Mushroom Fruiting Bodies Research Articles

Effect of Compositionally Different Substrates on Elemental Properties of Bay Bolete Mushrooms: Case Study of 34 Essential and Non-essential Elements from Six Areas Affected Differently by Industrial Pollution.

We studied concentrations of 34 essential and non-essential elements in samples of edible Bay Bolete (Imleria badia) mushrooms added by samples of the growing substrate and bioavailable fraction. The samples were collected from six forested sites affected differently by industrial pollution and underlain by compositionally contrasting bedrock: granite, amphibolite, and peridotite. In all cases, mushrooms behaved as a bioconcentrating system for elements such as Ag, K, P, Rb, S, and Se (BCF > 1) being a bioexcluding system for the rest of the elements analyzed (BCF < 1). Most analyzed elements displayed moderate to high within-mushroom mobility being accumulated preferably in the apical parts of the mushroom's fruiting body (TF > 1). The highest mobility was demonstrated by Cd and Cu. Sodium was the only element with significantly low mobility (TF < 1), and it accumulated preferably in the stipe. Imleria badia seems to be sensitive to the accumulation of elements such as As, Cd, and Pb from the atmospheric deposits. Specific geochemistry of the growing substrate was reflected to different extend in the accumulation of elements such as Ag, Cu, Rb, S, Al, Ca, Fe, Ba, and Na in the mushroom's fruiting bodies.

Phytochemical Profiling of Pleurotus Pulmonarius from Paddy Straw Substrate.

This paper focuses on the cultivation of Pleurotus pulmonarius mushroom, to find the Preliminary phytochemical analysis from five different solvent extracts of P. pulmonarius. Mushrooms are white fungi that are recognized as a good food source and contain a variety of medicinal benefits. In terms of nutrition, mushrooms are better than a lot of veggies because it contain around 40 to 49% protein. The current study integrates phytochemical analysis with the production of P. pulmonarius mushroom. The mushroom grew on paddy straw, which had been used as a substrate. The Pleurotus mushroom accounts for 25% of the total edible mushroom production worldwide. Fresh mushroom fruit bodies were picked, dried, pulverized, and extracted using a soxhlet apparatus. The pH, humidity and temperature of the surroundings were maintained in between the mycelia growth. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of five different extracts from P. pulmonarius was tested using various solvents, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, steroids, glycosides, saponins, proteins, quinones, carbohydrates and phenols. Further research can be conducted to determine the bioactive substances from this particular mushroom.

Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles for the industrial biofortification of (Pleurotus pulmonarius) mushrooms

Zinc malnutrition is major health problem in children and women of reproductive age (WRA) in developing countries. This study aimed to find nutritionally balanced food at an affordable cost. For this purpose, Pleurotus pulmonarius (Mushroom) is fortified with zinc oxide nano particles (ZnO-NPs) synthesized from Nigella sativa seed extract. ZnO-NPs were characterized using UV visible and FTIR Spectroscopy, SEM-EDX, XRD, PSA and Zeta potentials. ZnO-NPs were sprayed in different concentrations on substrate used for the cultivation of P. pulmonarius. Cultivated mushroom fruiting bodies were dried and powdered. Bio absorption of zinc was calculated using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Zinc absorption increased by enhancing the number of nano particles spraying on lingo-cellulosic substrate. The controlled bag had 2.27 ± 0.00 mg of zinc content per 2 g of mushroom powder. The minimum amount (3.46 ± 0.16 mg/2 g of mushroom) of zinc micronutrient was absorbed by the bag having 50 mg spray of ZnO-NPs per Kg of the wheat straw. Maximum amount of bio accumulation was done by bag having 5000 mg spray of ZnO-NPs (10.46 ± 0.08 mg/2 g of mushrooms powder). Zinc fortification had a significant (p < 0.05) effect on the uptake of zinc by fruiting bodies. ZnO-NPs at the concentration of 200 mg per kilogram of substrate gave optimized value of biological efficiency [B.E] (40.2 % ± 0.25), while B.E decreased with the increase in ZnO-NPs spray due to bio accumulation of zinc with increased concentration of ZnO-NPs spray.

Maize starch-PVA nanocomposite biodegradable antimicrobial packaging films for enhancement of shelf-life of Agaricus bisporus

Nanocomposite antimicrobial packaging can effectively cater to the postharvest losses of button mushrooms. This study aimed for fabrication of novel antimicrobial biodegradable packaging films using a double composite system comprised of nano-clay-essential oil (EO) composite blended with maize starch (MS) /Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) polymers which was plasticized with glycerol. The results confirmed superior water barrier properties with the lowest film solubility (16.52 %) and water holding capacity (13.55 %) in MS+ PVA+ Nano-bentonite-basil EO blend film. The surface morphology of this blend film appeared smooth, was thermally stable with the lowest mass loss (97.92 %), and exhibited the highest tensile strength (182.15 Kg/cm2) which makes it suitable for food packaging applications. Furthermore, all the prepared films were fully degraded in the soil after 147 days except the control cling film. The addition of EOs enhanced the antimicrobial activity of starch blend films with the highest inhibition against Gram-positive microorganisms (Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes). Packaging of freshly harvested button mushrooms with nanocomposite blend film enhanced the shelf-life up-to 14 days of storage under refrigerated conditions (4 °C) with the lowest physiological weight loss (4.69 %) and highest firmness (1.5 Kg F). Nutritional qualities and ROS-mitigating enzymatic activity of mushroom fruiting bodies were also maintained through packaging. This innovative nanocomposite packaging films could provide a green, environment-friendly, and antimicrobial system to combat the shorter shelf life of button mushrooms.

Integrated transcriptome and metabolism unravel critical roles of carbon metabolism and oxidoreductase in mushroom with Korshinsk peashrub substrates

Edible fungi cultivation serves as an efficient biological approach to transforming agroforestry byproducts, particularly Korshinsk peashrub (KP) branches into valuable mushroom (Lentinus edodes) products. Despite the widespread use of KP, the molecular mechanisms underlying its regulation of mushroom development remain largely unknown. In this study, we conducted a combined analysis of transcriptome and metabolism of mushroom fruiting bodies cultivated on KP substrates compared to those on apple wood sawdust (AWS) substrate. Our aim was to identify key metabolic pathways and genes that respond to the effects of KP substrates on mushrooms. The results revealed that KP induced at least a 1.5-fold increase in protein and fat content relative to AWS, with 15% increase in polysaccharide and total sugar content in mushroom fruiting bodies. There are 1196 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between mushrooms treated with KP relative to AWS. Bioinformatic analysis show significant enrichments in amino acid metabolic process, oxidase activity, malic enzyme activity and carbon metabolism among the 698 up-regulated DEGs induced by KP against AWS. Additionally, pathways associated with organic acid transport and methane metabolism were significantly enriched among the 498 down-regulated DEGs. Metabolomic analysis identified 439 differentially abundant metabolites (DAMs) in mushrooms treated with KP compared to AWS. Consistent with the transcriptome data, KEGG analysis on metabolomic dataset suggested significant enrichments in carbon metabolism, alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism among the up-regulated DAMs by KP. In particular, some DAMs were enhanced by 1.5-fold, including D-glutamine, L-glutamate, glucose and pyruvate in mushroom samples treated with KP relative to AWS. Targeted metabolomic analysis confirmed the contents of DAMs related to glutamate metabolism and energy metabolism. In conclusion, our findings suggest that reprogrammed carbon metabolism and oxidoreductase pathways act critical roles in the enhanced response of mushroom to KP substrates.

Effect of Some Technological Factors of Extraction on Total Lentinan Content in Sapa Shiitake Mushroom Extract

In Vietnam, the source of shiitake mushroom is very abundant and grown in many provinces/cities, the total yield reaches hundreds of thousands of tons/per year, mainly serving the demand of domestic food processing, and did not develop into medicinal mushrooms yet. Among them, Sapa shiitake mushroom is being widely cultivated in Sapa-Vietnam, and is a raw material with great potential for lentinan exploitation. Until now, researches on extracting and obtaining lentinan in Vietnam are still limited. Those are reasons to carry out this research. The effects of solvent in combination with assistance of ultrasound wave in lentinan extracting capability in Sapa shiitake mushroom were studied. Before carrying out extracting of lentinan; The dried fruit bodies of Sapa shiitake mushroom was crushed in to 1mm. Five extracting parameters include concentration of Na0H solvent (%), proportion of Na0H solvent and raw material (v:w), extracting temperature, ultrasound time and ultrasound intensity were carried out. An extraction without the use of ultrasound for 180 min was control sample. Total lentinan content was obtained during the extracting process. The results indicated that shiitake mushrooms were extracted by using 0.35% Na0H solvent, the rate of Na0H solvent and mushrooms was 12:1 (v:w), intensity of ultrasound was 58 W/cm2, frequency was 20 kHz, extracting temperature was 65 &amp;deg;C, time of extraction was 6 min gave total lentinan content 1.63 times higher than the control.

Effects of an ergothioneine-rich Pleurotus sp. on skin moisturizing functions and facial conditions: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

L-ergothioneine (EGT), an antioxidative and anti-inflammatory amino acid, is abundant in various mushroom fruiting bodies. Meanwhile, the effects of EGT-containing mushrooms on human skin are unknown. This study investigated the effects of oral ingestion of a novel EGT-rich strain of Pleurotus species (hiratake) on skin conditions in humans. We conducted a 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial to evaluate skin moisturizing functions and facial conditions in 80 healthy women who were randomly assigned to either a group that was supplemented with hiratake tablets containing 25 mg of EGT/day or a placebo group. Skin moisture content, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), and facial scores (VISIA scores) were measured at baseline, 8 weeks, and 12 weeks of supplementation. At 8 weeks, the skin moisture content was significantly higher on the temple in the hiratake group than in the placebo group. The hiratake group also exhibited a significant increase in skin moisture content on the arm at 8 and 12 weeks compared with baseline. At 12 weeks, wrinkle and texture scores were significantly better in the hiratake group than in the placebo group, and plasma EGT concentrations in the hiratake group were 4.7-fold higher than baseline (from 3.4 to 15.9 μM). Furthermore, EGT concentrations in plasma were significantly correlated with improvements in skin moisture content and TEWL on the arm, implying that these skin moisturizing benefits could be partly attributed to EGT. A stratified analysis of participants with a low baseline plasma EGT concentration (< 3.3 μM) revealed that skin moisture content on the temple was significantly higher at 8 and 12 weeks, and skin moisture content on the arm at 12 weeks tended to be higher (p = 0.074), in the hiratake group than in the placebo group. These findings suggested that oral ingestion of EGT-rich hiratake can improve skin moisturizing functions. EGT-rich hiratake may help maintain skin conditions in healthy women, and EGT may play a role in these beneficial effects.

Accumulation of Bisphenol A® by Pleurotus spp.-Flow Injection Analysis.

A specific feature of mushrooms (including those of the genus Pleurotus) is their natural ability to absorb and accumulate many chemical substances present in their immediate environment, which makes them an excellent natural sorption material. Hence, fruiting bodies of mushrooms have been recognized for years as excellent indicators of the environment, reflecting its current state. Nevertheless, mushrooms can accumulate both health-promoting substances, such as bioelements, and toxic substances, such as heavy metals and organic compounds, including bisphenol A® (BPA). This organic chemical compound in the phenol group, although it has been withdrawn in the EU since 2010, is widely present in the environment around us. In the present experiment, we aimed to determine the effect of adding BPA to liquid media for in vitro cultures of Pleurotus spp. The biomass increases were determined. Moreover, the degrees of adsorption and desorption of BPA from the obtained freeze-dried biomass in two different environments (neutral and acidic) were determined as a function of time. This is the first study to determine the bioavailability of adsorbed BPA in obtained biomass by extracting the mycelium into artificial digestive juices in a model digestive system. BPA was added to the liquid Oddoux medium in the following amounts: 0.01, 0.5, and 0.5 g/250 mL of medium. The amounts of adsorbed and desorbed BPA were determined by flow injection analysis (FIA) with amperometric detection. The addition of BPA to the substrate reduced the biomass growth in each of the discussed cases. BPA adsorption by the mycelium occurred at over 90% and depended on the morphology of the mushroom (structure, surface development, and pore size). BPA desorption depended on the pH of the environment and the desorption time. Mushrooms are an excellent natural remedial material, but BPA is extracted into artificial digestive juices; therefore, consuming mushrooms from industrialized areas may have health consequences for our bodies.

Improving the production and quality of white button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) by adding biochar and ash to the casing layer

This investigation was implied to assess the effect of adding different rates of biochar and ash (0, 5, 10, 20 g L -1 casing layer) at the casing layer on production and quality indicator (total yield, biological efficiency, earliness of pinhead and fruit body appear, dry matter and protein content of fruit body) of common mushroom (Agaricus bisporus). The experiment was considered as a double factorial in a complete randomized design. Each treatment replicates three-time. There were significant variances between the four rates of biochar and ash. The highest total yield (2030.7 g 10 Kg-1 compost) was obtained using biochar 20 g L -1 casing layer that was high rate compared with the 2009.5 g 10 Kg-1 compost for the control treatment also lowest total weight in this parameter (1951.1g 10 Kg -1 compost) was obtained from biochar 5 g L -1 . The best protein values (26.871%) were observed in a biochar 20 g L-1 casing layer compared with the lowest rate 17.7115% which was the control, and the second value (25.085%) was observed in an Ash 20 g L-1 casing layer compared with the 18.920% for the control which was the lowest value. These studies will help to determine suitable casing layer conditions and the appropriate alternative casing materials for the cultivation of A. bisporus.

Effect of Bacillus aryabhattai extract addition on growth and productivity of Pleurotus ostreatus ((Jacq ex Fr.) P. Kumm)

Pleurotus ostreatus (White oyster mushroom) is one of the most widely cultivated mushrooms in the world. Nutrients provided in the media are one of the most important factors affecting the growth of mushrooms. The present study mainly focuses on the isolation of mushroom growth-promoting (MGP) bacteria and studies its effects on the growth of mushroom fruiting bodies. Bacillus aryabhattai was isolated from the growth media of Pleurotus ostreatus, identified based on 16S rDNA sequencing and phylogenetic tree construction by the neighbor-joining method using MEGA version 6.06 and its effect on fruiting body growth of the P. ostreatus was investigated. The results of this research strongly suggest that the addition of specific bacteria supernatant into the mushroom growth media has beneficial applications for mushroom production.

Wild mushrooms as potential reservoirs of plant pathogenic bacteria: a case study on Burkholderia gladioli.

Fruit bodies (sporocarps) of wild mushrooms growing in natural environments play a substantial role in the preservation of microbial communities, for example, clinical and food-poisoning bacteria. However, the role of wild mushrooms as natural reservoirs of plant pathogenic bacteria remains almost entirely unknown. Furthermore, bacterial transmission from a mushroom species to agricultural plants has rarely been recorded in the literature. In September 2021, a creamy-white Gram-negative bacterial strain was isolated from the sporocarp of Suillus luteus (slippery jack) growing in Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) lawn in Southern Iran. A similar strain was isolated from the same fungus in the same area in September 2022. Both strains were identified as Burkholderia gladioli based on phenotypic features as well as phylogeny of 16S rRNA and three housekeeping genes. The strains were not only pathogenic on white button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) but also induced hypersensitive reaction (HR) on tobacco and common bean leaves and caused soft rot on a set of diverse plant species, that is, chili pepper, common bean pod, cucumber, eggplant, garlic, gladiolus, narcissus, onion, potato, spring onion, okra, kohlrabi, mango, and watermelon. Isolation of plant pathogenic B. gladioli strains from sporocarp of S. luteus in two consecutive years in the same area could be indicative of the role of this fungus in the preservation of the bacterium in the natural environment. B. gladioli associated with naturally growing S. luteus could potentially invade neighboring agricultural crops, for example, vegetables and ornamentals. The potential role of wild mushrooms as natural reservoirs of phytopathogenic bacteria is further discussed.IMPORTANCEThe bacterial genus Burkholderia contains biologically heterogeneous strains that can be isolated from diverse habitats, that is, soil, water, diseased plant material, and clinical specimens. In this study, two Gram-negative pectinolytic bacterial strains were isolated from the sporocarps of Suillus luteus in September 2021 and 2022. Molecular phylogenetic analyses revealed that both strains belonged to the complex species Burkholderia gladioli, while the pathovar status of the strains remained undetermined. Biological investigations accomplished with pathogenicity and host range assays showed that B. gladioli strains isolated from S. luteus in two consecutive years were pathogenic on a set of diverse plant species ranging from ornamentals to both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous vegetables. Thus, B. gladioli could be considered an infectious pathogen capable of being transmitted from wild mushrooms to annual crops. Our results raise a hypothesis that wild mushrooms could be considered as potential reservoirs for phytopathogenic B. gladioli.

Optimizing tea waste as a sustainable substrate for oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) cultivation: a comprehensive study on biological efficiency and nutritional aspect

IntroductionIn Bangladesh, rice straw (RS) and sawdust (SD) substrates have traditionally been used in the production of oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus). However, the rising costs of these substrates have led many to look for alternatives.ObjectivesThe present study thus focuses on the potential of waste tea leaves (WTL) for mushroom farming.MethodsWe prepared various substrate mixtures by combining WTL with SD and RS, subsequently evaluating mushroom yield and various quality parameters such as amino acid concentration, mineral content, and biological efficiency.Results and discussionOur investigation revealed that WTL alone is not a suitable substrate for mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) growth. However, when combined with SD at a 50% ratio, it significantly boosts mushroom yield and biological efficiency (BE). Conversely, a reduction in yield was noted when WTL was mixed with RS in all tested treatments, although BE surpassed 50%. In summary, incorporating WTL into both substrates proves economically viable from the BE standpoint. According to PCA analysis, the minerals and amino acid content varied based on the different substrate formulations involving WTL blending with both SD and RS at different ratios. Remarkably, mushroom fruiting bodies exhibited lower levels of Na and Fe despite these elements being present in higher concentrations in the growing substrates, suggesting the inability of P. ostreatus to bioaccumulate Na and Fe. Conversely, we observed higher bioaccumulation of Zn and P, even exceeding substrate levels. Importantly, our findings showed that mushrooms cultivated on WTL-based formulations consistently contained elevated Zn levels irrespective of substrate types, indicating that WTL enriched Zn in mushrooms. Additionally, the Fe level increased specifically in RS + WTL-based formulations. All essential and non-essential amino acids were detected, with the highest concentration of histidine, isoleucine, and methionine found in the WTL + SD formulation. Non-essential amino acids (NEAA) like alanine and glutamic acid were more prominent in formulations combining WTL with RS. This study represents the first documented exploration of the impact of WTL on the accumulation of intracellular metabolites including minerals and amino acids, in P. ostreatus.

First report of cobweb disease in Auricularia cornea caused by Hypomyces mycophilus in Guizhou, China.

Auricularia cornea is a widely cultivated mushroom in China, which has high medicinal values such as hemostaticity, analgesia, antioxidation and anti-tumor (Wu et al., 2019). In 2022, an investigation on edible mushroom diseases in Guizhou Province observed a suspected cobweb disease in an A. cornea growing factory, with up to 30% incidence. The pathogen first produced flocculent hyphae on the surface of the fruiting body of A. cornea, and then developed spider web-like aerial hyphae, covering the entire fruiting bodies. It hinders the normal growth of A. cornea, resulting in deformity and rot of the fruiting bodies. These symptoms seriously affect the quantity and quality of mushroom yields and cause huge economic losses. Three fungal isolates (GUCCX001, GUCCX002 and GUCCX003) were recovered from the diseased mushroom fruiting bodies and purified through single spore isolation. The colonies of three isolates spread rapidly on PDA, reaching 79-82 mm in seven days. The flocculent mycelium was whitish, and its reverse turned from yellowish to amber after 14 days. The branched conidiophores arising from aerial mycelia were septate and each cell contained several denticulate conidiogenous loci. Each denticle contained a single conidium. Conidia were observed at the tip of conidiophore branches and were 0-1-septate, oval or spherical, transparent, 5.2-11.3 × 11.7-18.7 μm (n = 35). Chlamydospores were visible as 3-4 thick-walled cells at the tip of lateral hyphal branches. Three isolates were tentatively identified as H. mycophilus based on their morphological characteristics similar to those described by Rogerson and Samuels (1993). The sequence of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region (primers ITS5/ITS4) (Rehner and Samuels, 1994) and nuclear ribosomal large subunit (LSU) region (primers LR0R/LR5) (Vilgalys and Heste, 1990) of GUCCX001 (ITS: OP777905; LSU: OQ152071), GUCCX002 (ITS: OP862872; LSU: OQ152072) and GUCCX003 (ITS: OP862873; LSU: OP862873) were 99%-100% similar to H. mycophilus CBS 175.56 (ITS: MH857567; LSU: MH869110). Fifteen healthy fruiting bodies of A. cornea were inoculated by spraying spore suspension (106 conidia/mL) of the three isolates and five healthy fruiting bodies were sprayed with sterile water as control. All inoculated fruiting bodies were kept at 25 ℃. After three days, fruiting bodies of A. cornea treated with the spore suspension exhibited the same symptoms of cobweb as in the factory, while no symptom appeared in the control. Pathogens re-isolated from diseased fruiting bodies were confirmed to be H. mycophilus based on morphological characteristics, which fulfills the Koch's postulate. Zeng et al. (2017) reported H. mycophilus on the fruiting bodies of Auricularia sp. as a new record in Guangdong, China. H. mycophilus caused cobweb disease on A. auricula (Liu et al., 2020), A. cornea var. Li. (Cao et al., 2023) and A. heimuer (Zhang et al., 2023). To our knowledge, this is the first report of cobweb disease in A. cornea caused by H. mycophilus in Guizhou, China. Our findings will provide a basis for correct diagnosis and management of cobweb diseases on A. cornea.

Plasma cholesterol level reduction in albino rats by β-d glucan (pleuran) from Plurotus ostreatus

Abstract Background: The progression of atherosclerotic lesions and coronary artery disease is known to be accelerated by hypercholesterolemia. Objective: This study investigated at the effects of adding an extract of oyster mushroom fruiting bodies to rats with high and normal cholesterol levels on their biochemical and histological changes. This study was aimed to assess the effect of Pleurotus ostreatus extraction on hypercholesterolemia in albino rats and show the revelation of the relationship of these with some biochemical parameters. Materials and Methods: Three sets of ten albino rats each were formed from 6-week-old rats. To lower plasma total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), total lipid, phospholipids, and LDL/high-density lipoprotein, extracts of P. ostreatus fruiting bodies were fed to hypercholesterolemic rats. Results: In rats with high cholesterol, feeding oyster mushrooms drastically lowered body weight. The excretion of total lipids and cholesterol in feces was enhanced by feeding mushrooms. Conclusion: These findings imply that P. ostreatus food supplement improved health by altering hypercholesterolemic rats’ atherogenic lipid profiles.

Yamadazyma sisaketensis f.a., sp. nov. and Yamadazyma koratensis f.a., sp. nov., two novel ascomycetous yeast species from mushrooms and cocoa leaves in Thailand, and reassignment of Candida andamanensis, Candida jaroonii and Candida songkhlaensis to the genus Yamadazyma.

Six strains representing two novel ascomycetous yeast species were isolated from mushroom fruiting bodies and cocoa leaves collected in Thailand. Analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions and the D1/D2 domains of the large subunit rRNA gene sequences showed that the six strains were divided into two groups. The first group consisted of four strains (DMKU-SSK46, DMKU-SK1, SCCL3-5 and SCCL19-3), that were closely related to the type strains of Candida conglobata, Candida insectorum, Yamadazyma dushanensis, Yamadazyma mexicana and Yamadazyma riverae, but with 12-14 (2.5-2.9 %) and 28-50 (5.4-8.8 %) nucleotide substitutions in the D1/D2 domains and the ITS regions, respectively. However, two strains (DMKU-KMY40 and DMKU-KO18) of the second group differed from a group of described species, Candida diddensiae, Candida dendronema, Candida germanica, Candida kanchanaburiensis, Candida naeodendra, Candida vaughaniae and Yamadazyma siamensis by 8-15 (1.5-2.8 %) and 45-53 (8.2-9.6 %) nucleotide substitutions in the D1/D2 domains and the ITS regions, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis based on the concatenated sequences of the ITS regions and D1/D2 domains showed that these strains represented two species of the Yamadazyma clade that were distinct from the other related species. Based on the phylogenetic analysis and phenotypic characteristics, these six strains were assigned to two novel species of the genus Yamadazyma, although formation of ascospores was not observed. Yamadazyma sisaketensis f.a., sp. nov., is proposed for the first group (four strains). The holotype is TBRC 17139T (ex-type culture: PYCC 9797). The MycoBank number is MB 849637. Yamadazyma koratensis f.a., sp. nov. is proposed for the second group (two strains). The holotype is TBRC 14868T (ex-type culture: PYCC 8907). The MycoBank number is MB 849638. In addition, it is proposed that Candida andamanensis, Candida jaroonii and Candida songkhlaensis are reassigned to the genus Yamadazyma as Yamadazyma andamanensis comb. nov., Y. jaroonii comb. nov. and Y. songkhlaensis comb. nov., respectively.

Preparation of Mycelium Pulp from Mushroom Fruiting Bodies

Preparation of Mycelium Pulp from Mushroom Fruiting Bodies

STUDY OF THE QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE CHANGES IN CHITIN AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF RIPENING OF MUSHROOM FRUITING BODIES

We investigated the extraction of chitin with various solvents and changes in the amount of chitin and its molecular mass at different stages of maturity in the fruiting bodies of the fungi Laetiporus sulphureus, Tyromyces chioneus, Oudemansiella mucida, Lycoperdon perlatum, and Fomitopsis betulina. We extracted chitin from crushed mushroom fruiting bodies with 25% hydrochloric acid at 0°C. We characterised the molecular weight of reprecipitated purified chitin with a viscosimeter and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The mass of extracted chitin in all studied mushrooms initially increased from youth to maturity, and then decreased after ripening. At the same time, the molecular weight of chitin tended to increase.

The Effect of Mutagenesis on the Production of Mycelia Growth of Auricularia Species in Nigeria

Auricularia species is a jelly-like edible mushroom belonging to the class Basidiomycete, Family Auriculariacea. It has many medicinal properties and is widely consumed in Nigeria. Not much research effort appears to have been conducted on its domestication and commercial production in Nigeria. This study evaluated the use of sawdust and rice bran as potential substrates for its cultivation. Two strains of Auricularia species were collected from the wild and identified as Auricularia polytricha and Auricularia subglabra by genetic DNA extraction. Pure cultures of the species were screened for strain improvement by mutagenesis using UV light and ethyl methyl sulfonate mutagens. Spawn of the wild species and the mutants were produced using sorghum grain. The produced spawn was used for the production of the mushroom fruit bodies using sawdust supplemented with rice bran. The biological efficiencies of both wild and mutant were 197% and 90% respectively. A combination of sawdust and rice bran supported the growth of both species of Auricularia. The Rate of spawn running during spawn production was also negatively affected by mutagenesis in mutants.

The Effect of Banana Stem Powder on the Productivity of the Brown Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus cystidiosus)

Background: Brown Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus cystidiosus) is a type of mushroom that has different advantages from other oyster mushrooms. Generally, farmers make planting media for brown oyster mushrooms made from sawdust of sengon wood. The availability of raw materials for sawdust of sengon wood is increasingly difficult to obtain. So we need other alternative materials as a source of nutrition, one of which is banana stem waste. This study aims to determine the effect of banana stem flour on the diameter of the cap, the number of fruiting bodies, and the wet weight of the fungus. Methods: This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) which consisted of one factor. This study used 4 treatments and 3 replications. Data was tested by quantitative descriptive analysis using the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test. Results: Banana stem flour has a significant effect on all parameters. The JM2 treatment resulted in a cap diameter of 10.3 cm, mushroom fruiting bodies of 10.6 and wet mushroom weight of 103.8 g. Conclusion: The addition of banana stem powder can increase productivity in the parameters of mushroom cap diameter, number of mushroom fruiting bodies, and wet weight of mushrooms, which can be used by readers or researchers. Utilization of waste such as sawdust of sengon wood and waste of banana fronds for the cultivation of brown oyster mushrooms is one way of handling plantation waste.

Substrate level optimization for better yield of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) production, using different ratio of rice straw and sugarcane bagasse.

Mushroom cultivation has been identified as a cost-effective technique for converting lignocellulosic wastes. This study utilized a combination of two distinct agro-wastes as a substrate for better Pleurotus ostreatus cultivation. Oyster mushroom has been cultivated on substrates made up of rice straw and sugarcane bagasse with different ratios. This technique gives a significant difference between mycelium running, fruit body formation, yield, biological efficiency, and better-quality taste of Pleurotus ostreatus mushroom. A minimum of 19 days were required for 1st harvesting from bag number T4 where substrate ratio was used at 3:2. The maximum yield was found as T4 (886g/kg) in bag number on the dry substrate from the first flushing. According to proximate analyses, protein contents were increased in treatment bags compared with the control. Anyhow, the enrichment of L-glutamine content in the fruit body was found at 11.8mg/g from 1st flushing in T4 bag, among the other bags and the flavour was changed due to the substrate level composition. According to the study, 3:2 is an ideal substrate ratio for the development of oyster mushrooms cultivation. According to this ratio, it helps the farmer for minimum time to grow the mushroom fruit body and reduce the lignocellulosic waste materials from the environmental pollution along with increasing the flavour in the fruitbody compared with commonly produced mushroom substrate (T6). Therefore, more research should be conducted to assess the consequences of combining different substrates and decreasing the lignocellulosic biomass by converting a protein-rich edible product through the oyster mushroom.