Fruits In Russia Research Articles

Apple production: area, gross yield, productivity in the world and main countries

At present, the location of fruit and berry production in specific regions and countries of the world is determined by natural and climatic conditions and the biological characteristics of the crops concerned. Apples are one of the most important fruits in the world, both in terms of production volume and international trade parameters. For some countries, including Russia, they are the basis for the formation of the corresponding product balance for fruit and berry products. In this regard, the authors set the goal of analyzing the trends in the development of apple orchards for 2011‑2021 in the world as a whole and in the countries ranked in the top 20 by a number of indicators: harvested area of apple orchards, gross yield and productivity. Based on FAO statistics, it was found that over this period, the global harvested area of apple orchards decreased from 4.961 million ha to 4.822 million ha. However, it increased from 0.289 million ha to 0.313 million ha in India, which ranks second behind China, and from 0.188 million ha to 0.225 million ha in Russia (third in this ranking). These three countries will rank first, fifth and seventh in terms of gross apple yield in 2021. At the same time, the production of this seed fruit in Russia increased from 1.198 to 2.216 million tons between 2011 and 2021, i.e. by a factor of 1.85. In terms of productivity, none of these three countries was among the top 20 for this indicator. In order to strengthen Russia’s food security in fruit and berry products, it is necessary to further promote the development of domestic apple horticulture on the basis of intensive technologies.

Quality management in the import and sale of tropical and subtropical fruits

An analysis of the dynamics of the market for fruits imported to Russia has been carried out. The market volume, exporters, and sales volume of tropical fruits in Russia have been studied. The factors shaping the quality of tropical fruits are considered. When ensuring logistics, customs clearance, and storage in distribution centers, it is necessary to take into account the actual degree of maturity of climacteric fruits and manage technological regimes at all stages of product distribution, with regard to the physiological state of the product. The work studies the influence of temperature conditions of storage and ripening of avocado fruits on the duration of storage of fruits and the intensity of the processes responsible for their ripening. The values of respiration intensity and ethylene concentration during storage of avocado fruits, which make it possible to determine the degree of ripeness of the fruit and control the duration of their storage, have been established.

Comprehensive agrobiological assessment and analysis of genetic relationships of promising walnut varieties of the Nikitsky Botanical Gardens.

Walnut is an important horticultural crop, the production of which ranks second among all nut crops. Despite the significant demand in the domestic market in Russia, the industrial production of walnut fruits in Russia is currently underdeveloped. At the same time, there is a need to update the assortment with new highly productive varieties adapted to local agro-climatic conditions and having high quality nuts that are competitive at the world level. An important issue for the successful implementation of breeding programs is a comprehensive study of the gene pool. In this regard, within the framework of the study, the task was to evaluate promising varieties from the collection of the walnut gene pool of the Nikitsky Botanical Gardens and analyze genetic relationships based on microsatellite genotyping. On the basis of the performed phenotypic assessment, the study sample, which included 31 varieties, was divided into several groups according to the main phenotypic traits, such as frost and drought resistance, the start of the growing season, the ripening period, the weight and type of flowering, the weight of the fruit, and the thickness of the endocarp. Varieties with economically valuable traits that can be recommended as promising as initial parental forms in breeding work for resistance to abiotic stress factors have been identified, as well as varieties with increased productivity and large fruit sizes. Based on the analysis of eight SSR markers (WGA001, WGA376, WGA069, WGA276, WGA009, WGA202, WGA089 and WGA054), an analysis of the level of genetic diversity was performed and genetic relationships were established in the studied sample of varieties. Six (for WGA089) to eleven (for WGA276) alleles per locus have been identified. A total of 70 alleles were identified for the eight DNA markers used, with an average value of 8.75. Analysis of SSR genotyping data using Bayesian analysis established the presence of two main groups of genotypes. Taking into account the fact that all the studied varieties are selections from local seed populations in different regions of the Crimean Peninsula, the revealed level of polymorphism may indirectly reflect the level of genetic diversity of the local walnut populations. Furthermore, the presence of two genetically distant groups indicates the presence of two independently formed pools of the autochthonous gene pool of the species Juglans regia L. on the Crimean Peninsula.

Whole Genome Characterization of Prunus Necrotic Ringspot Virus and Prune Dwarf Virus Infecting Stone Fruits in Russia

We conducted a survey of the phytosanitary status of the Prunus germplasm collection in the Nikita Botanical Gardens, Yalta, Russia. The virome of plants displaying virus-like symptoms was studied using Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing. Reads related to prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV), prune dwarf virus (PDV), and ourmia-like virus 1 (OuLV1) were generated in a number of samples. Near complete genomes of two divergent PNRSV isolates, PDV isolate, and a contig partly covered OuLV1 genome were assembled de novo using the metaSPAdes program. The structure of the genomic RNA1, RNA2, and RNA3 of the new ilarvirus isolates was shown to be typical of PNRSV and PDV. This is the first report and characterization of the PNRSV and PDV full-length genomes from Russia, expanding the information on their geographical distribution and genetic diversity. An open reading frames (ORF)-based phylogeny of all full-length PNRSV and PDV genomes available in GenBank divided each ORF into two or three main clusters. A number of isolates migrated from one cluster to another cluster, depending on the analyzed genome segment. The different branching order may indicate reassortment in the evolutionary history of some PDV and PNRSV isolates.

The intractum from the Eleutherococcus senticosus fruits affects the innate immunity in human leukocytes: From the ethnomedicinal use to contemporary evidence-based research

Ethnopharmacological relevanceIn the ethnomedicine of Russia, the Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. et Maxim.) Maxim. fruits and roots are used to treat immune-related diseases. Because of the overexploitation of the roots, the species is considered to be endangered and is put on the Red List in some countries (e.g. the Republic of Korea). Therefore, the aerial parts of E. senticosus might be explored as a new sustainable source of compounds with an adaptogenic activity. Aim of the studyThis study is aimed to evaluate the adaptogenic activity of the Eleutherococcus senticosus fruits intractum to support the use of the fruits in folk medicine of Russia. Materials and methodsThe effect on IL-2 and IL-10 release by peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) was measured by the ELISA, the CPE on the A549 and PBLs were determined with trypan blue and the MTT. The innate immunity assay was done in the VSV-PBLs model. Metabolic profiling was done using HPLC-DAD and HPLC-RID. ResultsWe report for the first time that the intractum (300 μg/mL) and eleutheroside E (100 μg/mL) and B (100 μg/mL) do not act as a virucidal agent (VSV). The intractum and eleutherosides E and B caused the increase of the PBLs proliferation up to 24.61 and 100%, resp. The decreased viral replication in the VSV-PBLs-Int model might be associated with an increased secretion of IL-10 (328 pg/mL). Eleutheroside E and B did not affect the innate immunity. No eleutherosides were determined in the intractum, the ethyl acetate layer contained caffeic and protocatechuic acids. A large amount of myo-inositol and D-mannitol was found (267.5 and 492.5 mg/g DE). ConclusionsOur observations justify the traditional use of the fruits in Russia in immune-related diseases. The results mean that there are other compounds than eleutherosides responsible for the adaptogenic effect, probably myo-inositol and caffeic acid, for which an immunostimulatory activity has already been confirmed.

Economic burden of insufficient consumption of vegetables and fruits in Russia

Unhealthy diet is associated with high morbidity and mortality from chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) which in turn are associated with high economic costs. A significant proportion of these costs is attributed to insufficient fresh fruits and vegetables in the diet worldwide with large country-to-country variation warranting research in various settings including Russia. The aim: to assess the economic burden of insufficient consumption of fruits and vegetables in Russia in 2016 due to their contribution to the development of major NCDs. Methods: The calculation was made using population attributive risk for the development of cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes and cancer from meta-analyses and the data on the prevalence of fruits and vegetables consumption and the abovementioned diseases in the Russian population. The economic costs from the main NCDs were calculated using the human capital method. The share of health care system costs and economic losses due to morbidity and mortality from NCDs associated with fruits and vegetables underconsumption was assessed. Results: The contribution of insufficient consumption of fruits and vegetables to the morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular diseases, coronary heart disease and stroke were 5 % each (95 % CI: 3.0-6.2), 5% (95 % CI: 3.7-6.2) and 10 % (95 % CI: 4.9-15.9), respectively. Corresponding proportions for lung cancer was 8.9 % (95 % CI: 3.7-14.4). The economic burden associated with this risk factor, amounted more than 134 billion rubles (95 % CI: 78.8-173.3 billion rubles), 0.16 % of GDP of the Russian Federation in 2016. Indirect losses due to premature mortality (86 %) prevailed in the structure of the economic burden. Conclusions: The high prevalence of fruits and vegetables underconsumption in Russia and its significant contribution to the morbidity and mortality from NCDs are associated with significant economic costs from this risk factor.

Analysis of the dynamics of international trade operations in the market of vegetables and fruits in Russia

Relevance. The structure of the food market is represented by various types of products, of which the largest share is taken by the fruit and vegetable sector. In the conditions of a tense political situation in the world and the establishment of barriers in foreign trade, agriculture is a strategically important branch of the Russian economy. Today, the fruit and vegetable sector of the Russian economy does not fully satisfy the needs of the population for vegetables and fruits. This is evidenced by the fact that the domestic market does not provide the population with high-quality vegetables and fruits, creates favorable conditions for filling it with foreign goods, which constitute about 35% of the consumer basket of Russians. All this leads to the need for additional analysis to identify trends in the development of the Russian market for fruits and vegetables and to identify priority areas for its development.Methods. The purpose of the article is to conduct an analysis of the main trends in the development of the Russian fruit and vegetable market, in order to determine the priority areas of its operation. The basis of the study was the statistical data of the customs authorities of the Russian Federation on the import and export of fruits and vegetables, as well as the federal service of state statistics on the volumes of production and consumption of fruits and vegetables in Russia.Results. As a result of the analysis of the state of the fruit and vegetable market in Russia in 2011-2018, carried out in the article. It can be stated that the population is experiencing a shortage of consumption of fruits and vegetables. Over the past eight years, imports exceeded exports in the structure of commodity circulation of fruits and vegetables, which indicates the dependence of the national market on foreign goods. The state of the fruit and vegetable market is influenced by the following factors: the level of development of the logistics infrastructure, material and technical equipment of enterprises, as well as the presence of sanctions and counter sanctions.

Fungal diversity in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) leaves and fruits in Russia

Sequencing of cloned PCR-amplified species-specific rDNA fragments and isolation of axenic cultures from tomato fruits was carried out to study the mycobiota of tomato leaves and fruits in European part of Russia. DNA was extracted from the leaves, and library of ITS region fragments was constructed in E. coli by cloning of PCR products. This survey revealed fourteen species associated with disease-affected leaves: Septoria lycopersici, Fulvia fulva (=Cladosporium fulvum), Didymella glomerata (=Phoma glomerata), Cladosporium herbarum, Podosphaera fusca, Neocamarosporium goegapense (=Phoma betae), Rhizoctonia solani, Candida albicans, Dioszegia hungarica, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Didymella lycopersici, Alternaria infectoria, Alternaria alternata, Cryptococcus tephrensis. In the leaves from healthy plants without any visible symptoms DNA of three species was found: Aspergillus versicolor, Alternaria alternata, Aureobasidium pullulans. Analysis of axenic cultures isolated from green diseased tomato fruits revealed fungal species: Alternaria alternata, Alternaria solani, Phomopsis phaseoli, Fusarium equiseti, Chaetomium cochliodes, Clonostachys sp., Irpex lacteus, Colletotrichum coccodes. This research provides new information on the mycobiota of tomato in Southern Russia, the main tomato producing region of the country.

Nitrate content in vegetables and fruits in Russia and Mongolia

This article deals with the actual problem of high nitrate content in vegetables and fruits. The literature review describes the consequences of increased nitrate concentration in the human body and the diseases associated with it. Different countries have different standards for the content of nitrates in agricultural products and the maximum permissible daily doses. The increased content of nitrates negatively affects human health, so it is necessary to maintain strict control over compliance with the concentration standards to the maximum permissible concentrations. Research was carried out on the content of nitrates in vegetables and fruits purchased in the trade networks of the two countries in Russia and Mongolia. The measurements were performed using a portable nitrate - tester SOEKS. As a result of the study, it was found that agricultural products purchased in the trade network of Ulan Bator (Mongolia) meet the established standards, in fruits purchased in St. Petersburg (Russia) in excess of tangerines 1.5 times and 1.6 times. The products that were found to contain excess nitrates were imported from China.