Front-end Design Research Articles

Numerical Simulation of Tram Collision with Pedestrian

This paper is focused on the field of traffic passive safety. The main point of this research is to reduce the severity of the consequences of a collision between tramway and pedestrian. The collision scenario is based on statistical data of local research in Czech Republic. For the first assessment of influence of tram geometry, it is necessary to investigate in the numerical simulations with different shapes of tram face. For this purpose the Multibody simulations are carried. Then the detail finite element simulations are prepared. The explicit finite element code Virtual Performance solution (VPS) and human body model Virthuman where used for the simulations. The approval process and standards were prepared for trams in last years (e.g Technical Guide Tramway front-end design) and already today it is visible significant contrast with automotive industry. The main complications in design process are connected with other requirements for tram front-end construction. These requirements are from other passive and active safety field (requirement for collision tram-tram, collision tram-road vehicle, active safety eg. visibility) and from another fields (durability, design, aerodynamics). The new construction safe for pedestrian is different in more ways. Therefore it is difficult to propagate the changes in construction.

Timber and Multi-Storey Buildings: Industry Perceptions of Adoption in Australia

The use of Engineered Wood Systems (EWS) as structural alternatives or complements of traditional materials, such as steel and concrete, is of growing interest and acceptance in the architecture, engineering, and construction industries. Gathering evidence from the Australian context, this paper proposes a roadmap for the adoption of EWS as the primary structural materials of medium-rise buildings, with the scope of increasing levels of public awareness about the potential and current shortcomings of these building technologies. A nation-wide survey with stakeholders at the forefront of adoption in structural design, construction, and property development, indicates that the demand for timber in multi-storey projects has promising prospects of growth, but faces circumstantial industry-wide hurdles in the short to medium term. Awareness of benefits and inclination towards more use of timber among designers are positive factors that provide a promising base for further adoption. The translation of positive front-end design attitudes into adoption, however, requires holistic long-term investment efforts with industry-wide education. The pathway to innovation for timber in multi-storey projects needs to grow beyond mere promotional strategies of its benefits, seeking to expand technical knowledge through education and reaching out beyond a group of already committed and knowledgeable stakeholders at the forefront of adoption.

Key Technologies in 6G Terahertz Wireless Communication Systems: A Survey

Terahertz (THz) technologies have great potential in future 6G wireless communication systems. In this article, we comprehensively survey key technologies in 6G THz wireless communication systems, focusing on THz channel modeling, multibeam antenna design, front-end chip design, baseband signal processing, and resource management.

Comparative evaluation of analogue front-end designs for the CMS Inner Tracker at the High Luminosity LHC

The CMS Inner Tracker, made of silicon pixel modules, will be entirely replaced prior to the start of the High Luminosity LHC period. One of the crucial components of the new Inner Tracker system is the readout chip, being developed by the RD53 Collaboration, and in particular its analogue front-end, which receives the signal from the sensor and digitizes it. Three different analogue front-ends (Synchronous, Linear, and Differential) were designed and implemented in the RD53A demonstrator chip. A dedicated evaluation program was carried out to select the most suitable design to build a radiation tolerant pixel detector able to sustain high particle rates with high efficiency and a small fraction of spurious pixel hits. The test results showed that all three analogue front-ends presented strong points, but also limitations. The Differential front-end demonstrated very low noise, but the threshold tuning became problematic after irradiation. Moreover, a saturation in the preamplifier feedback loop affected the return of the signal to baseline and thus increased the dead time. The Synchronous front-end showed very good timing performance, but also higher noise. For the Linear front-end all of the parameters were within specification, although this design had the largest time walk. This limitation was addressed and mitigated in an improved design. The analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of the three front-ends in the context of the CMS Inner Tracker operation requirements led to the selection of the improved design Linear front-end for integration in the final CMS readout chip.

Creative absorber design and optimization for CO2 capture with aqueous piperazine

The Texas Carbon Management Program is preparing a Front-End Engineering Design (FEED) of the PZASTM (Piperazine with the Advanced StripperTM) for CO2 capture at a natural gas combined cycle power plant in West Texas. This paper develops the absorber design for the capture system and studies the operational strategies of the absorber in response to ambient temperature swing. The design uses 2 absorber trains, and each train integrates absorption and a water-wash section in one column. Each column has a cross-section area of 174 m2 and consists of 3 sections of MellapakPlus® 252Y structured packing. Packing heights for each section are 3, 4.9, and 2.7 m from top to bottom. A pump-around intercooler applied at the bottom bed circulates solvent and eliminates the direct contact cooler. The baseline CO2 removal rate is 90% and will vary between 78% and 90% with ambient temperature. The system uses air cooling to eliminate cooling water usage. The water balance in the system will be managed by operating the water wash at a high circulation rate (1300 kg/h) to condense water during the night and make up for water loss during the day. The proposed design reduces the capital cost of the absorber column by minimizing the packing height and eliminating the direct contact cooler (DCC), and improves the energy cost by lowering the pump-around intercooling temperature and increasing the pump-around rate.

Pair-Wise Urdhava-Tiryagbhyam (UT) Vedic Ternary multiplier

Multiplier acts as a central building block for most digital computations, hence is of major significance and concern in improving speed-power-reliability in digital processing systems. High-resolution-need for modern, sophisticated computing system has put binary (base-2) multipliers under question mark due to large interconnect-overhead, reliability-issue and market-relevance. Digital multiplication by ternary (base-3) numbers can effectively reduce aforesaid drawbacks associated with binary based multiplication. Present study introduces a novel ternary multiplier based on Vedic Urdhava-Tiryagbhyam (UT) Sutra with Pair-Wise strategy and wave-pipelining. The Double Pass-transistor Logic (DPL) has been applied to complete the front-end circuit design in order to achieve high-speed ternary multiplication with low-power dissipation through efficient wave-pipelining. The complete circuit has been designed on 32 nm CMOS technology on 1.0 V supply rail at 27 °C temperature. The trit input “0”, “1” and “2” are coded with 0 V, 0.5 V and 1.0 V respectively. The design is validated through extensive T-Spice simulation with all possible test patterns at 27 °C temperature. Next the physical design of proposed multiplier has been done and the post layout simulation with all parasitic are performed. Comparative study with recent candidate designs is presented. Finally, the effect of PVT (Process-Voltage-Temperature) variation on proposed multiplier has been investigated and recorded.

Shell Rounds the Corner on a Whale of a Task

Shell had a problem. It had just spent billions to bring its Appomattox find on line in the deepwater Gulf of Mexico (GOM). That development featured the oil giant’s eighth and largest floating platform in the region. The host semisubmersible weighed 125,000 metric tons—more than the largest aircraft carrier. Shell lauded its ability to reduce project cost by 40%, based on experience gained from the development of its previous four-column production platforms in the US Gulf, including the Olympus tension-leg platform. It would transfer these learnings to its next project—the Vito find in about 4,000 ft of water, 150 miles southeast of New Orleans. The field could hold up to 300 million BOE. At the same time the plans for Vito were being laid out, shale projects leapt to the forefront in the competition for capex dollars, and due to the comparative investment, they were winning. Industry success across the nation’s shale plays helped flood the market with oil, forcing the price per barrel down. Suddenly, spending big money on megaprojects offshore had lost much of its luster. For the US Gulf to reclaim at least some of its competitive advantage, fields could no longer be developed with massive, high-dollar facilities. A management mandate dictated that a new minimal, repeatable solution be found. After several years of study, a favorite emerged. “The original concept of Vito was much larger,” said Kurt Shallenberger, Vito project manager for Shell. “The development was probably similar in size to the Appomattox project that Shell recently completed—a 40,000-ton topsides, and a 50-year field life with a sizable gas-reinjection component to it.” Shell’s method for arriving at the new development scheme was dubbed “Minimal Technical Scoping”—the company would start with the absolute minimum scope and then justify additions upward. The project mantra was “Simpler is safer.” The results were a simplified topsides design as well as streamlined mooring systems for the host facility. “The redesign took it down to what I call the sweet spot of semisubmersibles—around a 10,000-ton deck,” said Shallenberger. “You had seen examples of that with LLOG’s Delta House, Independence Hub, and others like that. That was the sweet spot to where multiple fabricators can build it, multiple yards can integrate it, multiple companies can install it—and you can generally get 100,000 bbl a day through it. Now you’re in a competitive environment for all the vendors rather than just the one guy in the world who can do this. That’s what really created the opportunity for Vito. We shrunk the size and scope down to a point where it could get to a breakeven price that is competitive with the onshore folks.” According to Shell, the breakeven price for their minimal floater design is less than $35/bbl. Shell locked up key vendors for Vito. Jacobs Engineering Group carried out the detailed engineering and front-end engineering design studies for the Vito topsides. Sembcorp would build the host and integrate the topsides and hull at its Tuas Boulevard yard in Singapore.

Current Sensing Front-Ends: A Review and Design Guidance

Sensors link the physical and electronic worlds, finding uses in environmental, automotive, industrial, communication, and medical applications, among many more. Here, current-output sensors and current-sensing front-ends are reviewed, aiming to provide readers comprehensive design guidance from both sensor and circuit perspectives. Starting from the transduction method, capacitive, resistive, diode/FET-based, and MEMS sensors are individually reviewed with a focus on applications, circuit models, and nonidealities that must be considered for the front-end design. This is followed by a discussion of current-sensing front-ends, including transimpedance amplifiers (TIAs), current conveyors (CC), current-to-frequency ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${I}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> -to- <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${F}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ) converters, and current-mode delta-sigma (I- <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Delta \Sigma $ </tex-math></inline-formula> ) modulators. Each front-end is analyzed in terms of gain, bandwidth, stability, noise, and general design considerations are presented. State-of-the-art works for each front-end are then reviewed, and tradeoffs between different architectures are discussed.

Considerations and complications with "first principles" dynamic modelling of industrial compressors

Readily available processing hardware and "off-the-shelf" (OTS) simulation software has made "high fidelity" first principles models of both steady and transient states, for both axial and centrifugal industrial compressors, relatively easy to construct. These high-fidelity models are finding their way into "real-time. digital twin" performance monitors, front-end engineering design, and post-design – pre-construction compressor performance evaluation. The compressor models are useful for reliably demonstrating the compressor and – to some degree, based on the complexity of the model – process response to various operating conditions. Once the model is constructed, it is trivial to run a "what-if" analysis of compressor performance to answer questions related to (a) recommendations or validation of the recycle/vent valve size and actuation speed, (b) general piping layout and sizing around the compressor, (c) and hot gas bypass requirements, to name a few. This paper takes a practical approach in discussing the compressor and process parameters necessary for building these dynamic "high-fidelity" industrial-compressor models. We identify compressor inputs and compressor responses that are faithfully modeled by first-principle equations available in the simulation software and those that typically require a compromise between an "ab initio" and data-fitting approximation. We discuss the simulation's tendency to overstate pressure excursions during surge events and understate the compressor operation in the "stonewall" region. We also discuss using the simulator software's compressor-stage enthalpy calculations to predict and quantify the compressor train reverse rotation. We use our broad experience and understanding of the compressor operation and simulation and our experience with the AVEVA™ Dynamic-Simulation "OTS" simulation software as the basis for this discussion.

Graph-based reasoning attention pooling with curriculum design for content-based image retrieval

Global single-pass methods have shown superior efficiency over local aggregation methods on content-based image retrieval. However, they tend to fail under challenging environments since the structural relations among regions are not exploited. To address this issue, we propose a novel Graph-based Reasoning Attention Pooling with Curriculum Design (GRAP-CD) to improve the network capability through training modification and trainable pooling. GRAP-CD can not only explore relations among salient regions but also gradually train the network to achieve better local minima. The graph-based reasoning layers regard the feature map from the last convolution layer as a graph and construct the structural relations. Then the graph-based attention layer enhances the key information guided by the relations. Besides, a front-end curriculum design is introduced to split the training dataset from simple to complex and train the model step by step, which further helps the GRAP firstly learn the basic feature information from simple samples and then learn to dig the more representative features with hard positive samples. Experimental results on popular benchmarks ROxford and RParis datasets achieve improvement over state-of-the-art global single-pass methods and competitive results with local aggregation methods.

A Digital Twin-Based Approach for Optimization and Prediction of Oil and Gas Production

The Internet of things technology plays an important role in improving the efficiency of oil and gas production, of which digital twin technology is the most prominent. By effectively using data and organically combining them with a deep understanding of technicians, digital twin technology can improve the efficiency of oil and gas asset systems in the entire life cycle of an oilfield including design, operation control, optimization, etc. Starting with the concept of digital twinning, this paper analyzes the situation of digital twinning in various industries, then obtains the new connotation of digital twinning in oil and gas industry, and at last establishes an optimization model of oil and gas production. Based on the digital twinning of oil and gas and applying the Internet of things, real-time data, and AI, the paper optimizes the oil and gas production process control and applies it to the actual production. Actually, the digital twin technology of oil and gas production includes six parts: entity, model, data collection, intelligent algorithm, service, and interaction control. Meanwhile, each part is interspersed with various data perception and drive, and interactive feedback forms an organic iterative closed-loop control. Digital twin technology can effectively use data and organically combine the deep understanding of technical personnel, so that it can be used in design, operation control, optimization, and other aspects including the entire life cycle of the oilfield from concept to front-end design and out-of-service . And digital twin technology would improve the efficiency of oil and gas asset systems. The example analysis shows that the system efficiency of the oil and gas production model based on digital twinning is improved by 3%. By analyzing the production status, optimizing the design, and fully grasping the production capacity, equipment capacity, and their working conditions of the oil layer, the digital twin-based approach can provide a basis for further formulating reasonable technical measures and make the equipment work normally at high efficiency to ensure high output and efficient production of oil wells.

Design of broadband RF transceiver front-end using highly selective diplexer and high Q-factor hybrid resonator bandpass filters

In this paper, a development of low cost, miniature, highly integration broadband RF transceiver front-end using the high selectivity hybrid resonator RF bandpass filters, and diplexer integrated with shielding case is presented. The proposed RF transceiver frontend operates at the 2.7 GHz for transmitting and 2.4 GHz for receiving, supporting a channel bandwidth of 100 MHz with frequency division duplexing mode. The designed low loss, high selectivity hybrid resonator bandpass filters are utilized to channel selection and reject the interference signal. The high isolation diplexer is employed to separate the Tx and Rx signals and reject the interferences from other systems to the RF receiver as well as filter out the harmonics generated by the RF transmitter. The measured performance of the proposed RF transceiver front-end module is superior to the requirements as well as can support high spectrum efficiency and high data rate communications with low error vector magnitude.

Optimization Process Maximizes Financial, Environmental Benefits in LNG Breakwater

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper OTC 31284, “Greater Tortue Ahmeyim Project for BP In Mauritania and Senegal: Breakwater Design and Local Content Optimizations,” by Alexis Replumaz, Yann Julien, and Damien Bellengier, Eiffage Génie Civil Marine, prepared for the 2021 Offshore Technology Conference, originally scheduled to be held in Houston, 4–7 May. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Copyright 2021 Offshore Technology Conference. Reproduced by permission. During summer 2017, the authors’ company was invited by BP to bid for the construction of a concrete caisson breakwater protecting an offshore liquefied natural gas (LNG) floating terminal at a water depth of 33 m on the Mauritanian/Senegalese maritime border. As a result of subsequent front-end engineering design (FEED) studies, including 3D model testing, the company was able to reduce the amount of concrete required by 40% compared with the initial design, leading to financial and environmental benefits. Introduction The BP Tortue development comprises a subsea production system tied back to a pretreatment floating, production, storage, and offloading (FPSO) unit, which transfers gas to a near-shore hub for LNG production and export. Phase 1 will provide sales gas production and domestic supply and will generate approximately 2.5 mtpa of LNG to Mauritania and Senegal. The Phase 1 FPSO, in 100–130 m of water, will process inlet gas from the subsea wells located across several drill centers by separating condensate from the gas stream and exporting conditioned gas to a hub, where LNG processing and export will occur. The hub, 10 km from shore, comprises a breakwater to protect marine operations, including LNG processing and carrier loading. A single floating LNG vessel will condition the gas for LNG export. Hub construction began early in 2019 and should be completed in 2021 for a first-gas target in 2022. The breakwater design was conceived during the bidding stage of the project at the end of 2017 by proposing an alternative design for the breakwater adapted to project-specific conditions and regional facilities. The design has been improved continuously and optimized during the FEED stage based on a collaborative approach between the client and the contractor. Client Preliminary Design Optimizations During pre-FEED and bidding stages, the client performed an intensive geotechnical campaign based on several shallow and deep boreholes and a large-area geophysical survey. In water depths greater than 18 m along the maritime boundary between Mauritania and Senegal, a significant layer of soft soil exists, except around the outcrop located on the west side (10–11 km offshore in approximately 33 m of water). Although rock quantities could be slightly higher in the western location, the reduction of the dredging quantities and the reduction of the effect on the nearby coastal community of Saint Louis (lighting, noise, and vessel traffic) led to selection of this location for the hub terminal. The initial breakwater type was a rubble-mound structure. However, a composite breakwater (caisson on berm foundation) allowed for optimization of dredging and rock quantities. The change in breakwater type allowed a rock-quantity drop from 5.8 million to 1.1 million m3.

Benefits Realization: Novel Conceptual Model for Front End–Design Decision-Making Using Dempster–Shafer Theory and Quality Function Deployment

AbstractThis paper proposes a new conceptual approach to address the gap in the understanding of benefits realization, which is an increasingly central element in the delivery of successful project...

Design, characterisation, and digital linearisation of an ADC analogue front-end for gamma spectroscopy measurements

&lt;p class="Abstract"&gt;This work presents the design, experimental characterisation, and digital post-distortion (i.e., digital linearisation) of a MHz-range ADC analogue front-end prototype for a gamma radiation spectrometry system under development at the National Center for Nuclear Research (NCBJ) in Poland. The design accounts for the electrical response of the gamma particle detector in providing signal conditioning and ADC protection against high-voltage spikes due to occasional high-energy cosmic radiation, as well as proper ADC clocking. As the front-end inevitably introduces nonlinear distortion and dynamic effects, a characterisation is performed to quantify the actual performance in terms of Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) and Effective Number of Bits (ENOB). Thus, a digital linearisation based on both static and memory polynomial models is successfully applied by means of post-distortion processing, guaranteeing a substantial improvement in THD and ENOB, and demonstrating the effectiveness of the hardware/software method for gamma radiation spectrometers. &lt;/p&gt;

Real-Time Office Seat Allocation System using Spring MVC framework

Real-time Seat Allocation System is a web application that assists employees and employers in handling modern-day seating issues at work. Currently, seats are assigned to employees manually, which is a time-consuming process. This might cause issues if seats were not assigned or if none were available for some employees. Furthermore, during pandemics, social distance rules must be followed, making it difficult to manage the workforce. The proportion of individuals allowed in the workplace must adhere properly. As the firm grows, so does the number of employees, which necessitates the expansion of infrastructure, which costs money and time. These issues can be addressed to some extent by a shared office concept, in which employees have access to a desk and can work as needed. This article presents a responsive web application through which company employees can registerusingtheircompanyIDandreserveaseatifoneisavailableonaspecified day and time. Admins can add or remove offices, floors, and seats with certain permissions. To implement the business logic, the application uses Java, Spring MVC web framework with Tomcat server, renders the views using Java Server Pages, and uses front-end technologies like HTML, CSS, and JavaScript for the front-end design of the User Interface. The web application built promotes the concept of using a shared workspace to maximize resource use. It also aids in increasing employee productivity by providing them with workplace seating and schedule flexibility.

A low-noise analog frontend design for the Taiji phasemeter prototype.

The Taiji program plans to utilize the laser interferometer to measure the movement at the picometer level between free-floating test masses. As the phase readout equipment, the phasemeter needs to obtain the beat note with an accuracy of μrad/Hz. The main source of noise in the phasemeter is the analog frontend of the analog to digital converter. A self-designed phasemeter prototype with a low-noise analog frontend, which includes the theme of the pilot tone correction, has been developed and tested for the Taiji program in this Note. The experimental results show that the performance of the developed phasemeter can satisfy the Taiji sensitivity requirement in the whole frequency range. The sensitivity of the board can reach 0.5 μrad/Hz in the frequency range of 0.1-1Hz. Therefore, the prototype gives us a good model for the fully functional Taiji phasemeter.

A Versatile Analog Electronic Interface for Piezoelectric Sensors Used for Impacts Detection and Positioning in Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) Systems

Continuous monitoring of mechanical impacts is one of the goals of modern SHM systems using a sensor network installed on a structure. For the evaluation of the impact position, there are generally applied triangulation techniques based on the estimation of the differential time of arrival (DToA). The signals generated by impacts are multimodal, dispersive Lamb waves propagating in the plate-like structure. Symmetrical S0 and antisymmetrical A0 Lamb waves are both generated by impact events with different velocities and energies. The discrimination of these two modes is an advantage for impact positioning and characterization. The faster S0 is less influenced by multiple path signal overlapping and is also less dispersive, but its amplitude is generally 40–80 dB lower than the amplitude of the A0 mode. The latter has an amplitude related to the impact energy, while S0 amplitude is related to the impact velocity and has higher frequency spectral content. For these reasons, the analog front-end (AFE) design is crucial to preserve the information of the impact event, and at the same time, the overall signal chain must be optimized. Large dynamic range ADCs with high resolution (at least 12-bit) are generally required for processing these signals to retrieve the DToA information found in the full signal spectrum, typically from 20 kHz to 500 kHz. A solution explored in this work is the design of a versatile analog front-end capable of matching the different types of piezoelectric sensors used for impact monitoring (piezoceramic, piezocomposite or piezopolymer) in a sensor node. The analog front-end interface has a programmable attenuator and three selectable configurations with different gain and bandwidth to optimize the signal-to-noise ratio and distortion of the selected Lamb wave mode. This interface is realized as a module compatible with the I/O of a 16 channels real-time electronic system for SHM previously developed by the authors. High-frequency components up to 270 kHz and lower-frequency components of the received signals are separated by different channels and generate high signal-to-noise ratio signals that can be easily treated by digital signal processing using a single central unit board with ADC and FPGA.

A Low-Power High Gain and High Linearity CMOS RF Front-End Design Involving a Charge Injection Mixer for V2X Technology

In this paper, an RF front-end (RFFE) circuit consisting of a low noise amplifier (LNA) and a down-conversion mixer for vehicle-to-everything (V2X) applications in a 65-nm CMOS process is presented. V2X standard has a carrier frequency of 5.9[Formula: see text]GHz with 10 and 20[Formula: see text]MHz bandwidth options. The LNA topology of the RFFE is based on an inductively degenerated cascode common source differential approach. The mixer design uses a double-balanced topology with a charge injection method to enhance the linearity and noise figure performance. The RFFE design shows a single sideband integrated noise figure of 4.47[Formula: see text]dB with a total conversion gain of 28[Formula: see text]dB. The IIP3 is obtained as [Formula: see text]17[Formula: see text]dBm with charge injection in the mixer which is an improvement of 5[Formula: see text]dB as compared to no charge injection. The design consumes a total current of 10.24[Formula: see text]mA from a 1.2-V supply. This work is the first CMOS RFFE design implemented for V2X applications.

Outage and asset damage triggered by malicious manipulation of the control system in process plants

Intentional acts consisting in remote (cyber) or physical manipulations of the BPCS (Basic Process Control System) and the SIS (Safety Instrumented System) of a process plant may result in severe consequences for the affected industrial facilities. Interruption of productivity, with or without asset damages, generally results in huge economic losses and, at times, in damages to reputation, people and the environment. Despite the existence of several international standards aimed at the assessment and management of cybersecurity of IT (Information Technology) and OT (Operational Technology) systems of a facility, only few contributions are present in the literature addressing the concrete connection between malicious manipulations of the BPCS and SIS systems and the impacts on the physical process system that can be initiated. In this panorama, the present work fills this gap by developing a systematic qualitative methodology supporting the identification of possible security events affecting the operability and/or system integrity of a process plant, of the malicious manipulations by which they may be initiated, and of the existing safeguards in place. The results can be used within the standard procedure for cyber risk management of the IT-OT system (e.g. ISA/IEC 62443), to support the identification of protection requirements and countermeasures. The methodology is complementary to current safety and security assessments and is intended for application to front-end design phase as well as to the security review of operating plants. The methodology was applied to a case study (an offshore Oil&Gas compression plant) to demonstrate the potential of the methodology and the results obtained.