Fruiting Bodies Of Ganoderma Lucidum Research Articles

Isolation of benzolactones, Ganodumones A-F from Ganoderma lucidum and their antibacterial activities.

Six previously undescribed benzolactone constituents, ganodumones A-F (1-6), a new type of Ganoderma meroterpenoids (GMs) fused with 1,2,3,4,5-pentasubstituted phenyl and 1',2'-dioxy-3'-methyl-pentyl chain were isolated from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic analysis, X-ray crystal diffraction, and ECD computational methods. Meanwhile, bioactive evaluation showed that compounds 3 and 5 have antibacterial activities against Microsporum gypseum with MIC90 56.86±3.98 and 18.48±0.47μg/mL, respectively.

Triterpenes and Aromatic Meroterpenoids with Antioxidant Activity and Neuroprotective Effects from Ganoderma lucidum.

Reactive oxygen/nitrogen species generated in the human body can cause oxidative damage associated with many degenerative diseases such as atherosclerosis, dementia, coronary heart diseases, aging, and cancer. There is a great interest in developing new antioxidants from Ganoderma fungus due to its low toxicity. As part of our ongoing search for antioxidative constituents from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum, the chemical constituents were investigated and seven secondary metabolites, including one new lanostane triterpene (1), two known aromatic meroterpenoids (6–7), and four known triterpenes (2–5), were isolated by a series of chromatographic methods. The structures of the seven compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic techniques. The isolated compounds were tested in vitro for antioxidant potencies and neuroprotective activities against H2O2 and aged Aβ-induced cell death in SH-SY5Y cells. As a result, compounds 1, 6, and 7 exhibited potent antioxidant and neuroprotective activities. Additionally, all isolated compounds were tested for radical scavenging activities. Compounds 6 and 7 showed the comparable free radical scavenging activities with the standard drug in both ABTS (2, 2’-azobis (3-ethylbenzothiazole-6-sulfonaic acid)) and ORAC (oxygen radical absorbance capacity) experiments. The results from this study suggested that G. lucidum and its metabolites (especially the meroterpenoids) may be potential functional food ingredients for the antioxidation and prevention of neurogenerative diseases.

New Unsaturated Lactones and a Meroterpenoid from Ganoderma lucidum

From the dried fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum, 2 new unsaturated lactones, dayaolingzhilactones A and B (1 and 2), and 1 new meroterpenoid, dayaolingzhiol H (3), together with 10 known compounds (4-13), were isolated. Their chemical structures were identified by using spectroscopic data and calculated specific rotation. The inhibitory activities of compounds 1 and 2 toward acetylcholinesterase (AchE) were assessed in vitro with tacrine as the positive control. Both of them exhibited moderate AchE inhibitory activities at the concentration of 50 μM.

Extraction and antioxidant activity of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides using electrolyzed oxidizing water

The fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum (Ling Zhi) is a traditional medicinal mushroom for promoting health and life expectancy. G. lucidum polysaccharides (GLPs) has several biological activities, including antioxidant, antitumor, antimicrobial and increase the immunity. In order to extract GLPs, electrolyzed oxidizing water (EOW)was used to accelerate their dissolution from the cell walls. Compared to traditional extraction method, electrolyzed oxidizing water is an environment friendly and economically feasible method. The extraction conditions including time, temperature, pH and water-to-solid ratio were optimized by single factor experiments followed by an orthogonal experiment, for maximising total sugar content and antioxidant capacity. The optimal extraction time, temperature, EOW pH and water-to-solid ratio were 4 h, 100°C, pH 2.5 and 20 mL/g, respectively, which yielded 78.47 ± 2.95 mg/g of GLP. The extracted GLP exhibited strong antioxidant effects, including scavenging ofDPPH• and HO•, with IC50 values of 0.55 mg/mL and 0.76 mg/mL, respectively.

Researches and Application of Ganoderma Spores Powder.

Ganoderma lucidum spores(GLS) are the mature germ cells of Ganoderma lucidum. They have all the genetic substances and similar active components of Ganoderma lucidum. Similar to the fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum, ganoderma spores powder has the effect of regulating immunity, antitumor, antioxidation, and protecting cells and so on. In recent decades, with the development of the technology of breaking the wall of Ganoderma lucidum spores and the technology of extracting and preparing, the researches and application of Ganoderma lucidum spores powder have made great progress.

Total Syntheses and Biological Evaluation of the Ganoderma lucidum Alkaloids Lucidimines B and C.

Although a range of pharmacologically active compounds has been obtained from the mycelium and fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum, the biological properties of the alkaloids present in this functional food remain unknown. Herein, we report total syntheses of lucidimines B and C, key members of the first family of alkaloids isolated from G. lucidum, and the evaluation of these synthetically derived materials as antioxidants and antiproliferative agents. Lucidimine B proved to be a better antioxidant than congener C. Similarly, lucidimine B exhibited antiproliferative properties toward MCF-7 cells (an EC50 value of 0.27 ± 0.02 μmol/mL), whereas lucidimine C was inactive. The former alkaloid arrested the MCF-7 cell cycle in the S phase by inducing DNA fragmentation, hence reducing the mitochondrial membrane potential. This work thus demonstrates, for the first time, that the alkaloidal constituents derived from G. lucidum are biologically active and may, therefore, contribute to the beneficial health claims made for this nutraceutical.

Development of antler-type fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum and determination of its biochemical properties

Following the importance of antler-type fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum, in this study, the impact of main growth parameters such as ventilation and light on the development of antler-type fruiting bodies has been investigated together with the determination of physico-chemical properties of antler fruiting bodies. For this, the primordia bags of G. lucidum were kept under controlled ventilation to adjust the CO2 produced by the mushrooms owing to its respiration under light and dark conditions. The bioactive compounds such as phenolics, flavonoids, water-soluble polysaccharides and ganoderic acid showed a two-fold increase in the antler-type fruiting bodies as compared to normal kidney-shaped fruiting bodies. It is assumed from this study that the antler type fruiting bodies are developed due to restricted ventilation which causes an increase in the level of CO2 gas in the air as a result of respiration of mushroom. The shape and colour of antler fruiting bodies again dependent on the light provided in the growth chamber. This study also proves that with the manipulation of light and ventilation antler-type fruiting bodies of G. lucidum could be developed with higher quantity of bioactive compounds and with higher antioxidant potential.

Profiling of Intra- and Extracellular Enzymes Involved in Fructification of the Lingzhi or Reishi Medicinal Mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum (Agaricomycetes).

Fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum have been widely used as a source of potent nutraceutical products. However, the key proteins involved in fructifying G. lucidum, to our knowledge, have not yet been reported. We evaluated the protein profile of fruiting and nonfruiting G. lucidum strains at various developmental stages: mycelia, spawn running, pinning, and fruiting body. Four strains of G. lucidum (GL-I to GL-IV) were grown in both liquid medium (mushroom minimal medium broth) and bags of wheat straw, after which the biomass and fruiting bodies were harvested. Enzyme studies revealed enhanced intracellular and extracellular enzymatic activities during the spawn run stage compared with that during mycelial growth in broth. The esterase and peroxidase activities increased significantly during the pinning of the fruiting cultures, thus indicating their positive role in fructification. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of proteins at 3 stages of cultivation-spawn run, pin head formation, and fruiting-exhibited the presence of hydrophobic amino acids and an ordered protein structure in fruiting strains (GL-I and GL-II), indicating the presence of hydrophobin proteins and their role in mushroom fructification. However, basic and aromatic amino acids predominated in the nonfruiting strain GL-IV, and an unordered protein structure was present, which indicate the positive role of hydrophobic amino acids and hydrophobin proteins in mushroom fructification.

Antiplasmodial and antioxidant activities of chloroform extract of Ganoderma lucidum fruit body in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice

From our previous study extract of the fruit bodies of Ganoderma lucidum possessed promising curative potential against Plasmodium berghei in mice. Thus, we hypothesized that infection with chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium berghei together with crude chloroform extract (CCE) of G. lucidum, at 250 mg/kg body weight would enhance various aspects of antiplasmodial activities in mice. Mice were treated with CCE or chloroquine (CQ) for seventy-two hours prior to infection with P. berghei and monitored closely until signs of death were observed in untreated mice and then sacrificed. Parasitaemia, hepatic function, and oxidative stress markers analyses were performed at the end of the experiment. CCE-treated mice displayed lower parasitemia compared with untreated mice. Plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (γ-GT) activities; and the erythrocyte malondialdehyde (MDA) level were significantly (p<0.0001) lower in the extract and CQ-treated mice. Erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes (GPx, GST, SOD and G6PDH) activities were significantly (p<0.0001) higher in CCE-treated mice compared with CQ-treated and untreated control. Though chloroquine treatment reduced parasitemia and MDA considerably compared with extract, there was reduced production of the antioxidant defense enzymes. This study shows that CCE of G. lucidum reduces parasitemia and improves the attendant consequences of Plasmodium berghei-malarial infection in mice.

Cytotoxic lanostane-type triterpenoids from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum and their structure-activity relationships.

We conducted a study of Ganoderma lucidum metabolites and isolated 35 lanostane-type triterpenoids, including 5 new ganoderols (1-5). By spectroscopy, we compared the structures of these compounds with known related compounds in this group. All of the isolated compounds were assayed for their effect against the human breast carcinoma cell line MDA-MB-231 and hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2. Corresponding three-dimensional quantitative structure–activity relationship (3D-QSAR) models were built and analyzed using Discovery Studio. These results provide further evidence for anti-cancer constituents within Ganoderma lucidum, and may provide a theoretical foundation for designing novel therapeutic compounds.

Restoration of the tumor-suppressor function to mutant p53 by Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides in colorectal cancer cells.

Ganodermalucidum polysaccharides (GLPs), isolated from spores, mycelia and fruiting bodies of Ganodermalucidum, have been suggested to possess anticancer activities in a large number of basic studies. A recent survey revealed that GLP-induced inhibition of cancer cell growth was dependent on the existence of functional p53. However, the actual role of p53-mediated tumor-suppressing pathways in facilitating the anticancer effect of GLPs is still unclear. In the present study, we investigated the interaction between GLPs and mutant p53 that exists in more than half of the known types of cancers. Our results showed that GLPs reactivated mutant p53 in colorectal cancer HT29 (p53R273H) and SW480 (p53R273H&P309S) cells while applied alone or together with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). This reactivation further induced cell growth inhibition and apoptosis. In addition, western blot assay and invitro cell-free apoptosis assay suggested that the activation of mutant p53 was effective in both a transcriptional-dependent and -independent pathway. Altogether, our data demonstrated for the first time that GLPs show prominent anticancer activities by reactivating several types of mutant p53. Therefore, targeting mutant p53 by GLPs alongside other chemotherapeutics may be considered as a novel treatment strategy for cancer.

Rheological properties of β-d-glucan from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum

Rheological properties of a β-(1,3)-d-glucan (GLP20) from the fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum in water at different concentrations were studied with a strain controlled ARES Rheometer at 25 °C. The intrinsic viscosity was measured by Ubbelohde viscometer and estimated to be 1248.05 mL/g from the mean of both intercepts by plotting ηsp/c and lnηrel/c against concentration. Shear-thinning behavior occurred at lower concentrations and very low critical shear rates. The zero shear specific viscosity (ηsp,0) was plotted against the coil overlap parameter (c[η]) and the slopes of the lines in the dilute and semi-dilute regimes were found to be 1.23 and 4.19, respectively. The critical concentration (c∗) was determined to be about 0.79 g/L, which was much lower than that of general disordered polymers. This may be due to the stiff chain conformation of GLP20. The results from dynamic experiments revealed that GLP20 in pure water displayed liquid-like behavior at low concentrations (≤0.5%) and could form weak gels with the increase of concentration.

A New Lanostanoid from Ganoderma lucidum

Phytochemical studies on the ethyl acetate extract of the fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum afforded a new lanostanoid named 24(S),26-dihydroxy-5α-lanosta-7,9,25-trien-3-one (1), along with two known compounds, ganoderic acid DM (2) and 5α-lanosta-7,9(11),24-triene-15α,26-dihydroxy-3-one (3). Their structures were established on the basis of spectroscopic analysis and chemical evidence. The cytotoxicity of the isolated compounds was evaluated in vitro against three human cancer cell lines (HCT-116, KB, and OE-19). Compound 3 showed moderate cytotoxic activity.

Isolation of lingzhifuran A and lingzhilactones D–F from Ganoderma lucidum as specific Smad3 phosphorylation inhibitors and total synthesis of lingzhifuran A

Lingzhifuran A (1) and lingzhilactones D–F (2–4), four new phenolic meroterpenoids were isolated from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum. Total synthesis and biological evaluation of lingzhifuran A were carried out herein.

Lucidimine A-D, four new alkaloids from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum

Four new polycylic alkaloids, lucidimine A–D, were isolated from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum. Their chemical structures were established based on 1D and 2D NMR data as well as HREIMS/HRESIMS analyses.

A New Cytotoxic Gymnomitrane Sesquiterpene from Ganoderma lucidum Fruiting Bodies

A new gymnomitrane-type sesquiterpenoid, gymnomitrane-3α,5α,9β,15-tetrol (1), was isolated from the fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum. Its structure was elucidated using spectroscopic methods. This compound significantly inhibited the growth of epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor EGFR-TKI-resistant human lung cancer A549 and human prostate cancer PC3 cell lines.

Inhibitory Effects of Highly Oxygenated Lanostane Derivatives from the Fungus Ganoderma lucidum on P-Glycoprotein and α-Glucosidase.

Twelve new highly oxygenated lanostane triterpenoids and nine known ganoderic acids were isolated from the fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum. The new compounds were lanostane nortriterpenoids with 27 carbons (1-5 and 8), lanostane nor-triterpenoids with 25 carbons (6 and 7), and lanostane triterpenoids (9-12) based on multiple spectroscopic data analysis, including HRESIMS, 1D-NMR, 2D-NMR, and CD. Compounds 1-5 were identified as rare nor-lanostanoids that contain a 17β-pentatomic lactone ring. Compound 13, possessing a lactone ring, had been isolated previously. The P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitory effects of compounds 1-21 were evaluated at a concentration of 20 μM using an adriamycin (ADM)-resistant human breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MCF-7/ADR). Compounds 1, 5, 18, and 20 and verapamil increased the accumulation of ADM in MCF-7/ADR cells approximately 3-fold when compared with the negative control. These data support the significant P-glycoprotein inhibitory activities of compounds 1, 5, 18, and 20. In silico docking analysis suggested these compounds had similar P-gp recognition mechanisms compared with those of verapamil (a classical inhibitor). Furthermore, in an in vitro bioassay, compounds 2, 4, 5, 6, and 18 showed moderate inhibitory effects against α-glucosidase compared with those of the positive control acarbose.

Effect of Ganoderma lucidum spores intervention on glucose and lipid metabolism gene expression profiles in type 2 diabetic rats.

BackgroundThe fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum has been used as a traditional herbal medicine for many years. However, to the date, there is no detailed study for describing the effect of G. lucidum spores on oxidative stress, blood glucose level and lipid compositions in animal models of type 2 diabetic rats, in particular the effect on the gene expression profiles associated with glucose and lipid metabolisms.MethodsG. lucidum spores powder (GLSP) with a shell-broken rate >99.9 % was used. Adult male Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups (n = 8/group). Group 1: Normal control, normal rats with ordinary feed; Group 2: Model control, diabetic rats with ordinary feed without intervention; Group 3: GLSP, diabetic rats with ordinary feed, an intervention group utilizing GLSP of 1 g per day by oral gavages for 4 consecutive weeks. Type 2 diabetic rats were obtained by streptozocin (STZ) injection. The changes in the levels of glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol in blood samples were analyzed after GLSP intervention. Meanwhile, gene expressions associated with the possible molecular mechanism of GLSP regulation were also investigated using a quantitative RT-PCR.ResultsThe reduction of blood glucose level occurred within the first 2 weeks of GLSP intervention and the lipid synthesis in the diabetic rats of GLSP group was significantly decreased at 4 weeks compared to the model control group. Furthermore, it was also found that GLSP intervention greatly attenuated the level of oxidative stress in the diabetic rats. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed up-regulation of lipid metabolism related genes (Acox1, ACC, Insig-1 and Insig-2) and glycogen synthesis related genes (GS2 and GYG1) in GLSP group compared to model control group. Additionally, there were no significant changes in the expression of other genes, such as SREBP-1, Acly, Fas, Fads1, Gpam, Dgat1, PEPCK and G6PC1.ConclusionThis study might indicate that GLSP consumption could provide a beneficial effect in terms of lowering the blood glucose levels by promoting glycogen synthesis and inhibiting gluconeogenesis. Meanwhile, GLSP treatment was also associated with the improvement of blood lipid compositions through the regulation of cholesterol homeostasis in the type 2 diabetic rats.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12944-015-0045-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Protection of radiation induced DNA and membrane damages by total triterpenes isolated from Ganoderma lucidum (Fr.) P. Karst

The total triterpenes isolated from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum was examined for its potential to prevent γ-radiation induced membrane damage in rat liver mitochondria and microsomes. The effects of total triterpenes on γ-radiation-induced DNA strand breaks in pBR 322 plasmid DNA in vitro and human peripheral blood lymphocytes ex vivo were evaluated. The protective effect of total triterpenes against γ-radiation-induced micronuclei formations in mice bone marrow cells in vivo were also evaluated. The results indicated the significant effectiveness of Ganoderma triterpenes in protecting the DNA and membrane damages consequent to the hazardous effects of radiation. The findings suggest the potential use of Ganoderma triterpenes in radio therapy.

Isolation and identification of renoprotective substances from the mushroom Ganoderma lucidum

The fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum have been used in China for the prevention of a wide range of diseases including diabetic nephropathy. Our current investigation with this mushroom led to the isolation of six new and two known phenolic meroterpenoids. The structures and absolute configurations at all stereogenic centers in these substances were assigned by using spectroscopic and computational methods. The new meroterpenoids, chizhines A–F (1–6), are isolated as racemic mixtures. Chiral HPLC was utilized to obtain the individual (−)- and (+)-antipodes of these substances. The renoprotective effects of the selected members of the series, were evaluated by using the ELISA technique and high-glucose-induced rat mesangial cells. The results show that the individual enantiomers of these substances significantly inhibit monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1) and fibronectin production in a dose-dependent manner.