality and quantity of three olive genotypes. Olive fruits of cultivars "Ayvalik", "Grossa de Spain" and "Nabali" were harvested on October 20 and November 13, 2017, using hand and mechanical (by combs) harvesting methods. Olive fruits were pressed then, olive oil samples were analyzed for acidity, peroxide value, refractive index, olive oil percentage, and sensory properties. The results showed that the harvesting method did not significantly affect oil quantity and chemical analysis, but affected sensory properties of olive oil, where the harvesting method by hand gave the highest (fruity, bitter, and pungent) and the lowest negative attributes (fusty, musty and rancid). Furthermore, as ripening progressed, there was an increase in olive oil percentage, oil acidity and peroxide value. The positive attributes (fruity, bitter and pungent) were significantly decreased while negative attributes (fusty, musty and rancid) were increased as ripening progressed. On the contrary, the refractive index (at 25°C) remains almost constant. The response of olive cultivars to harvesting was inconstant and did not respond similarly, "Ayvalik" had the highest acidity and peroxide value, while "Grossa de Spain" had the highest oil percentage. In addition, "Nabali" had the highest positive attributes. The lowest acidity, peroxide value and negative attributes were obtained for "Nabali". The result proved that olive cultivars and harvesting date and method combine together to influence acidity, peroxide value and sensory properties (fusty, musty, rancid, fruity, and bitter) of olive oil.

Mineral composition of repair raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) fruits.

In recent years, raspberry breeding has shifted its emphasis from agronomic performance to characteristics related to the sensory qualities of the fruit and its potential health benef its. The therapeutic and preventive properties of raspberries are related to their biochemical composition. In this regard, the purpose of the work was to determine the content of macro- and micronutrients in fruits of different cultivars of repair raspberry using modern high-tech analytical methods and the selection of genetic sources of the analyzed elements for further breeding. The objects of the research were 17 cultivars of repair raspberry of different ecological and geographical origin from the genetic plant bioresource collection of FSBSO ARHCBAN. It was found that the ash residue of berries contains 12 major elements, which form the following descending series: K > P > Mg ≥ Mo > Ca > S ≥ Ni > Zn > Mn > Se > Fe ≥ Co. The largest proportion of ash residue in raspberry fruits is K. Depending on the cultivar, its quantity averaged from 12.81 wt % (Samorodok and Karamelka) to 22.37 wt % (Atlant). The minimum K content was observed in the ash of the Carolina cultivar (5.62 wt %), while in berries of this cultivar Mg (2.91), Ca (2.62) and Zn (0.14 wt %) accumulated above average. Among the group of early maturing cultivars, the cultivar Yubileinaya Kulikova stands out with a high content of Mo (4.63), Ca (2.19), Fe (0.25) and Co (0.21 wt %). The cultivar Pingvin is characterized by a high content of K (22.65) and Se (0.31 wt %). The medium maturity cultivar Samorodok is characterized by a higher content of P (4.08), S (0.47), Ni (0.51) and Zn (0.26 wt %). Among the late maturing cultivars, the cultivar Poranna Rosa stands out with the preferential accumulation of nine elements: Mg (2.98), P (4.42), S (0.36), K (20.34), Ca (1.71), Mn (0.14), Co (0.13), Se (0.21) and Mo (3.08 wt %). Correlation relationships between the elements have been established. Samples with the highest accumulation of macro- and microelements in berries represent genetic sources for further selection of raspberry for improvement of the mineral composition of fruits.

Effect of Ozonation on the Mechanical, Chemical, and Microbiological Properties of Organically Grown Red Currant (Ribes rubrum L.) Fruit

Red currant fruits are a valuable source of micro- and macronutrients, vitamins, and chemical compounds with health-promoting properties, the properties of which change depending on the harvest date and the time and method of storage. This study analysed the effect of applying 10 ppm ozone gas for 15 and 30 min on the mechanical properties, chemical properties and microbiological stability of three organic-grown red currant fruit cultivars. Fruits harvested at the time of harvest maturity had significantly larger diameters and weights and lower water contents compared with fruits harvested seven days earlier, and the ozonation process, regardless of its harvesting date, reduced the physical parameters in question (diameter, weight, and water content). The ascorbic acid content of the ozonated fruit varied, with the highest decreases observed for fruit harvested 7 days before the optimal harvest date and stored for 15 days under refrigeration (an average decrease of 13.31% compared with the control fruit without ozonation). In general, the ozonation process had a positive effect on the variation of fruit antioxidant activity, with the highest average values obtained for fruit harvested 7 days before the optimum harvest date and stored for 15 days under refrigeration conditions; in addition, it also had an effect on reducing the development of microorganisms, including mesophilic aerobic bacteria, yeasts, and moulds, mainly for the cultivar 'Losan'.

Monitoring Volatile Organic Compounds in Different Pear Cultivars during Storage Using HS-SPME with GC-MS

Aroma, which plays an essential role in food perception and acceptability, depends on various mixture of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Meanwhile, as a field of metabolomics, VOC analysis is highly important for aroma improvement and discrimination purposes. In this work, VOCs in pear fruits were determined via headspace solid-phase micro-extraction (HS-SPME) combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to study variations among different cultivars and storage stages. In 12 cultivars of pear fruits, a total of 121 VOCs were quantified, including 40 esters, 32 alcohols, 16 aldehydes, 13 alkenes, 11 ketones, 4 acids, and 5 other compounds. The types and amounts of VOCs in different cultivars varied dramatically, which were in the range of 13-71 and 3.63-55.65 mg/kg FW (fresh weight), respectively. The Dr. Guyot cultivar showed the highest level of VOCs, both in type and amount. After 21 days storage at 4 °C, total concentration of VOCs increased from initial levels of 50.76 to 101.33 mg/kg FW. Storage at 20 °C made a larger contribution to production for VOCs than that at 4 °C, resulting in the maximum content of VOCs (117.96 mg/kg FW) in fruit after 14 days storage at 4 °C plus 7 days at 20 °C. During storage, the content of esters showed a gradual increase, while the content of alcohols and aldehydes decreased. Based on the results presented, related alcohols were recognized as the intermediates of conversion from aldehydes to esters.

Mechanism of Stone (Hardened Endocarp) Formation in Fruits: An Attempt toward Pitless Fruits, and Its Advantages and Disadvantages.

Stone (hardened endocarp) has a very important role in the continuity of plant life. Nature has gifted plants with various seed protection and dispersal strategies. Stone-fruit-bearing species have evolved a unique adaptation in which the seed is encased in an extremely hard wood-like shell called the stone. The lignification of the fruit endocarp layer produces the stone, a feature that separates drupes from other plants. Stone cells emerge from parenchyma cells after programmed cell death and the deposition of cellulose and lignin in the secondary cell wall. Generally, the deposition of lignin in primary cell walls is followed by secondary thickening of cell walls to form stone cells. This review article describes the molecular mechanisms and factors that influence the production of stone in the fruit. This is the first review article that describes the molecular mechanisms regulating stone (harden endocarp) formation in fruits. This article will help breeders understand the molecular and genetic basis for the stone formation in fruit, and this could lead to new and innovative directions to breed stoneless fruit cultivars in the future.

Total phenolics, quercetin glycosides and antioxidant activity in organic and conventional orchards in three apple cultivars during fruit growth

Aim of study: To evaluate whether organic and conventional management practices, cultivar and fruit growth stage affect total phenolic content, antioxidant activity and quercetin glycosides in apples of three cultivars. Area of study: The trials were conducted in commercial orchards located in Chimbarongo, O’Higgins Region, Chile. Material and methods: Two types of orchard management (organic and conventional) were studied in three apple cultivars: Gala 'Brookfield', Granny Smith and Fuji 'Raku Raku'. Total phenolic content, antioxidant activity and quercetin glycosides were evaluated according to management practices, fruit growth stage, cultivar, fruit weight and skin surface. Data were analyzed statistically using a truncated multiple regression model. Main results: No differences were found between organic and conventional management regarding polyphenol concentration and antioxidant activity, except for specific quercetin glycosides. However, significant differences were observed between cultivars in both variables, as well as in fruit development throughout the season, which showed a significant dilution of polyphenols and antioxidant activity as the fruit grew. Research highlights: Cultivar and fruit growth stage were decisive in total phenolic content, glycosidic quercetins and apples antioxidant activity. Conventional and organic management practices were significant for quercetin glycoside concentration, which is the main polyphenol in apples.

New insight into morphological and genetic diversity of Phlyctema vagabunda and Neofabraea kienholzii causing bull's eye rot on apple and pear

AbstractFungi of genera Phlyctema and Neofabraea are the causal agents of bull's eye rot, a major postharvest disease of pome fruits. To investigate their morphological and genetic diversity, isolates obtained in Italy and Chile from decayed fruit and rainwater between 2014 and 2019 were grown on two agar media, inoculated onto four fruit cultivars and compared using four marker genes. Consistent intra‐ and interspecies phenotypic differences were recorded among isolates identified as P. vagabunda (two main morphotypes, PvM‐I and PvM‐II, were distinguished) and N. kienholzii. In particular, the Chilean isolates belonging to PvM‐I showed low sporulation in vitro, while isolates belonging to PvM‐II showed the most abundant sporulation and also formed conidiomata deep within fruit tissue. Host cultivar influenced the disease incidence in unwounded, inoculated fruit. Cripps Pink and Golden Delicious apples favoured the formation of P. vagabunda conidiomata and macroconidia, while Granny Smith apples and/or Kaiser pears restricted sporulation of some isolates of PvM‐I. Mycelial cords of P. vagabunda and N. kienholzii were consistently recorded in inoculated fruit, suggesting their possible involvement as a source of inoculum. Propagules of P. vagabunda were present in rainwater collected from apple plants from September to October in Italy. According to sequence analysis of ITS, EF‐1α, TUB2 and ACT1 regions of the fungi, 12 distinct sequence types were identified, three of which were characteristic of isolates from the Southern Hemisphere. The condensed maximum‐likelihood phylogenetic tree separated the 50 P. vagabunda isolates into six phylogroups, suggesting a correlation with their geographical distribution.

Changing surface wax compositions and related gene expression in three cultivars of Chinese pear fruits during cold storage.

The surface wax of fruit has a significant effect on abiotic stress and fruit quality. In this study, the composition of the waxes found on fruit surfaces and the related gene expression of three different pear cultivars (Xuehua, Yali, and Yuluxiang) were investigated during cold storage. The results showed that 35 wax compositions were found on the surfaces of the three pear cultivars, mainly including C29 alkane, three fatty acids, two esters, three aldehydes, three fatty alcohols, and three triterpenoids. The largest amount of C29 alkane, three fatty acids and two esters were found in Yuluxiang (YLX) on day 90, while aldehydes with carbons of C30 and C32 were the highest in Yali (YL). Xuehua (XH) showed the largest amount of C22 fatty alcohol on day 180 compared to YLX and YL. Larger amounts of triterpenoids were found in XH and YL when compared to YLX. The expression levels of fifteen wax related genes (LACS1, KCS2, KCS6, FDH, KCS20, GL8, CER10, CER60, LTPG1, LTP4, ABCG12, CER1L, CAC3, CAC3L, and DGAT1L) reached their peak at day 45 in YLX, compared to XH and YL, their expression levels in YLX were higher to different degrees. These results suggest that the different expression patterns of wax-related genes may be closely related to the difference in wax compositions of the surface wax of three pear cultivars.

Postharvest transport type influences fruit physiological, biochemical and antioxidative attributes of two cultivars of pomegranate

In developing countries, substantial losses occur during the fresh produce transit from orchard to consumer representing significant postharvest losses. This study was conducted to investigate the postharvest losses and fruit quality attributes dynamics of two pomegranate cultivars (Sandhora and Sawa) transported directly (Field Lab) and indirectly (Wholesaler→Retailer→lab). For this purpose, harvested pomegranate fruit of both cultivars were divided into two lots. One lot was transported directly and other lot indirectly. In the experiment, fruit of both cv were kept at ambient conditions (25 ± 2o C, 60-65% RH). The experimental design was completely randomize design (CRD) with factorial arrangement. Different parameters were studied during the study include physical parameter (fruit firmness) physiological parameter (weight loss, ethylene, respiration rate, colony forming unit), biochemical parameter [juice pH, TSS (Total Soluble Solids), TA (Titratable acidity), ascorbic acid] and antioxidatative parameters (total anthocyanin, total phenolics contents, activity of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase enzyme). The data was analyzed by the application of standard statistical measures. Results of experiment revealed significant differences between transportation system and days at shelf. As far as the result of fruit subjected to direct transportation system showed better quality due to higher aril juice pH (4.2), TSS (16.9 oBrix), total antioxidant capacity (87.5 % inhibition) and phenolic contents (296.71 mg GAE 100g−1) as compared the fruit that was transported through indirect market transportation system. Maximum TSS (18 °Brix) were recorded in indirect transportation of cv “Sawa” at the day-5 of study as compared to others. The maximum ascorbic acid contents were recorded in direct transportation of both cultivars (35.37 mg/100g) as compared to the indirect. Pomegranate fruit transported through direct transportation system exhibited higher fruit quality and lesser losses in fruit quality than the fruit transported indirectly irrespective to days at shelf.

Stoneless fruit cultivars: past, present and future perspectives with special reference to economically importantZiziphusspecies

Stoneless fruit cultivars: past, present and future perspectives with special reference to economically important<i>Ziziphus</i>species

COMPARATIVE STUDY ON FRUIT YIELD AND QUALITY TRAITS OF THE NEW MANGO CULTIVARS GROWN UNDER EGYPT CONDITIONS

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is Egypt's third major fruit crop. The latest study aimed to evaluate 11 foreign mango cultivars Kent, Palmar, Yasmina Rose, Shelly, Nam Doc Mai, Osten, Glenn, Sensation, Kensington Pride, Heidi, and Joa, in two successive seasons of 2018 and 2019, under Egyptian environmental conditions. The experiment comprised a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 11 treatments and three replications to analyze the mango cultivars for floral aspects, fruit yield, its components, and fruit quality characteristics. Results indicated that cultivars Sensation and Yasmina Rose produced the highest fruit yield per tree. Cultivars Osten, Yasmina Rose, and Kent gained the maximum fruit weight. The study noted the uppermost value of fruit retention (%) for cultivars Palmar, Osten, and Joa. As for the initial fruit set, the highest value appeared in cultivars Heidi and Yasmina Rose, while cultivars Heidi and Kensington Pride revealed the highest value of fruit pulp firmness at the early stage of ripening in July. The Shelly cultivar recorded the highest percentage of pulp per fruit, while the lowest fruit fibers and total acidity percentage came from the Glenn cultivar. The fruits of Nam Doc Mai cultivar contained the highest total soluble solids and total sugar percentages, whereas fruits of the Heidi cultivar contained the highest value of vitamin C. Cultivars noted with the alternate bearing habit consisted of Kensington Pride, Palmer, and Shelly, while all other cultivars exhibited regular bearing. Mango cultivars Glenn, Nam Doc Mai, Osten, Kensington Pride, Shelly, Joa, Yasmina Rose, Sensation, Kent, Palmer, and Heidi (first mentioned, most recommended in descending order) received high recommendations for successful cultivation under the Egyptian environmental conditions based on relatively better fruit setting and quality.

First report of Calonectria canadiana causing peach fruit rot in China.

Peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) is one of the most popular fruits grown in Northern China. In July 2021, a fruit rot outbreak on the peach cultivar "Yonglian Sweet" occurred after unusual rains in Baoding, Hebei Province, China. Sixty peach trees from three orchards were assessed, and a 30% disease incidence was estimated. The disease initiated as a small concave spot on the fruit surface expanding circularly rotting the fruit (3-5 cm deep) with the appearance of grayish-white mycelia (Figure S1A). The infected fruit did not disintegrate but turned light brown. To identify the pathogen, 20 infected fruits were collected, and fruit tissues from lesion margins were inoculated on the potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium. A total of 15 fungal pure cultures with highly similar morphological characteristics were obtained by the hyphal-tipping method. The fungal culture formed smooth-edged colonies of extensive, dense, wooly aerial mycelium, with color changing from sienna to luteous, and to grayish-white along the radius of colonies (Figure S1B) Chlamydospores were extensive and developed micro-sclerotia after 20 d of growth. The conidiophore produced three branches in a "broom" shape, with the primary branch ranging 7.5-25.0 μm in length, the secondary branch 5.5-15.5 μm, and the tertiary branch 10-12.5 μm (N = 30). The top of the tertiary branch tapered and produced conidia. Conidia were colorless and culm-like, 40.0-57.5 μm long and 3.8-6.25 μm wide (N = 30). Hyphae occasionally produced spherical chlamydospores with a diameter of around 7.5 μm (N = 30). Conidia germinated after 12 h in moist conditions, and germ tubes originated from multiple points on the conidia. Based on these morphological features, the isolated fungus was identified as Calonectria spp. (Lombard et al. 2010). Six loci, including ITS, act, cmdA, his3, tef1, and tub2, were amplified and sequenced for molecular identification of an isolate F099 using primers listed in Table S1. The obtained ITS (528 bp, GenBank accession no. OL635556), act (263 bp, OL694221), cmdA (470 bp, OL694222), his3 (432 bp, OL694223), tef1 (487 bp, OL694224), and tub2 (535 bp, OL694225) sequences showed 100% similarity to the ex-type strain of Calonectria canadiana, CMW 23673 (accession nos. MT359667, MT334976, MT335206, MT335446, MT412737, and MT412958, respectively; Figure S1D) (Kang et al. 2001, Lechat et al. 2010, Liu et al. 2020). The isolate F099 of C. canadiana was further subjected to pathogenicity tests. Koch's postulates were performed by placing three mycelial disks (ten-day old, 5 mm) with conidia on the sterile needle-acupunctured surface of healthy fruits of the peach cultivar "Yonglian Sweet" (N= 10). Mock inoculations with sterile PDA disks were served as a control. All the inoculated fruits were kept in a moist chamber (25℃, 16-h light and 8-h dark period). The inoculation assay was repeated twice. Rotting symptoms developed on all the inoculated fruits about 5 days post-inoculation (dpi) and grayish-white mycelia appeared around ten days post inoculation while mock inoculated fruits did not show any rotting. The pathogen of interest was re-isolated from the inoculated fruits and validated as C. canadiana by ITS and tef1 sequences. All above evidence collectively indicates that the fungal pathogen causing the peach fruit rot is C. canadiana. The new host plant and new geographic distribution reported here will inform future management of this fungal species.

Transcriptome changes associated with boron applications in fruits of watercore-susceptible pear cultivar

Watercore is a common physiological disorder in pear and is closely related to the excessive accumulation of sorbitol and sucrose. Our previous research found that the incidence of watercore in 'Akibae' (Pyrus pyrifolia cv. Akibae) fruit significantly decreased after boron application (BA). Moreover, the foliar spray of boric acid also significantly improved fruit quality. However, the mechanisms underlying the pear fruit response to BA was still limited. A comprehensive transcriptome analysis of BA treatment 'Akibae' pear fruit was performed in this study. Transcriptome results revealed a total of 3146 up-regulated and 1145 down-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between control and treated fruits of 'Akibae' pear. BA significantly induced the expression of sorbitol metabolism and sucrose metabolism genes. In addition, BA also increased the expression of starch degradation, fatty acid synthesis, IAA (indole-3-acetic acid) degradation, and GA (gibberellin acid) synthesis genes and inhibited the expression of ethylene synthesis genes. These findings suggested that BA probably alleviates 'Akibae' watercore occurrence and improves fruit quality by regulating the decrease in sorbitol and sucrose, the increase in fatty acids and the balance of plant hormones. Our results provide further information for understanding the molecular mechanism of the effect of BA on pear fruit.

Content of Two Major Steroidal Glycoalkaloids in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Micro-Tom) Mutant Lines at Different Ripening Stages.

Esculeoside A and tomatine are two major steroidal alkaloids in tomato fruit (Solanum lycopersicum) that exhibit anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and anti-hyperlipidemia activities. Tomatine contained in immature tomato fruit is converted to esculeoside A as the fruit matures. To develop new tomato varieties based on the content analysis of functional secondary metabolites, 184 mutant lines were generated from the original cultivar (S. lycopersicum cv. Micro-Tom) by radiation breeding. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with evaporative light scattering detector was used to identify the mutant lines with good traits by analyzing tomatine and esculeoside A content. Compared with the original cultivar, candidates for highly functional cultivars with high esculeoside A content were identified in the mature fruit of the mutant lines. The mutant lines with low and high tomatine content at an immature stage were selected as edible cultivars due to toxicity reduction and as a source of tomatine with various pharmacological activities, respectively. During the process of ripening from green to red tomatoes, the rate of conversion of tomatine to esculeoside A was high in the green tomatoes with a low tomatine content, whereas green tomatoes with a high tomatine content exhibited a low conversion rate. Using methanol extracts prepared from unripe and ripe fruits of the original cultivar and its mutant lines and two major compounds, we examined their cytotoxicity against FaDu human hypopharynx squamous carcinoma cells. Only tomatine exhibited cytotoxicity with an IC50 value of 5.589 μM, whereas the other samples did not exhibit cytotoxicity. Therefore, radiation breeding represents a useful tool for developing new cultivars with high quality, and metabolite analysis is applicable for the rapid and objective selection of potential mutant lines.

Physical characterization of frozen fruits from eight cultivars of the North American pawpaw (Asimina triloba)

Pawpaw (Asimina triloba [L.] Dunal) is an underutilized fruit native to North America. The fruit has a short shelf life, and browns and softens rapidly after harvesting. These characteristics present a challenge to the advancement of pawpaw as an economically viable specialty crop. This study evaluated the physical characteristics of frozen fruits from eight cultivars of the pawpaw fruit to establish the processing potential of pawpaw fruits. The results show that freeze-thaw cycle may have influenced the peel thickness, peel color, and pulp color of the fruits. Fruits of the Susquehanna cultivar had the highest fruit weight and pulp weight, making them potentially the most suitable for pulp processing. The pawpaw fruits had almost neutral pH ranging between 6.07 ± 0.21 and 6.47 ± 0.11, which could contribute to the rapid browning on exposure to air since an acidic pH is important for slowing enzymatic browning. To aid pawpaw juice extraction, enzymatic treatments may be necessary to increase the juice yield from the pulp. Overleese fruits may be the best for pawpaw juice production. These findings can aid in the selection of processing equipment and guide processors in their efforts to utilize pawpaw fruits to avoid postharvest and post-processing losses.

Evaluation of the Phytochemical Composition of Phenolic and Triterpene Compounds in Fruit of Large Cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton) Grown in Latvia.

We carried out a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the phytochemical composition of the fruits of large cranberry cultivars ‘Ben Lear’, ‘Bergman’, ‘Kalnciema agra’, ‘Lemunyon’, ‘Pilgrim’, ‘Stevens’, and ‘Tina’ grown in Latvian climatic conditions. The following predominant compounds were found in cranberry fruit samples: peonidin-3-O-galactoside, peonidin-3-O-arabinoside, cyanidin-3-O-galactoside, cyanidin-3-O-arabinoside, myricetin-3-galactoside, quercetin-3-galactoside, quercetin-3-α-L-arabinofuranoside, quercetin 3-rhamnoside, ursolic acid, and oleanolic acid. During the berry ripening period (from 16 August until 15 September), a trend of decreasing amounts of compounds was found in the fruit samples of the studied cranberry cultivars: the total amount of proanthocyanidins decreased by 1.3 times, the total amount of the identified flavonols decreased by 1.3 times, the total amount of triterpenoids decreased by 1.2 times, and the total amount of chlorogenic acid decreased by 1.7 times. During the period from 16 August until 15 September, the total amount of anthocyanins in the cranberry fruit samples increased by 2.6 to 17 times. The highest total amount of anthocyanins (5305.80 ± 27 µg/g) was detected in fruit samples of the cranberry cultivar ‘Kalnciema agra’ collected on 15 September. The amount of biologically active compounds in cranberry fruit samples varies during berry ripening. Thus, the choice of the picking time is one of the factors that determines the phytochemical composition of raw cranberry material.

Study on the Qualitative Characteristics of Superior Cultivars of Litchi Fruits in Jorhat, Assam

The present experiment was carried on five superior cultivars of litchi fruit in the Department of Horticulture in Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam during 2020-2021. All the biochemical parameters studied under this experiment were found to be significant in character. Generally, in most of the biochemical parameters, the cultivar Bilati recorded the highest among all, such as in juice content (13.62cc), reducing sugar (8.37%), invert sugar (17.44%), sucrose (8.60%), total sugar (16.99%), sugar-acid ratio (40.71), potassium (1263.75mg/100g), vitamin C (62.11mg/100g), anthocyanin content (38.41mg/100g) and colour density (3.87) while in Titratable acidity, Anthocyanin degradation and polymery colour recorded to be the lowest. Thus, it was concluded that the cultivar Bilati turned out to be the most superior one among all the rest cultivars in terms of biochemical characteristics.

Survey of sour passion fruit cultivars commercialized in Brazil

Among the cultures that make up fruit growing, passiculture stands out, through the socioeconomic importance that is used to it. Due to its importance, research is aimed at improving passion fruit in order to increase the productive potential of orchards by using more productive cultivars that adapt to the various growing regions. Based on these advances, the present study aims to characterize the main yellow passion fruit cultivars recorded and marketed. Among the characteristics of the new cultivars, the resistance of the main diseases of the crop, cultivars developed to meet the demand of the industry, as well as the increase in pulp yield, stand out. Therefore, it is concluded that by incorporating new vegetative materials into the market, there is an appreciation of the fruit, which can be classified already at the time of selection of the cultivar as to its aptitude. In the same way, there is an increase in productivity when using appropriate management techniques in line with cultivars adapted to the most distinct environmental conditions.