Cucumber Fruit Research Articles

Identifikasi Penanda Masak Fisiologis untuk Panen Benih Mentimun (Cucumis sativus L.)

Identification of Physiological Cooking Markers for Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Seed Harvest. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) has a wide adaptability to the environment. Cucumber production in Indonesia has decreased every year. The availability of quality seeds is one of the important factors in increasing the productivity of cucumber plants. This study aims to identify physiological ripening markers, especially in cucumber fruit. This study used a one-factor randomized block design method with 4 levels of treatment at harvesting age of cucumbers, namely 24, 27, 30, and 33 days after flower blooming. The variables observed in this study were; a) identification of fruit and seed maturity markers; 1) fresh weight of fruit (g), 2) fresh weight of 100 seeds (g), 3) oven dry weight of 100 seeds (g), 4) seed moisture content (%), and 5) fruit color development; b) testing of seed quality; 1) seed germination (%) and 2) seed germination vigor (%).The results showed that the right harvest time based on the character of the fruit and seeds to produce quality seeds for cucumber plants was 27 days after the flowers bloom. The character of the fruit at that time was shiny green with a yellow tinge and reached the maximum fresh weight, while the character of the seeds at that time was bright yellow seeds, with a fresh weight of 100 seeds was 3,95g and an oven dry weight of 100 seeds was 1,51g reaching the maximum weight. And seed moisture content at the age of 27 with the lowest percentage. The quality of cucumber seeds harvested when physiologically ripe was obtained with the highest average values such as seed germination (93.17%) and simultaneous growth vigor (81.83%).

Amelioration of Chilling Injury by Fucoidan in Cold-Stored Cucumber via Membrane Lipid Metabolism Regulation.

Cucumber fruit is very sensitive to chilling injury, which rapidly depreciates their commodity value. Herein, the effect of fucoidan treatment on cucumber under cold stress were investigated. Fucoidan treatment of cold-stored cucumber alleviated the occurrence of chilling injury, delayed weight loss, lowered electrolyte leakage and respiration rate, and retarded malondialdehyde accumulation. Different from the control fruit, fucoidan treated fruit showed a high level of fatty acid unsaturated content, fatty acid unsaturation, and unsaturation index and increased ω-FDAS activity, along with upregulated expression levels of CsSAD and CsFAD genes. Fucoidan reduced the phosphatidic acid content and membrane lipid peroxidation, lowered the phospholipase D (PLD) and lipoxygenase (LOX) activity, and downregulated the expression levels of CsPLD and CsLOX genes. Collectively, fucoidan treatment maintained the integrity of cell membrane in cold-stress cucumbers. The results provide a new prospect for the development of fucoidan as a preservative agent in the low-temperature postharvest storage of cucumbers.

Bacillus subtilis Promotes Cucumber Growth and Quality under Higher Nutrient Solution by Altering the Rhizospheric Microbial Community

Bacillus subtilis was applied in peat-based soilless cultivation systems containing a mixed substrate (peat:vermiculite:perlite = 2:1:1, v/v/v) and irrigated by one-strength or four-strength Hoagland's nutrient solution to explore whether it can alleviate inhibition by higher-nutrient solutions (four-strength) and bring benefits to improvements of quality. The results showed that higher-nutrient solutions improved the flavor quality of cucumber fruit; especially, the contents of (E,Z)-2,6-nonadienal and (E)-2-Nonenal were effectively increased, which are the special flavor substances of cucumber. B. subtilis K424 effectively improved growth performance, photosynthetic capacity, vitamin C content, soluble sugars, soluble protein, and total pectin in cucumber under higher nutrition solution conditions. Compared with the higher solution treatment, the bacterial diversity significantly increased, whereas the presence of fungi had no significant difference following the B. subtilis K424 application. Moreover, B. subtilis K424 reduced the relative abundance of Actinomadura and promoted that of the Rhodanobacter, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Devosiaceae, and Blastobotrys genera. Redundancy analysis showed that Bacillus, Rhodanobacter, and Blastobotrys were positively correlated with the substrate enzyme of sucrase, catalase, and urease. This study provides insight that B. subtilis K424 mitigated the deleterious effects of high levels of nutrition solution on cucumber growth and quality by improving the substrate enzyme, regulating the microbial community structure, and enhancing the photosynthetic capacity.

CsCER6 and CsCER7 Influence Fruit Glossiness by Regulating Fruit Cuticular Wax Accumulation in Cucumber.

Fruit glossiness is an important external fruit quality trait that greatly affects the marketability of fresh cucumber (Cucumis sativus) fruits. A few reports have suggested that the extent of cuticular wax loading influences the glossiness of the fruit surface. In the present study, we tested the wax contents of two inbred cucumber lines, comparing a line with waxy fruit (3401) and a line with glossy fruit (3413). Wax content analysis and dewaxing analysis demonstrate that fruit cuticular wax loads negatively correlate with fruit glossiness in cucumber. Identifying genes that were differentially expressed in fruit pericarps between 3401 and 3413 and genes induced by abscisic acid suggested that the wax biosynthesis gene CsCER6 (Cucumis sativus ECERIFERUM 6) and the regulatory gene CsCER7 may affect wax accumulation on cucumber fruit. Expression analysis via RT-qPCR, GUS-staining, and in situ hybridization revealed that CsCER6 and CsCER7 are abundantly expressed in the epidermis cells in cucumber fruits. Furthermore, the overexpression and RNAi lines of CsCER6 and CsCER7 showed dramatic effects on fruit cuticular wax contents, fruit glossiness, and cuticle permeability. Our results suggest that CsCER6 and CsCER7 positively regulate fruit cuticular wax accumulation and negatively influence fruit glossiness.

Elevated level of chilling tolerance in cucumber fruit was obtained by β-aminobutyric acid via the regulation of antioxidative response and metabolism of energy, proline and unsaturated fatty acid

• BABA treatment enhances the chilling tolerance in cucumber fruit. • BABA application improved the antioxidant capacity of harvested cucumber fruit. • BABA-treated fruit exhibited higher level of energy status. • BABA promoted proline accumulation and maintained higher level of UFA contents. This experimental study was conducted to investigate the effects of β-aminobutyric acid (BABA) on chilling injury in cold-stored cucumber fruit. Results showed that BABA decreased the development of chilling injury in cucumber fruit. BABA-treated fruit exhibited elevated antioxidant ability, indicated by high activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) and low levels of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion. BABA treatment maintained a high level of energy status by promoting the activities and genes expression of H + -ATPase, Ca 2+ -ATPase, succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and cytochrome C oxidase (CCO). Increased enzymes activities and genes expression of Δ 1 -pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase (PCS) and ornithine-δ-aminotransferase (OAT) and depressed enzyme activity and gene expression of proline dehydrogenase (PDH) in BABA-treated cucumber collectively promoted the accumulation of proline. Furthermore, BABA treatment delayed the decreasing trend of unsaturated fatty acid content in cucumber. Thus, BABA is effective in enhancing chilling tolerance in cucumber fruit possibly by improving the antioxidant ability and adjusting the metabolism of energy, proline and unsaturated fatty acids.

Cerium oxide nanomaterials improve cucumber flowering, fruit yield and quality: the rhizosphere effect

Cerium oxide nanomaterials improved cucumber flowering, fruit yield and quality: the rhizosphere effect.

Varietal preference and efficacy of various chemicals against red pumpkin beetle (Aulacophora foveicollis L.) (Coleoptera: chrysomelidae) in different cucumber (Cucumis sativus) cultivars

Experiments were conducted to determine the resistance level of different cultivars and study the efficacy of various synthetic insecticides against red pumpkin beetle (Aulocohphora foveicollis) at the New Developmental Malakandir Farm, the University of Agriculture Peshawar, during 2018. In the first experimental trial, data were collected on the mean population density of red pumpkin beetle on three cultivars (Desi, Super Green and Madam-560) of cucumber crop. While in the second experiment, three insecticides (Carbaryl, Cypermethrin, Malathion) and an Untreated/Control were used to study the effect of these insecticides on Desi (susceptible) and Madam 560 (resistant) cultivars regarding red pumpkin beetle on cucumber cultivar. Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was used in this experiment. The data on the relevant parameters were recorded at weekly intervals for eleven (1st experiment) and four weeks (2nd experiment) i.e., till termination of the experiments. During first experiment, it was observed that significantly lowest population density of red pumpkin beetle (0.82) per plant and highest yield (8981.3 kg ha-1) was observed from Madam 560, while significantly highest mean population density of red pumpkin beetle (4.06) per plant and lowest yield (7313.7 kg ha-1) was obtained from Desi cultivar. Significantly maximum mean number of red pumpkin beetle plant-1 was recorded in the seventh week (29 May) from Desi, Super Green and Madam 560 cultivars with 6.41, 4.50 and 1.62 beetle plant-1, respectively. During the cropping season, mean population density of red pumpkin beetle plant-1 reached its peak in the seventh week (29 May). After 7th week, a gradual decline was occurred in the mean population density of red pumpkin beetle plant 1. In second experiment, lowest mean population density of red pumpkin beetle adults plant-1 (0.12), area of consumption (3.12 mm2), percentage weight loss (1.60 %) and highest yield (21555 kg ha-1) was recorded from Madam 560 treated with Carbaryl, while highest mean population density of red pumpkin beetle adult plant-1 (7.09), area of consumption (36.11 mm2), percentage weight loss (17.27%) and lowest yield (7247 kg ha-1) was recorded from untreated Desi cultivar. It was followed by untreated Madam 560 cultivar where 5.40, 25.92 mm2, 13.20% and 8766 kg ha 1. Madam 560 is significantly better cultivar than Super Green and Desi, as this cultivar results in lowest population density of red pumpkin beetle and highest yield of cucumber fruit. Carbaryl is significantly better as compared to Malathion and Cypermethrin because it reduces the population of red pumpkin beetle.

Postharvest Physicochemical Quality Assessment of Greenhouse Produced Soilless Cucumbers in Relation to Differential Fertigation

A study was undertaken to investigate the physico-chemical quality of cucumbers produced in soilless media under naturally ventilated greenhouse microclimatic conditions. The monitored microclimatic parameters included mainly air temperature, relative humidity and solar radiation. The air temperature varied in the range of 19.1-29.3°C and 22.6 32.4°C during season 1 and season 2, respectively. Relative humidity varied in the range of 55.0-91.5% and 59.3-85.3% during season 1 and season 2, respectively. Solar radiation varied in the range of 80-147 W.m-2 and 97-172 W.m-2 during season 1 and season 2, respectively. The quality of cucumber was significantly affected by growing seasons, crop varieties, and fertigation levels. The vitamin C content, total phenolic content, and total chlorophyll content were significantly higher for PBRK-4 variety compared to Kafka and Multistar during both growing seasons, mainly due to varietal differences. Fruit firmness was also highest for PBRK-4 variety for both growing seasons at 100% level of fertigation. The vitamin C content, total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, chlorophyll content, and firmness of cucumber fruit were in the range of 3.29-5.52 mg.100 g-1, 0.550-1,724 mg.100 g-1, 12.7-21.8%, 117.09-129.97 mg.100 g-1, and 30,960-34,030 gf, respectively. The partially controlled growing conditions helped in improving the physico-chemical quality of cucumber to a great extent compared to open field conditions.

دور السيليكون وحمض السالسيلك والسيكوسيل في الصفات النوعية للثمار وتحمل نباتات الخيار لملوحة ماء الري في ظروف الزراعة المحمية

The effect of foliar spray with cycocel, Salicylic acid, and Silicon on cucumber fruit characteristics, and salt tolerance under greenhouse conditions, was studied, at research center of Al- Hennadi, related to Agriculture research center – Lattakia- Syria . The research concluded 14 treatments : 1-C , 2- SA 25, 3- SA50 , 4- CCC400 , 5-CCC600, 6-Si 100 , 7- Si 200, 8-S, 9 –S+SA25 , 10- S+SA50, 11-S+ CCC400 , 12- S+ CCC600, 13- S+ Si 100, 14- S+ Si 200. The results showed that foliar spray with Si, SA and CCC improved fruit quality (dry matter, total sugars, soluble solids, total acids, and vitamin C). The results showed as well, that silicon application (Si(100,200) increased significantly the studied parameters. The results indicated that SA, CCC, and Si could alleviate the harmful effect of salinity, silicon was more effective.

Manfaat Sari Mentimun untuk Pengobatan Hipertensi di RT 04 Kelurahan Bagan Pete Kecamatan Alam Barajo Kota Jambi

High blood pressure or hypertension is a degenerative disease and can result in a risk of death. The heritage of the archipelago in traditional medicine that has been carried out by our ancestors or forefathers has been widely imitated by the community. They have the ability to process family plants into medicinal ingredients. People are used to using natural medicinal preparations and increasingly believe in their health benefits. Based on the survey results obtained from the people of Rt 04 Bagan Pete, there is a disease that is often suffered, namely hypertension. One, treatment therapy for hypertension is cucumber fruit which is processed into cucumber juice. The content contained in cucumbers such as potassium, magnesium and phosphorus can treat hypertension. Based on the community service activities that have been carried out at RT.04, Bagan Pete Village, Alam Barajo District, Jambi City, it can be concluded that the knowledge and understanding of the community in RT.04 has increased after counseling was carried out.

Manfaat Sari Mentimun untuk Pengobatan Hipertensi di RT 04 Kelurahan Bagan Pete Kecamatan Alam Barajo Kota Jambi

High blood pressure or hypertension is a degenerative disease and can result in a risk of death. The heritage of the archipelago in traditional medicine that has been carried out by our ancestors or forefathers has been widely imitated by the community. They have the ability to process family plants into medicinal ingredients. People are used to using natural medicinal preparations and increasingly believe in their health benefits. Based on the survey results obtained from the people of Rt 04 Bagan Pete, there is a disease that is often suffered, namely hypertension. One, treatment therapy for hypertension is cucumber fruit which is processed into cucumber juice. The content contained in cucumbers such as potassium, magnesium and phosphorus can treat hypertension. Based on the community service activities that have been carried out at RT.04, Bagan Pete Village, Alam Barajo District, Jambi City, it can be concluded that the knowledge and understanding of the community in RT.04 has increased after counseling was carried out.

Fucoidan treatment alleviates chilling injury in cucumber by regulating ROS homeostasis and energy metabolism.

Chilling injury is a major hindrance to cucumber fruit quality during cold storage. In this study, we evaluated the effects of fucoidan on fruit quality, reactive oxygen species homeostasis, and energy metabolism in cucumbers during cold storage. The results showed that, compared with the control cucumber fruit, fucoidan-treated cucumber fruit exhibited a lower chilling injury index and less weight loss, as well as reduced electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde content. The most pronounced effects were observed following treatment with fucoidan at 15 g/L, which resulted in increased 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and hydroxyl radical scavenging rates and reduced superoxide anion production rate and hydrogen peroxide content. The expression and activity levels of peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase were enhanced by fucoidan treatment. Further, fucoidan treatment maintained high levels of ascorbic acid and glutathione, and high ratios of ascorbic acid/dehydroascorbate and glutathione/oxidized glutathione. Moreover, fucoidan treatment increased the activities of ascorbate peroxidase, monodehydroascorbate reductase, dehydroascorbate reductase, and glutathione reductase and their gene expression. Fucoidan treatment significantly delayed the decrease in ATP and ADP, while preventing an increase in AMP content. Finally, fucoidan treatment delayed the decrease of energy charge and the activities and gene expression of H+-ATPase, Ca2+-ATPase, cytochrome c oxidase, and succinate dehydrogenase in cucumber fruits. Altogether, our findings indicate that fucoidan can effectively enhance antioxidant capacity and maintain energy metabolism, thereby improving cucumber cold resistance during cold storage.

Morphological and Genetic Diversity of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Fruit Development.

Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) fruits, which are eaten at an immature stage of development, can vary extensively in morphological features such as size, shape, waxiness, spines, warts, and flesh thickness. Different types of cucumbers that vary in these morphological traits are preferred throughout the world. Numerous studies in recent years have added greatly to our understanding of cucumber fruit development and have identified a variety of genetic factors leading to extensive diversity. Candidate genes influencing floral organ establishment, cell division and cell cycle regulation, hormone biosynthesis and response, sugar transport, trichome development, and cutin, wax, and pigment biosynthesis have all been identified as factors influencing cucumber fruit morphology. The identified genes demonstrate complex interplay between structural genes, transcription factors, and hormone signaling. Identification of genetic factors controlling these traits will facilitate breeding for desired characteristics to increase productivity, improve shipping, handling, and storage traits, and enhance consumer-desired qualities. The following review examines our current understanding of developmental and genetic factors driving diversity of cucumber fruit morphology.

Origanum dubium (Cypriot Oregano) as a Promising Sanitizing Agent against Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes on Tomato and Cucumber Fruits.

In recent years, the use of natural products such as essential oils (EOs) and other plant extracts for the preservation of fresh produce has attracted much interest from the food industry. Many endemic medicinal and aromatic plants, such as Cypriot oregano (Origanum dubium), present a plethora of properties that can be utilized by the fruit and vegetable sectors of the food industry. The purpose of the present study was to assess the effects of O. dubium EO and hydrosol (at different concentrations and durations of dipping application) for the preservation of tomato and cucumber fruit quality, and their effectiveness as sanitizing agents against two foodborne pathogens (Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica). The results of this study indicated that increased concentrations of EO, combined with a longer duration of application, resulted in less marketable fruit compared to hydrosol application. Interestingly, EO application at lower concentrations and shorter durations of application (i.e., 0.01% for 5 min) increased fruit antioxidant, ascorbic acid and carotenoid levels (for tomato fruit), suggesting an increase in the nutritional value of the treated fruit, compared to the control. EO and hydrosol were able to decrease the bacterial populations (both bacteria) on fruits. Both products were especially effective against L. monocytogenes, even seven days after their application and storage at 11 °C (up to an approx. 3 log reduction with the EO application). Overall, the results of this study suggest that the use of O. dubium EO and hydrosol could be considered as alternative sanitation means for tomatoes and cucumbers.

Uptake and translocation of both legacy and emerging per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances in hydroponic vegetables

The extensive use of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) and their substitutes has resulted in their frequent detections in environmental matrices. However, limited information is known about their uptake into vegetables and health risk through diet, particularly for those emerging alternatives. In this study, a total of 17 PFASs (namely 12 legacy PFASs and 5 of their alternatives) were compared for their accumulation into four staple vegetables (lettuce, Chinese cabbage, chrysanthemum coronarium, and cucumber) in hydroponic system with single PFAS concentration being 10 μg/L, except for 8:2 chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonate (Cl-PFESA) as 0.5 μg/L. The sum concentrations of 17 PFASs in edible parts were in the order of Chinese cabbage leaf (13,456 ng/g) > lettuce leaf (5996 ng/g) > cucumber fruit (4115 ng/g) >chrysanthemum coronarium stem (3999 ng/g). For perfluorooctanoate acid (PFOA) and its alternatives, hexafluoropropylene oxide trimer acid (HFPO-TA) preferentially accumulated in roots than PFOA with root concentration factors being 35.7–99.9. Translocation to edible parts was more remarkable for hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (HFPO-DA) compared with PFOA in lettuce and cucumber. For perfluorooctanesulfonate acid (PFOS) and its alternatives, roots of all the four vegetables were found to more readily accumulate 8:2 Cl-PFESA than PFOS, but 8:2 Cl-PFESA was hardly translocated to the aerial parts. Significantly (p < 0.05) higher edible concentrations of 8:2 and 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acids (FTSA) than that of PFOS were observed for cucumber.

In vivo detection of L-tryptophan in cucumbers using poly (9-Aminoacridine) film modified pencil graphite electrode

• A miniature sensor for detecting L-Trp is constructed using PAA modified PGE. • Detecting L-Trp in vivo is realized in cucumber fruit. • L-Trp levels in cucumbers in different categories are monitored. The rapid quantitative detection of L-tryptophan (L-Trp) is essential for promoting agricultural development. A miniature electrochemical sensor was constructed with the pencil graphite electrode(PGE) modified with poly (9-aminoacridine) film(PAA) for the detection of L-Trp in cucumber. The electropolymerization of PAA could greatly increase the sensitivity and selectivity, resulting in the constructed sensor with a linear range of 5-200 μM and the limit of detection as 0.035 μM. The miniature electrochemical sensor is a reliable electrochemical platform for the detection of L-Trp in cucumber fruit both in vivo and in vitro.

Natural variation in CRABS CLAW contributes to fruit length divergence in cucumber.

Fruit length is a key domestication trait that affects crop yield and appearance. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) fruits vary from 5 to 60 cm in length. Despite the identification of several regulators and multiple quantitative trait loci (QTLs) underlying fruit length, the natural variation, and molecular mechanisms underlying differences in fruit length are poorly understood. Through map-based cloning, we identified a nonsynonymous polymorphism (G to A) in CRABS CLAW (CsCRC) as underlying the major-effect fruit size/shape QTL FS5.2 in cucumber. The short-fruit allele CsCRCA is a rare allele that has only been found in round-fruited semi-wild Xishuangbanna cucumbers. A near-isogenic line (NIL) homozygous for CsCRCA exhibited a 34∼39% reduction in fruit length. Introducing CsCRCG into this NIL rescued the short-fruit phenotype, and knockdown of CsCRCG resulted in shorter fruit and smaller cells. In natural cucumber populations, CsCRCG expression was positively correlated with fruit length. Further, CsCRCG, but not CsCRCA, targets the downstream auxin-responsive protein gene CsARP1 to regulate its expression. Knockout of CsARP1 produced shorter fruit with smaller cells. Hence, our work suggests that CsCRCG positively regulates fruit elongation through transcriptional activation of CsARP1 and thus enhances cell expansion. Using different CsCRC alleles provides a strategy to manipulate fruit length in cucumber breeding.

Cucurbitacin and volatile compound profiling reveals independent domestication of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) fruit

Profiling of metabolites that confer bitter taste and flavor to cucumber products is necessary to produce preferred products. In this study, cucurbitacins A, B, C, D, E, and I and untargeted volatile compounds were analyzed using the fruit of 69 inbred cucumber of diverse cultivars. Only cucurbitacin C was detected in six inbreds. They were classified into four clusters based on the profiles of cucurbitacins and volatile compounds. Clusters 2 and 3 showed the largest difference with the highest and lowest volatile contents, respectively. Clusters 1 and 4 showed different fruit phenotypes of length and color. Fifteen F1 hybrids from selected inbreds were analyzed. Total volatile compound (TVC) content, especially for the alcohol content, was lower in the F1 hybrids than the mid-parent values, and the ratio of aldehyde to TVC was increased. This profiling will contribute to produce cucumber products with no bitter taste and improved flavor.

Effects of Semen Cryopreservation with Cucumber Fruit juice Fortified-extender on Milt Quality and Anti-oxidative Enzyme activity of Hetreoclarias hybridfish

The present study investigated the quality and oxidative enzyme activity of catfish Hetreoclarias hybrid semen fortified with cucumber fruit juice. The highest milt fertility rate of 75.56% was recorded in 10% CJ on day 3 compared with the least rate of 56.21% in control on day 1. The least hatchability rate of 57.56% was recorded on control day 1 compared with the highest value of 75.07% in 10% CJ on day 2. The highest milt survival rate of 99.07% was recorded among the control group on day 3 compared with the least survival rate of 87.48% recorded on day 1 of 20% CJ. There was a significant difference (P&lt; 0.05) between the CAT control and treatments of CJ. The lowest value of 0.29 μmolemm-1 mg protein-1 was recorded in control on days 1, 2 and 4 compared with the highest value of 0.34μmolemm-1 mg protein-1 in 15% CJ on day 4. There was no significant difference in SOD activity between the control and CJ. Recorded values ranged between 0,026-0.165 Umole-1mgprotein-1 in 15% on day 2 and 10% on day 1 respectively. There was no significant difference in LPO activity between the control and CJ. However, a range of 0.022-0.135 mMoleTbarsmm-1 protein-1 was recorded on day 1in 10% and day 4 in 15% respectively. 20% and 10% Cucumber fruit juice showed greater values in fertility rate than control at respective storage periods of 3 days in Hetreoclarias hybridfish semen, and could in combination with DMSO improve its cryopreservation at short periods.

Early detection of phosphorus deficiency stress in cucumber at the cellular level using chlorophyll fluorescence signals

Abiotic stressors contribute to growth restriction and developmental disorders in plants. Early detection of the first signs of changes in plant functioning is very important. The objective of this study was to identify chlorophyll fluorescence parameters that change under phosphorus deficiency stress in cucumber. In this work, a trail to study the early changes caused by phosphorus deficiency in cucumber plants by analysing their photosynthetic performance is presented. Chlorophyll- a fluorescence (ChF) parameters were measured every 7 days for a period of 28 days. Measurements were made separately on young and old leaves and on cucumber fruit. Parameters that decreased during the stress were: p2G, PI abs, PI total, REo/CS o, and TRo/CSo. P deficiency decreased total electron carriers per RC ( ECo/RC), yields ( TRo/ABS ( Fv/Fm), ETo/TRo, REo/ETo, ETo/ABS and REo/ABS), fluxes ( REo/RC and REo/CSo) and fractional reduction of PSI end electron acceptors, and damaged all photochemical and non-photochemical redox reactions. Principal component analysis revealed a group of ChF parameters that may indicate early phosphorus deficiency in cucumber plants. Our results are used in the discovery of sensitive bioindicators of phosphorus deficiency in cucumber plants. Most JIP test parameters are linked to mathematical equations, so we recommend using of advanced statistical tools, such as principal component analysis, which should be considered very useful for stress identification. It has also been shown to be more effective in multivariate methods compared to univariate statistical methods was demonstrated.