Fruit Commodities Research Articles

Potensi Budidaya Pepaya Mojosongo (MJ 9) Sebagai Komoditas Unggulan Daerah di Kabupaten Boyolali

Papaya Mojosongo (MJ 9) is one of the main fruit commodities in Boyolali Regency. This research aimed to analyze the potential of Mojosongo (MJ 9) papaya as a superior commodity in Boyolali Regency. To this end, this study applied a descriptive qualitative and quantitative methods by using a case study. In this reseacrh, 25 key informants were involved in in-depth interviews and FGDs. The analytical methods used were 1) Location Quotient (LQ) analysis, 2) Business Feasibility Analysis and 3) descriptive analysis of papaya agribusiness potential from various aspects. The results showed that the potential for developing Mojosongo papaya (MJ 9) agribusiness is quite significant and it is feasible to be developed as a leading commodity in Boyolali Regency. This is due to several reasons. 1) the LQ values of papaya agribusiness in 2019 and 2020 were 5,83 and 4,03. An LQ value of more than 1 indicates that the commodity is a regional superior commodity. 2) The results of the R/C ratio analysis were 1,79; with NPV value of Rp 5,706,633 and IRR value of 145,39% per year. An interest rate higher than 20% per year indicates that MJ9 papaya agribusiness is efficient and profitable. 3) The potential for the development of Papaya Mojosongo Agribusiness (MJ 9) is significantly promising because it absorbs a lot of labor and contributes to the economy. This business is also a basic economic sector, a sustainable and renewable business that does not conflict with social and cultural norms. Moreover, this agribusiness has a high absorption capacity due to its large market. The results of this research can serve as a reference for policy making strategies in developing MJ 9 papaya agribusiness in Boyolali today and and in the future.

Functional enhancement of hydroxypropyl cellulose‐based bionanocomposite films incorporating chitosan nanoparticles

SummaryThe aims of the present study were to investigate the effect of the incorporation of chitosan nanoparticles (ChiNPs) on the physicochemical properties and antifungal activity of hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) bionanocomposite films. The films of 4% HPC and ChiNP at various dosages (0%, 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 3% w/w of HPC) were prepared. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) verified the dispersion of spherical‐shaped ChiNP in a nanoscale size range (14.75–56.74 nm). Incorporation of nanofiller affected the functional properties by increasing the film–water contact angle to >53°, improving the optical properties, and reducing water vapour permeability by 5.73–12.54%. These results were influenced by surface roughness and microstructure characteristics of a bionanocomposite film, which were confirmed using AFM and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Tensile assays of the films showed slight increases in tensile strength from 8.87 to 11.08 MPa and Young's modulus from 0.10 to 0.15 GPa with increasing proportions of ChiNP (1.5%). An effective concentration of ChiNP of 1.5% (w/w of HPC) was able to improve the performance of HPC and offered antifungal activity against Botrytis cinerea, as confirmed through mycelial growth inhibition assays and by membrane integrity changes. The HPC/ChiNP bionanocomposite films may have potential applications for active packaging, particularly for fresh fruit commodities.

Friends with The Environment Through Productive Commodity Regreening Activities

Environmental damage, mainly caused by human behavior such as littering, poor sanitation, and drainage, causes various ecological problems in Indonesia, such as forest fires for land conversion, air pollution, floods, and landslides. So it is essential to raise public awareness of environmental sustainability. Reforestation is very useful in reducing various ecological degradation. The reforestation activity was carried out at Wringing Anom Village, Kepuharjo Village, by planting fruit trees to maintain environmental quality and protection and foster an attitude of caring for the environment in the community. In addition, it is hoped that reforestation activities will become a sustainable program and can be developed by the surrounding community, especially those who work as farmers to meet the needs of life and help the economy of residents by realizing villages that can produce fruit commodities production.

IoT Based Monitoring and Control System of Siam Banjar Orange Plants using Fuzzy Logic Control

South Kalimantan is one of the largest citrus fruit producers in Indonesia. One of the leading citrus fruit commodities in South Kalimantan is the Siam Banjar oranges (Citrus reticulata). This study developed a monitoring and control system for Siam Banjar orange plants based on IoT (Internet of Things) and Fuzzy Logic Control. The goal is to determine the performance of the Fuzzy Logic Control method in predicting the time to water plants based on temperature and soil moisture. The prototype comprises a Wemos D1 R1 microcontroller with DHT22 and an FC-28 moisture sensor. Two input parameters, temperature and soil moisture are utilised in Fuzzy Logic Control calculations. The output is the duration of the watering time in seconds. During testing, the value of the sensor is compared to existing manual instruments. In addition, fuzzy MatLab calculations are compared to the Fuzzy Logic Control method calculations. The FC-28 Soil Moisture sensor and hygrometer had an error rate of 3.2%, while the DHT22 sensor and thermometer had 1%. The Fuzzy Logic Control test for watering using fuzzy calculations in MatLab yielded a 3 per cent error rate.

PENGARUH PRODUKSI, KURS DOLLAR AS, DAN INFLASI TERHADAP EKSPOR BUAH MANGGIS INDONESIA

Indonesia is an agricultural country, meaning agricultural sub-sector that has the potential to continue to be developed. A fruit commodity has good market potential to continue developed is mangosteen which is a type of fruit has become the prima donna Indonesia's exports. This research to analyze effect of production, the US dollar exchange rate, and inflation simultaneously, partially and the independent variables which had the most dominant influence on the export of Indonesian mangosteen fruit. The data uses from 2012 - 2019 in the quarter obtained from BPS, Ministry of Agriculture, and BI. The method used multiple linear regression analysis using with SPSS program. The analysis shows that simultaneously production, US dollar exchange rate, and inflation have significant effect on the export of Indonesian mangosteen fruit. Partially production variable has positive significant effect on Indonesian mangosteen fruit exports, the dollar exchange rate variable doesn’t have positive significant effect on Indonesian mangosteen fruit exports, and the inflation variable has negative and significant effect on Indonesia's mangosteen fruit exports. Then, the variable that most dominantly affects the export of Indonesian mangosteen is the production variable
 Key words: mangosteen fruit export, production, US dollar exchange rate, inflation

ETHNOBOTANY OF KEMANG (Mangifera kemanga Blume.) AS IDENTITY FLORA OF BOGOR REGENCY

Kemang (Mangifera kemanga Blume.) is a local fruit and has become the identity flora of Bogor Regency based on Decree of the Regent's Number 522/185/Kpts/1996. Currently, the existence of kemang is rare, and it is worried about becoming extinct. This study aimed to identify the ethnobotany of kemang in the community of Bogor Regency and to develop a conservation strategy for kemang as the identity flora of Bogor Regency. The research was carried out from April-July 2021 in Kemang District, Sukaraja District, and Leuwiliang District. Based on criteria, the research was conducted through deeply personal interviews with the local community. The characteristic of the respondent was individual who has kemang and gardeners whose gardens contain kemang. The data obtained were analyzed descriptively. Based on interviews with 30 respondents, kemang was identified by looking at leaf color, leaf shape, stem, flower, and fruit compared to mango (Mangifera indica). Kemang mainly was found growing in gardens (74%). Kemang propagation was done by seed. The most used parts were fruit (43%) and shoots (39%). Both parts were consumed directly in a fresh form. Besides having a role as a food ingredient, kemang has potential as an antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-degenerative. The reason people still maintain kemang because the existence of kemang is getting rare, and the selling price of kemang fruit is relatively high compared to other types of mango. In addition, kemang can also prevent soil erosion. The conservation strategies of kemang are optimizing the socialization and publication of kemang benefit, developing kemang cultivation, and developing kemang as a local fruit commodity. 
 
 Key words: conservation strategy, ethnobotany, kemang, local fruit, rare

Analisis Preferensi Konsumen terhadap Buah Semangka di Pasar Tradisional Kota Denpasar

Analysis of Consumer Preferences on Watermelon at Traditional Markets in Denpasar City. Watermelon is a fruit commodity that is available throughout the year, which could be found at traditional markets, modern markets, and fruit retailers. This study aims to determine the consumer preferences attributes of watermelon and to find out the attributes that are most considered by consumers. The types of data used in this research are quantitative and qualitative data. Sources of data used in this study are primary and secondary data. Chi-square analysis was used to determine consumer preferences for watermelon attributes and Fishbein multi-attribute was used to determine the attributes most considered by consumers. The watermelon attributes studied were price, color, size and shape. The research location was chosen purposively by selecting four traditional markets. 80 samples were selected by using accidental sampling technique. The results of the Chi-square analysis indicate that there is a preference relationship between the four attributes studied. Attributes that become consumer preferences are round shape, red color, medium size (3-5 kg) and medium price (IDR 15,000-20,000 per kg). The result of Fishbein's multi-attribute analysis shows that the attribute most considered by consumers is shape. Marketers should further increase the supply of medium sized watermelons (3-5 kg) in order to meet consumer preferences. Producers can increase the production of medium-sized watermelons by selecting superior seeds, treating them, and cultivating land and irrigation.

Land Suitability Analysis for Tropical Fruit Commodities as a Conservation Effort in Highlands Area, Indonesia

This study aims to spatially analyze the suitability and availability of land for annual tropical fruit horticultural commodities using the criterion-weighted method. The highlands of Banjarnegara and Wonosobo Regencies, Central Java Province, Indonesia, with a total area of 93,955.60 hectares was used as the study area. The multi-criteria decision-making analysis with an analytical hierarchy process (AHP) structure was used to determine the important criteria for complex land suitability. The criteria consisted of soil great groups, elevation, land slope, rainfall, temperature, humidity, type of land use, distance to market, and road access. Meanwhile, the weight of the importance of each criterion was based on the opinions of seven experts and the results were integrated as the basis for map overlays using ArcGIS ver 10.8. The calculation of pairwise comparisons showed that the soil great groups have the highest weight in determining land suitability, with the majority of land being hapludands. Furthermore, it also showed that 32.81% of the area is suitable and available for the development of fruit areas with the largest proportion of 17.48% in the moderately suitable (S2) category.

The Impact of Liquid Organic Fertilizer on Growth and Crop Production of Melon (Cucumis melo L.)

Melon (Cucumis melo L.) is one of the most popular fruit commodities in Indonesia, thanks to its sweet, wonderful flavor, as well as its high nutritional content and nutritional value. Consumer demand for melons is very high, both locally and internationally, although the sugar level of this particular melon is not too sweet. A melon (Cucumis melo L.) is a herbaceous annual plant that grows on vines and is a member of the cucumber family. This study aimed to determine the optimum concentration of cow urine for development (Cucumis melo L.). The experiment used a fully randomized design (CRD) with one factor, namely the concentration of 6-level bio urine, namely B0 = 0 percent bio urine, B1 = 10 percent bio urine, B2 = 20 percent bio urine, B3 = 30 percent bio urine, B4 = 40 percent bio urine, and B5: 50 percent bio urine from 100 ml/plant recommendation. The research findings indicated that application of bio-liquid organic fertilizer (POC) to cow urine may increase: plant length, stem diameter, number of male flowers, and number of female flowers with the best 10 percent POC bio-cow urine. Melon growing can produce 10 percent bio-liquid organic fertilizer (POC) from cow urine.

Variability of Agro-morphological Character and Genotype Clustering of Watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunberg) Matsum & Nakai] as Basic Selection for New Variety

Watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb) Matsum Nakai] is an important fruit commodity, which has the potential to be developed. Watermelon belongs to the cucurbitaceae family, which has advantages in terms of nutritional, environmental and economic values. Production of watermelon in Indonesia decreased from 2014 to 2016. Therefore, the productivity of watermelons could be increased by conducting this research. The aim of this research was to examine the variability of agro-morphological characters and clustering of watermelon. This research was conducted using seventy eight watermelon genotypes. Seventy-five watermelon genotypes and three commercial varieties were grown in an augmented design. Seventy-five genotypes were spread into four blocks, and each block contained the commercial varieties. The result of this research showed that the cumulative variability reached 81.22 %, with seventen main components and only five effective main components. Based on the cluster analysis, the seventy eight watermelon genotypes were divided into seven clusters, resulting in genetic distance of 0.486 - 0.999 and coefficient of similarity of 93 %. Ten watermelon genotypes selected based on consumer preferences can be used as recommendations to be released as a variety.

The Response of AB Mix Utilization on Growth and Yield of Several Melon Varieties (Cucumis melo L.) in Hydroponic Drip Irrigation System

Melon (Cucumis melo L.) is one of popular fruit commodities in Indonesia, because of its sweet and fresh taste, and very high of nutritional content. Appropriate dose of Ab Mix on growth and yield is essential in melon cultivation with a hydroponic system. The study was conducted to determine the best AB Mix dose levels for growth and yield of three melon varieties. A Split Plot Design was used which arranged using a randomized block design with 2 factors. The first factor as the main plot was 2 levels of AB Mix doses (N), and the second factor as the subplot was 3 varieties (V) of melon. The results showed that the effect of AB Mix doses on the growth and yield of three melon varieties were not significantly different between the two treatments (1600 ppm and 1800 ppm). The Golden Aroma variety gave different response at the age of two weeks after planting in term of plant height. Whereas the AB Mix dose level influenced the number of leaves only at the age of two weeks after planting. In conclusion, 1600 ppm of AB Mix dose was sufficiently meet the nutrition level required by the melon in hydroponic drip irrigation system.

Interaction of parasitoids associated with fruit flies attacking star fruit (Averrhoa carambolae) in Denpasar City, Bali Province, Indonesia

Star fruit (Averrhoa carambola) is a fruit plant that has a high consumption rate, especially in the Central/South America and Asia-Pacific regions including Indonesia. The fruit fly, Bactrocera spp. become a major pest on star fruit commodities in Indonesia which can harm quantity and quality which in turn hampers export activities. The aims of this study was to identify the type of pest, the level of attack, and the type of parasitoid associated with star fruit flies in the Denpasar City area. Fruit samples were collected using a purposive sampling method, namely collecting symptomatic fruit planted in four sub-districts in Denpasar City. Identification was carried out on the types of fruit flies and parasitoids that emerged after the rearing period. The percentage of fruit damage and the degree of parasitization was also determined. The fruit flies identified were Bactrocera carambolae and B. dorsalis and two parasitoids, namely Fopius arisanus and Diachasmimorpha longicaudata. The percentage (%) of fruit damage was 83.10%. The interaction that occurs between the fruit fly population and the level of damage is also very close. In all observation sites in Denpasar City, the parasitization rate of F. arisanus was higher than that of D. longicaudata. Our findings indicate that fruit flies are one of the main causes of star fruit damage in Denpasar City and should be integrated into a more comprehensive Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program by the relevant authorities.

Pemanfaatan Kelapa sebagai Minyak di Desa Hargotirto, Kecamatan Kokap, Kulon Progo, Yogyakarta

Kuliah Kerja Nyata (KKN) 79 started from April to May 2021 and was held online. In this period of KKN, LPPM distributed all the units into two main area, Kulonprogo area and Gunungkidul area. Both areas are located in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. As part of this KKN, our group was assigned in Hargotirto Village, Kulonprogo. Hargotirto Village itself has so many potencies, such as Gula Semut, Sekrasak Waterfall, Goat Farm, Fruit Commodities, and Coconut. In order to improve people’s creativity and its economic conditions, the utilization of coconut as oil is a great opportunity. The data was obtained by researching through the internet by the village’s website, journals, etc. The purpose of this journal is to provide informations on the utilization of one of the village’s potency, the coconut.

Comparative Analysis of Potential Halal Product Exports of Indonesia in ASEAN + 3 Countries

This study aims to examine the comparison of potential halal product exports in several ASEAN countries and several Islamic countries outside ASEAN. Commodities used in this study consisted of meat, coffee, dairy products, sugar, cereals and fruits. To support the purpose of this study, the data used were sourced from the UN Comtrade with a research period from 2009 to 2019. The countries sampled in this study consisted of Indonesia, Thailand, Singapore, the Philippines, Brunei Darussalam, Malaysia, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, and India. This study found that Indonesia has an advantage in terms of coffee commodity. This can be seen from the RCA value of 4.29. Meanwhile, for the commodities of fruits and nuts, Indonesia had the smallest specialization index value, namely 0.95. Indonesia's strongest competitors in ASEAN are Malaysia and Thailand for commodity sugar products and dairy products. However, when analyzed by including India, Turkey and Saudi Arabia, it shows that India is the strongest competitor and controls market share. Furthermore, when compared to ASEAN countries, Indonesia's commodity exports still dominate the market share compared to the Philippines and Brunei Darussalam. It can be concluded that Indonesia's export products still have the ability to compete and have a high market share in ASEAN +3. If Indonesia intensively provides the halal label, this will not only increase exports but also to meet the needs of Indonesian citizens who are predominantly Muslim.

PKM KONSEP PENANAMAN POHON UNTUK EKOWISATA DI DESA CIMARGA KECAMATAN CIMARGA KABUPATEN LEBAK

Cimarga Village is one of the Lokasi Villages in CimargaSubdistrict. The problems faced by Cimarga Village are among others, the reduction of water catchment areas due to the transfer of land functions into settlements. This happens because the tourism sector is starting to develop and encourage high physical development such as homestays, housing, and supporting infrastructure. Agricultural activities also tend to change the hue of nature. Many trees that trerletak in the field must be cut down so as not to block the sunlight. As a result rainwater also cannot be absorbed into the ground but flows to the surface. In addition, cimarga village is also vulnerable to landslides. This is because the location of the village is in the highlands and the number of critical land scattered. In addition, these critical lands are not covered with plant vegetation so that they are prone to landslides in the rainy season. Even many critical land is located very close to the settlement of the population and is actually used as agricultural land. This condition is certainly dangerous for the safety of local people. Moreover, cimarga village becomes one of the tourist villages, so the aspect of disaster mitigation should always take precedence. There are many vacant lots that have not yet been utilized. In fact, if used, in addition to increasing the coverage of green areas is also beneficial for the welfare of the community through the results of the tree. Therefore, the greening movement in cimarga village needs to be one of the urgent programs to be carried out immediately. So that later it will indirectly support the existing role so far as a vocational village and tourist village. The plants planted are a type of annual perennial, considering that fruit commodities are not so good when planted in the highlands besides that perennials have a strong rooting system and the ability to deliver oxygen. Some commodities that can be grown include fir, red shoots, Dutch teak and acacia. The selection of perennials because it is expected to produce wood in the next few years and supply oxygen so that it can strengthen kopeng village as an ecotourism area

ANALISIS TINGKAT PRODUKSI DAN KELAYAKAN USAHATANI BUAH MELON, TOMAT CHERRY, DAN STROBERI DENGAN SISTEM HIDROPONIK STUDI KASUS DI P4S HIKMAH FARM KECAMATAN PARE, KABUPATEN KEDIRI

During the Covid-19 pandemic, cultivation with a hydroponic system began to be popular with the wider community. Vegetable and fruit commodities are widely cultivated with a hydroponic system because it is easy، practical, and fast. The research location of the this study is the Pusat Pelatihan Pertanian dan Pedesaan Swadaya (P4S) Hikmah Farm. The research was conducted in June-July 2021. We have used different data analysis methods in this research, namely cost analysis, revenue analysis, profit analysis, and R/C ratio analysis. The results showed that the production of melons was 211 items; cherry tomatoes as much as 238 kg; and 180 kg of strawberries with 132 planting holes. From these production results, the R/C ratio of melon farming was 2.8; cherry tomatoes 2.0; and strawberries 1,2. This shows that the farming is feasible to run because it has a value >1. The prospects for the development of the three fruit farms are quite good because they have several advantages, namely uniform size, fresh fruit, and good taste so that consumers are interested.

Avocado fruit supply chain management in West Java

Avocado is one of the leading fruit commodities with high competitiveness and a source of growth for farmers’ welfare in rural areas in Indonesia. This paper aims to analyze the performance of avocado supply chain management in the Garut and Bandung Districts. The analysis focused on five components of supply chain management: planning source of avocado, procurement, processing, distribution, and receiving of products. Data collection is conducted through survey methods and focus group discussion (FGD) with actors on each supply chain node according to purpose and market segment. The results showed that the lack of variety, quantity, and continuity of supply is consistent with the dynamic of market demand and domestic and global consumer preferences. The performance of supply chain implementation for avocado at the planning level was at 45%–90%, product distribution performance was at a moderate level at 25%–80%, delivery of goods was at a good level at 70%–83%, and receiving product performance was at 0%–100%. Strategies to restrain the entry of imported fruit and penetrate the avocado fruit export market are required to improve product competitiveness, quality management, and integrated product chain management.

Evaluation of Silica Uptake from Foliar-Applied Silicon Nanoparticles in Melon (Cucumis melo L.) under Soilless Culture

Melon (Cucumis melo L.) is a fruit commodity that gets a great interest to be developed in Indonesia and has a high nutritional value. However, the fungal infection and pathogens in melon cultivation are considered significant problems that are difficult to manage. Therefore, efforts are needed to improve the productivity and quality of melon and prevent pest and disease attacks. One mineral nutrient that is assumed to enhance plant resistance and increase the quality and production of melon is silica. The purpose of the research was to evaluate silica absorption from foliar-applied silicon nanoparticles in melon under soilless culture and improve melon fruit's growth and quality by applying silica fertilizer. The experimental design used was a split-plot randomized complete block design 3 x 2 factorial pattern with four replicates. The main plot factor is silica fertilizer (Novelgro, water-soluble), consisting of three silica concentrations of 0.67; 1.33 ppm, and control. The spray volume of each treatment was 160 ml per plant with seven days' intervals and a frequency of three times. The subplot factor is melon varieties consisting of “Alisha” and “Glamour”. The findings showed that silica fertilizer significantly increased the plant height, stem diameter, internode length, total number of hermaphrodite flowers, number of hermaphrodite flowers that are swelling, while decreased the fruit moisture content and gave the best average fruit position. Instead, The “Glamour” variety gave the best response to plant growth and fruit quality. Moreover, the melon plant could absorb silica in the low category (<1% Si). The highest silica contents were found in the “Alisha” cultivar leaves and the “Glamour” cultivar's rinds treated with the silica concentration of 1.33 ppm as much as 0.34% and 0.30%, respectively.

Antifungal features and properties of chitosan/sandalwood oil Pickering emulsion coating stabilized by appropriate cellulose nanofiber dosage for fresh fruit application

A novel composite edible coating film was developed from 0.8% chitosan (CS) and 0.5% sandalwood oil (SEO). Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) were used as a stabilizer agent of oil-in-water Pickering emulsion. We found four typical groups of CNF level-dependent emulsion stabilization, including (1) unstable emulsion in the absence of CNFs; (2) unstable emulsion (0.006–0.21% CNFs); (3) stable emulsion (0.24–0.31% CNFs); and (4) regular emulsion with the addition of surfactant. Confocal laser scanning microscopy was performed to reveal the characteristics of droplet diameter and morphology. Antifungal tests against Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium digitatum, between emulsion coating stabilized with CNFs (CS-SEOpick) and CS or CS-SEO was tested. The effective concentration of CNFs (0.24%) may improve the performance of CS coating and maintain CS-SEO antifungal activity synergistically confirmed with a series of assays (in vitro, in vivo, and membrane integrity changes). The incorporation of CNFs contributed to improve the functional properties of CS and SEO-loaded CS including light transmission at UV and visible light wavelengths and tensile strength. Atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were employed to characterize the biocompatibility of each coating film formulation. Emulsion-CNF stabilized coating may have potential applications for active coating for fresh fruit commodities.

Impact of Agricultural Land Changes on Farmers’ Income in Cirasea Watershed, Bandung Regency, West Java

Changes from agricultural land to non-agricultural land are continuously occurring, especially in areas adjacent to cities. Land changes from agricultural to non-agricultural land will eliminate crops’ hydrological function, impacting rivers, including the Cirasea River. Besides, changes in agricultural land have an impact on the resulting agricultural productivity and income. This study’s main objective is to determine land area changes, productivity, and farmers’ income in 2011 - 2018 in the Cirasea watershed. A literature study was applied to this study. Secondary data were obtained from the Central Bureau of Statistics of Ciparay, Ibun, Kertasari, Majalaya, Pacet, and Paseh Districts, Bandung Regency in Cirasea River Upstream. The study results showed an increase in land area, productivity, and agricultural income for vegetables (75%, 50%, and 68%, respectively) and rice field (16%, 0.32%, and 0.32%). In addition, there was a decrease in land area followed by a decrease in agricultural productivity and income for fruit commodities (-88%, -35%, -33%) and plantations (-97%, -1%, -1%). For eight years, farmers have relied on their income from vegetable commodities in Cirasea Watershed.