Fruiting Bodies Of Ganoderma Lucidum Research Articles

Preparing Ganoderma lucidum slices by improved steam explosion enhances their apparent, functional and structural properties

Ganoderma lucidum slices exhibit antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activity, enhancing vitality and longevity. However, untreated Ganoderma lucidum slices fail to meet specific physical and chemical requirements for consumption and processing because their bioactive compounds must be released before intake through effective pretreatment. We proposed developing a novel preparation method for Ganoderma lucidum slices through improved steam explosion (ISE). The effect of ISE (at 0.4–1.2 MPa for 5 min) on their chemical compounds, apparent properties, biological activity, sensory quality and structural characteristics was assessed. The results showed that ISE (0.8–1.2 MPa) increased the content of flavonoids (by 32.29 %–126.57 %), phenolics (by 31.79 %–96.28 %), triterpenes (by 1.74–5.24 times) and polysaccharides (by 6.27–18.03 times) in Ganoderma lucidum slices. Additionally, ISE improved the color saturation and hue of their infusions while reducing the color values of these slices. Under all conditions, ISE significantly increased the soluble solids content (by 1.31–11.44 times) and the inhibitory activity of tyrosinase and xanthine oxidase when compared to infusions of untreated slices. At 0.8–1.2 MPa, the radical scavenging activity of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) was also significantly higher in steam-exploded slices than in untreated slices. In the sensory evaluation, steam-exploded slices outperformed untreated slices in terms of color, taste, form attributes, and overall score. ISE disrupted the microstructure of Ganoderma lucidum slices, whose microscopic structure was broken into fragments, thereby promoting the dissolution of bioactive compounds and enhancing their biological functions, as shown in this study. Therefore, ISE improved the nutritional and medicinal effects of the fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum by facilitating nutritional retention and resource utilization efficiency.

Five undescribed meroterpenoids from Ganoderma lucidum and their inhibitory activities against renal fibrosis

Five undescribed meroterpenoids, baosglucidnes A − E (1–5), were isolated from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum. Among them, baosglucidne B (2) as a racemic mixture was obtained. Chiral HPLC was employed to separate a pair of enantiomers (+)-2 and (−)-2. The structures and stereochemical features of these substances were characterized by utilizing spectroscopic data and ECD calculations. Finally, the results of anti-renal fibrosis activity evaluation showed that baosglucidne E (5) could inhibit the expression of collagen I in TGF-β1-induced rat kidney proximal tubular cells at 20 μM.

Triterpenes from antler-shaped fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum and their hepatoprotective activities

Seven previously undescribed triterpenes (1–7), as well as one triterpene (8) previously described as a synthetic product, were isolated from the antler-shaped fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum. Their structures were established based on comprehensive spectroscopy analysis. At a concentration of 10 μM, (24E)-3-oxo-15α-acetoxy-lanosta-7,9(11),24-trien-26-al (3) and (24R,25S)-3-oxo-lanosta-7,9(11)-dien-25-ethoxyl-24,26-diol (5) provided significant protection against acetaminophen-induced necrosis in human HepG2 liver cancer cells, and the cell survival rates were 69.7 and 76.1% respectively, similar to that of the positive control (glutathione, 72.1%). Based on the present results, these compounds could be potential hepatoprotective agents.

Minor ergosteroids and a 19-nor labdane-type diterpenoid with anti-inflammatory effects from Ganoderma lucidum

A chemical investigation on the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum led to the isolation and identification of five undescribed ergosteroids including two des-D-steroids (3 and 4) and one rare 6/6/7/5-fused carbon skeletal ergosterol (5) along with one 19-nor labdane-type diterpenoid (6). Their structures including their absolute configurations, were assigned by spectroscopic methods, ECD calculations, and X-ray diffraction analysis. In addition, the anti-inflammatory activities of all the isolates were evaluated. The results indicated that compound 1 can significantly down-regulate the protein expression of iNOS and COX-2 at 20 μM in LPS- stimulated RAW264.7 cells.

Influence of cultivation substrate on antioxidant activities and triterpenoid profiles of the fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum.

The fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum has been believed to possess a wide range of therapeutic effects. There are two main methods for artificial cultivation of G. lucidum to produce the fruiting body, namely wood log cultivation and substitute cultivation. The impact of cultivation substrates on the composition of bioactive compounds remains largely unexplored. This study aims to compare the antioxidant activities and triterpenoid profiles of the fruiting bodies of G. lucidum that cultivated through wood log cultivation (WGL) and substitute cultivation (SGL) methods. The antioxidant activities, including the DPPH radical scavenging, hydroxyl radical scavenging, superoxide radical scavenging, and total antioxidant activities, were assessed in both WGL and SGL samples. Furthermore, the UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS technique was employed to compare their phytochemical profiles, with a specific emphasis on triterpenoid constituents. It was found that WGL samples exhibited significantly higher total triterpenoid content, DPPH radical scavenging activity, and total antioxidant activity. Furthermore, an untargeted metabolomics approach employing UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS tentatively identified a total of 96 triterpenoids. Distinguishingly different triterpenoid profiles between the two types of G. lucidum samples were revealed via the utilization of principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). Specifically, 17 triterpenoids showed significant differences. Of these triterpenoids, 6 compounds, such as ganosporelactone B, ganoderol A, ganoderic acid A, ganoderic acid alpha, were significantly higher in SGL samples; 11 compounds, such as lucidenic acid A, lucidenic acid D1, lucidenic acid F, lucidenic acid G, lucidenic acid J, ganoderic acid E, and ganoderic acid O, were significantly higher in WGL samples. These findings expand our knowledge regarding the impact of cultivation substrate on the antioxidant activities and triterpenoid profiles of G. lucidum, and offer practical implications for its cultivation.

A tri-herb formulation protects against ethanol-induced mouse liver injury and downregulates mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 1

BackgroundA tri-herb formulation comprising Ganoderma (the dried fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum), Puerariae Thomsonii Radix (the dried root of Pueraria thomsonii) and Hoveniae Semen (the dried mature seed of Hovenia acerba) —GPH for short— has been using for treating liver injury; however, the pharmacological basis of this application of GPH is unknown. This study aimed to investigate the liver protective effects and mechanisms of action of an ethanolic extract of GPH (GPHE) in mice. MethodsTo control the quality of GPHE, the contents of ganodermanontriol, puerarin and kaempferol in the extract were quantified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography. An ethanol (6 ml/kg, i.g.)-induced liver injury ICR mouse model was employed to investigate the hepatoprotective effects of GPHE. RNA-sequencing analysis and bioassays were performed to reveal the mechanisms of action of GPHE. ResultsThe contents of ganodermanontriol, puerarin and kaempferol in GPHE were 0.0632%, 3.627% and 0.0149%, respectively. Daily i.g. administration of 0.25, 0.5 or 1 g/kg of GPHE for 15 consecutive days suppressed ethanol (6 ml/kg, i.g., at day 15)-induced upregulation of serum AST and ALT levels and improved histological conditions in mouse livers, indicating that GPHE protects mice from ethanol-induced liver injury. Mechanistically, GPHE downregulated the mRNA level of Dusp1 (encoding MKP1 protein, an inhibitor of the mitogen-activated protein kinases JNK, p38 and ERK), and upregulated expression and phosphorylation of JNK, p38 and ERK, which are involved in cell survival in mouse liver tissues. Also, GPHE increased PCNA (a cell proliferation marker) expression and reduced TUNEL-positive (apoptotic) cells in mouse livers. ConclusionGPHE protects against ethanol-induced liver injury, and this effect of GPHE is associated with regulation of the MKP1/MAPK pathway. This study provides pharmacological justifications for the use of GPH in treating liver injury, and suggests that GPHE has potential to be developed into a modern medication for managing liver injury.

Multiple Fingerprint-Activity Relationship Assessment of Immunomodulatory Polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum Based on Chemometric Methods.

Polysaccharides with molecular weights ranging from 1.75 × 103 to 1.14 × 104 g/mol were obtained from the fruit bodies of Ganoderma lucidum. The multiple fingerprints and macrophage immunostimulatory activity of these fractions were analyzed as well as the fingerprint-activity relationship. The correlation analysis of molecular weight and immune activity demonstrated that polysaccharides with molecular weights of 4.27 × 103~5.27 × 103 and 1 × 104~1.14 × 104 g/mol were the main active fractions. Moreover, the results showed that galactose, mannose, and glucuronic acid were positively related to immunostimulatory activity. Additionally, partial least-squares regression and grey correlation degree analyses indicated that three peaks (P2, P3, P8) in the oligosaccharide fragment fingerprint significantly affected the immune activity of the polysaccharides. Hence, these ingredients associated with activity could be considered as markers to assess Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides and their related products, and the study also provides a reference for research on the spectrum-effect relationship of polysaccharides in the future.

Detoxification of Cadmium on Albino Rats (Rattus norvegicus) with Natural Chelator of Fruiting Body Extract of Ganoderma lucidum

Cadmium is a heavy metal pollutant sourced from various industries and toxic to the kidneys. Cadmium exposure can be used natural chelator of ethanol extract of the fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum. The aim of the study was to determine the effect and effective dose of the ethanolic extract of the fruiting body of G. lucidum on reducing the toxicity effect of cadmium in male albino rats (Rattus norvegicus) Wistar strain. The research design was experimental research, which consisted of 5 treatment levels. The research parameters were blood cadmium, β2-microglobulin, malondialdehyde, and superoxide dismutase levels. The ethanolic extract of fruiting body of G. lucidum was tested by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) to determine linalool as active compounds. The results of each parameter had a significant effect, which decreased blood cadmium, β2M and MDA levels, and increased SOD level that linear according to the addition of the dose of ethanol extract of the fruiting body of G. lucidum. Blood cadmium levels with β2M and MDA levels had a positive correlation, while blood cadmium levels with SOD levels had a negative correlation. The dominant compound detected was linalool which has potential as a radical scavenger. The dose of 750 mg.kgBW-1 is the effective dose of the ethanolic extract of fruiting body of G. lucidum based on a decrease in blood cadmium levels (54.10%), β2M (63.94%) and MDA (20.31%), as well as an increase in SOD levels (14.20%) compared to sick control.

Cytotoxic lanostane-type triterpenes from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum

A new lanostane-type triterpene, namely 3-oxo-5α-lanosta-7,9(11)-dien-24-oic acid methyl ester (2), and three known compounds including ganoderal A (1), ganoderiol B (3) and ganodermenonol (4) were isolated from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum by silica gel column chromatography and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. Their structures were determined by extensive NMR data and mass spectral analysis. The in vitro cytotoxic activity of the isolated compounds against SK-Hep-1, HepG2, Hela and Hela/VCR cancer cell lines was assessed by using MTT assay. The IC50 values of compound 1 were 43.09 ± 2.86, 42.31 ± 1.78 and 46.51 ± 1.95 μM in SK-Hep-1, HepG2 and Hela cells, respectively, after 48 h. The IC50 values of compound 4 were 44.70 ± 2.32 and 41.33 ± 2.15 μM in Hela and Hela/VCR cells, respectively, after 48 h.

Mushroom β-Glucan Recovered from Antler-Type Fruiting Body of Ganoderma lucidum by Enzymatic Process and Its Potential Biological Activities for Cosmeceutical Applications.

Mushrooms are incredibly valuable macro fungi that are an important and integral part of the ecosystem. In addition to being used as cuisine, mushrooms have been used for medicinal purposes for many centuries. This research applied a process for recovering β-glucan (BG) from the antler-type fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum as well as tested the biological activities related to cosmeceutical applications. The characterization of complex structure was performed by fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (MNR) spectroscopies. The obtained extract contained 40.57% BG and 7.47% protein, with the detectable bioactivities of anti-tyrosinase and antioxidation. Consequently, it showed the activity that can be used to whiten the skin by reducing or inhibiting the process of skin pigmentation. The BG also showed moderate activities of anti-collagenase, anti-elastase, and anti-hyaluronidase. The test by the HET-CAM confirmed no skin irritation of the complex extract. Based on human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) test, the BG had no significant inhibiting effect on cell viability. In addition, the obtained BG had functional properties higher than commercially available BG, especially oil-binding capacity. These findings provided new insights into the potential application of G. lucidum BG as a polymeric material in the cosmeceutical industries.

Meroterpenoids with a large conjugated system from Ganoderma lucidum and their inhibitory activities against renal fibrosis

Baoslingzhines A–E (1–5), five new meroterpenoids were isolated from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum. The structures including their absolute configurations were characterized by using spectroscopic and computational methods. Compound 1 is a novel trinormeroterpenoid featuring the presence of an unusual dihydronaphthalene representing an unprecedented meroterpenoid skeleton. Compounds 2–4 are mononormeroterpenoids characteristic of a large conjugated system. Among them, racemic 3 and 4 were separated by HPLC on chiral phase. Biological evaluation toward kidney fibrosis found that compounds 2 and (+)-3 could inhibit the expression of fibronectin and collagen I dose dependently in TGF-β1-induced rat kidney proximal tubular cells (NRK-52e). Additionally, (+)-3 could also down regulate ɑ-SMA in a concentration dependent manner. Further investigation showed that 2 could inhibit Smad2 phosphorylation.

Nor-triterpenoids from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum and their inhibitory activity against FAAH

Two new nor-triterpenoids ganodrenol A (1), B (2), and a new natural product ganodrenol C (3), along with three known nor-triterpenoids (4–6) were isolated from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum. The chemical structures of these isolates were determined by 1 D and 2 D NMR, HRESIMS, and X-ray crystallography analysis. The inhibitory effects of isolated triterpenoids (1–6) against FAAH were evaluated by an in vitro assay, and compound 4 showed an inhibition rate of 70.27%. In addition, the cytotoxic effect of compounds (1–6) was evaluated against LOVO, MCF-7, and RAW264.7 cells, which displayed no significant cytotoxicity.

Triterpenoids from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum and their inhibitory activity against FAAH

Seventeen triterpenoids including four new lanostane triterpenoids (1–3 and 5) were isolated from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum by various chromatographic techniques. Their chemical structures were determined by extensive spectroscopic data, including 1D-NMR, 2D-NMR, and HRESIMS. In addition, the spectral data of compound 4 was reported for the first time. In an in vitro bioassay, most isolated triterpenoids could inhibit the hydrolysis activity of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). Furthermore, there is no cytotoxicity observed for these isolated triterpenoids. Therefore, G. lucidum showed the potential application for anti-neuroinflammation and more FAAH inhibitors may be explored from G. lucidum.

Anti-trypanosomal, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum (W. Curt.: Fr) (Ganodermataceae) aqueous extract

Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) infection is caused by sub species of Trypanosoma brucei. The clinically licensed drugs have unacceptable toxicities and variable efficacies. The prognosis is influenced by the level of circulating free radicals and opportunistic infections. Many plants have been screened for activity in different models of HAT but the same is not true of mushrooms. This study screened the aqueous extract of the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum for trypanocidal, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Fruiting bodies of the mushroom were extracted sequentially with n – hexane, ethyl acetate, absolute ethanol and distilled water. The extracts were screened for phytochemical constituents and in vitro trypanocidal activity, the most active of which was further subjected to in vivo trypanocidal, anti-oxidant and anti-microbial screening. Alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, saponins and anthraquinones were present. In vitro trypanocidal screening showed the aqueous extract as the most active (IC50 = 14.65 μg/μl). It also dose-dependently inhibited parasitaemia and prolonged survival in parasite - infected mice (50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg). DPPH radical scavenging activity gave an IC50 of 131.00 ± 0.03 mg/ml. The extract demonstrated broad spectrum antimicrobial activity at 250 mg/ml. The fruiting bodies of G. lucidum is a potential source of trypanocidal compounds.

Phytochemical Evaluation and Antioxidant Capacity of Ganoderma lucidum and Pleurotus pulmonarius in Ibadan, Nigeria

Aims: To evaluate the phytochemical constituents and antioxidant properties of two selected mushrooms in Ibadan, Nigeria.
 Study Design: An experimental and descriptive study was conducted using the fruit bodies of Ganoderma lucidum collected from the Botanical garden University of Ibadan and Pleurotus pulmonarius which was bought from a local store in Ibadan. Successive extraction was done on the mushrooms with four solvents of increasing polarity that is from the non-polar (N-hexane) to a more polar solvent(water).Phytochemical and antioxidant analysis were then carried out on the extract fractions.
 Place and Duration of Study: Department of Botany, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria and Department of Microbiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria between May 2018 and February 2020.
 Methodology: The N-Hexane, Ethyl acetate, Ethanol and Aqueous extract fraction of Ganoderma lucidum and Pleurotus pulmonarius were analyzed in different system, including DPPH, Ferric ion Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) and Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC). The various antioxidant activities were compared to the standard ascorbic acid. Phytochemical include: Phenol, Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Tannins, Steroids, Saponins, Terpenoids Anthraquinones, and Cardiac glycosides were also analysed.
 Results: The Phytochemical screening result shows the presence of Phenol, Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Tannins, Steroids, Saponins, Terpenoids Anthraquinones, and Cardiac glycosides. The quantitative phytochemical screening revealed that the Ethyl acetate fraction of Ganoderma lucidum recorded the highest percentage of Alkaloids (41.70±0.14%) while the Ethanolic fraction of Pleurotus pulmonarius has the lowest percentage of Tannins (0.10±0.24%). DPPH scavenging activity of the Ethanolic extract fraction of Ganoderma lucidum (at 200 µg/ml) was 94.96% higher than that of Pleurotus pulmonarius (22.39%). The extract fraction of all the mushrooms possesses significant TAC content with N-Hexane and Ethyl acetate fraction having the highest. The results of the DPPH, FRAP, and TAC assays indicate that both mushrooms examined showed significant antioxidant activities. Among these, Ganoderma lucidum extract seems to be more effective antioxidant. The antioxidant activity of theses mushrooms has significant importance as it greatly contribute to their nutraceutical properties thus enhancing their nutritive value. Cultivation and production of dietary supplements from Ganoderma lucidum is highly recommended.
 Conclusion: The Mushrooms species analyzed have demonstrated to be good sources of phytochemical and antioxidants hence it can be recommended to pharmaceutical industries for the manufacturing of drugs.

Lucidumones B-H, racemic meroterpenoids that inhibit tumor cell migration from Ganoderma lucidum

Seven new meroterpenoids, lucidumones B-H (1 and 3–8), along with one known meroterpenoid (2), were isolated from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum. The structures of the new compounds were assigned by spectroscopic and computational methods. All the isolated compounds were tested for their inhibition on human cancer cell migration. It was found that compounds (–)-1, (+)-2, (–)-4, (+)-6, and (+)-8 could significantly inhibit cell migration in KYSE30 cell line. Further examination disclosed that cell migration inhibition of (+)-6 and (+)-8 might be related with downregulation of N-cadherin.

Free Radical Scavenging, Enzyme Inhibitory and Anti-<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Properties of the Fruiting Bodies of <i>Ganoderma lucidum</i>, Lingzhi Mushroom

The current study evaluated the antioxidant, α-amylase inhibitory and anti-Staphylococcus aureus activities of the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum. Methanolic extract of G. lucidum (MEGL) was investigated for its in vitro antioxidant activity using 1,1-diphenyl 2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and EC50 value was determined. α-Amylase inhibitory and anti-S. aureus activities were carried out by conventional methods. The mushroom extract showed maximum free radical scavenging activity at a dose of 500 μg/mL with EC50 value of 22.1399 μg/mL. EC50 value for the inhibition of α-amylase activity was found 22.6011 μg/mL. G. lucidum extracts exhibited a concentration-dependent Anti-S. aureus activity. The vast differences of this inhibition between lower and higher doses were assessed significantly (p G. lucidum has moderate antioxidant, α-amylase inhibitory, and anti-S. aureus activities. Thus this mushroom may be the alternative plant source for the antioxidant, anti-diabetic and antibacterial agents and further in vivo studies and isolation of bioactive compounds are required.

Dingxin Recipe IV attenuates atherosclerosis by regulating lipid metabolism through LXR-α/SREBP1 pathway and modulating the gut microbiota in ApoE-/- mice fed with HFD

Ethnopharmacological relevanceDingxin Recipe (DXR) is a traditional Chinese medicine formula that has been reported to be effective and safe treatment for cardiovascular diseases, such as arrhythmias, coronary heart disease. Dingxin Recipe IV (DXR IV) was further improved from the DXR according to the traditional use. However, the mechanism of DXR IV in atherosclerosis is unclear. Aim of the studyThis study aimed to illustrate whether DXR IV improve atherosclerosis through modulating the lipid metabolism and gut microbiota in atherosclerosis mice. Materials and methods40 male ApoE-/- mice were fed on HFD for 12 weeks and were then treated with DXR IV (1.8, 0.9, or 0.45 g/kg/d) for another 12 weeks. The decroation of DXR IV contains four traditional Chinese medicines: the dried rhizome of Coptis chinensis Franch. (15.09%), the root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (28.30%), the seed of Ziziphus jujuba Mill. (37.74%) and the fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum (Leyss.ex Fr.) Karst. (18.87%). 8 male c57BL/6 mice fed a normal diet served as control group. The atherosclerotic plaque was quantified by oil-red O staining and masson trichrome staining. Mice feces were collected. The gut micobiota were detected by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and fecal metabolites were analyzed by 1H NMR spectroscopy. The effect of DXR IV on blood lipids (TG, TC, LDL-C, HDL-C) was investigated. The lipid metabolism related genes were determined by RT-qPCR and western blotting respectively. ResultsDXR IV exerted the anti-atherosclerosis effect by inhibiting the excessive cholesterol deposition in aorta and regulating the level of TG, TC, LDL-C and HDL-C. The composition of gut microbiota was changed. Interestingly, the relative abundance of Muribaculaceae and Ruminococcaceae increased after DXR IV administration, whereas the abundance of Erysipelotrichaceae decreased, which have been beneficial to lipid metabolism. Nine potential metabolic biomarkers, including acetate, butyrate, propionate, alanine, succinate, valerate, xylose, choline, glutamate, were identified, which were related to fatty acid metabolism. Further, the pathway of fatty acid was detected by the RT-qPCR and western blotting. Compared with model group, the level of LXR-α and SREBP1 decreased significantly in DXR IV group while LXR-β, SREBP2 showed no statistical significance. It indicated that DXR IV modulated lipid metabolism by LXR-α/SREBP1 but not LXRβ and SREBP2. ConclusionsDXR IV exhibits potential anti-atherosclerosis effect, which is closely related to lipid metabolism and the gut microbiota. This study may provide novel insights into the mechanism of DXR IV on atherosclerosis and a basis for promising clinical usage.

Recombinant Ganoderma lucidum Immunomodulatory Protein Improves the Treatment for Chemotherapy-Induced Neutropenia.

Ganoderma lucidum, also known as LINGZHI, has a long tradition of use in folk medicine of the Far East, which is documented in the oldest Chinese pharmacopoeia, declaring it a superior medicine. LINGZHI-8 (LZ-8) is an immunoregulatory fungal protein isolated from the fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum. Neutropenia is a condition with an abnormally low levels of neutrophils in the blood, which is caused by numerous medical conditions or medications, such as chemotherapy. The current study demonstrated that recombinant LZ-8 (rLZ-8) from Pichia promoted the differentiation of bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) into granulocytes in a neutropenia mouse model induced by cyclophosphamide. Also, it regulated the CXCR4-SDF1 axis to promote the mobilization of HSCs and the release of neutrophils from the bone marrow to peripheral blood. Binding of rLZ-8 to the colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) promotes the differentiation of HSCs into primitive CFU colonies. These results suggested that rLZ-8 has a potential effect in the treatment of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia.

Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide (GLP) enhances antitumor immune response by regulating differentiation and inhibition of MDSCs via a CARD9-NF-κB-IDO pathway.

A homogeneous polysaccharide (GLP), with an average molecular weight of 4.44 × 104 Da, was isolated and purified from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum. In this work, we examined the antitumor activities of GLP using a mouse Lewis lung cancer (LLC) model and explored possible molecular pathways involved in its immunomodulatory mechanism on tumor–host interaction. GLP administration (25 and 100 mg/kg) significantly inhibited tumor growth, as evidenced by the decreased tumor volume and tumor weight, as well as histological features of tumor tissues with concomitant down-regulation of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) proliferative marker. Less myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) were accumulated in both spleen and tumor tissues from GLP-treated mice. In contrast, the percentage of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells together with the production of Th1-type cytokines (IFN-γ and IL-12) was increased in the spleen of LLC-bearing mice following GLP administration. Furthermore, GLP administration reversed the attenuated expression of CARD9, p-Syk and p-p65, and increased indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) protein expression in MDSCs of LLC-bearing mice. Collectively, our data demonstrated the first time that GLP induced the differentiation of MDSCs and inhibited the accumulation of MDSCs via CARD9-NF-κB-IDO pathway, thus prevented lung cancer development.