Front-end Design Research Articles

A Study on the Preference of Electric Vehicle Front Design Elements

In order to invigorate Korea’s pure electric vehicle market, innovative changes are imperative in both technological advancements and exterior design aesthetics. The front fascia, being the nucleus of car design, profoundly influences not only brand perception but also consumer preferences and purchasing decisions. Hence, the significance of front-end design in pure electric vehicle engineering is becoming increasingly evident. This study aims to assess the front-end design of electric vehicles and delineate the design aesthetics favored by consumers. Focusing on the exterior design aspects of electric vehicles, the study participants were limited to adults aged 20 or above. Utilizing Maximum Difference Scaling, a questionnaire was formulated, and preferences for front-end elements (headlamps, bonnet, bumper, grille, and side mirrors) were scrutinized through cross-tabulation analysis. The findings revealed the bonnet as the most preferred element, with a preference towards simplistic designs observed across all elements, including the bumper, grille, and side mirrors. Headlamps ranked as the second most preferred element, with a tendency towards emotionally evocative designs. This study offers insights into consumer preferences regarding the front-end elements of electric vehicles and is poised to contribute to the revitalization of Korea’s pure electric vehicle market by providing pertinent information to future electric vehicle manufacturers.

Catalyzing satellite communication: A 20W Ku-Band RF front-end power amplifier design and deployment.

This paper presents a groundbreaking Ku-band 20W RF front-end power amplifier (PA), designed to address numerous challenges encountered by satellite communication systems, including those pertaining to stability, linearity, cost, and size. The manuscript commences with an exhaustive discussion of system design and operational principles, emphasizing the intricacies of low-noise amplification, and incorporating key considerations such as noise factors, stability analysis, gain, and gain flatness. Subsequently, an in-depth study is conducted on various components of the RF chain, including the pre-amplification module, driver-amplification module, and final-stage amplification module. The holistic design extends to the inclusion of the display and control unit, featuring the power-control module, monitoring module, and overall layout design of the PA. It is meticulously tailored to meet the specific demands of satellite communication. Following this, a thorough exploration of electromagnetic simulation and measurement results ensues, providing validation for the precision and reliability of the proposed design. Finally, the feasibility of that design is substantiated through systematic system design, prototype production, and exhaustive experimental testing. It is noteworthy that, in the space-simulation environmental test, emphasis is placed on the excellent performance of the Star Ku-band PA within the 13.75GHz to 14.5GHz frequency range. Detailed power scan measurements reveal a P1dB of 43dBm, maintaining output power flatness < ± 0.5dBm across the entire frequency and temperature spectrum. Third-order intermodulation scan measurements indicate a third-order intermodulation of ≤ -23dBc. Detailed results of power monitoring demonstrate a range from +18dBm to +54dBm. Scans of spurious suppression and harmonic suppression, meanwhile, show that the PA evinces spurious suppression ≤ -65dBc and harmonic suppression ≤ -60dBc. Rigorous phase-scan measurements exhibit a phase-shift adjustment range of 0° to 360°, with a step of 5.625°, and a phase-shift accuracy of 0.5dB. Detailed data from gain-scan measurements show a gain-adjustment range of 0dB to 30dB, with a gain flatness of ± 0.5dB. Attenuation error is ≤ 1%. These test parameters perfectly align with the practical application requirements of the technical specifications. When compared to existing Ku-band PAs, our design reflects a deeper consideration of specific requirements in satellite communication, ensuring its outstanding performance and uniqueness. This PA features good stability, high linearity, low cost, and compact modularity, ensuring continuous and stable power output. These features position the proposed system as a leader within the market. Successful orbital deployment not only validates its operational stability; it also makes a significant contribution to the advancement of China's satellite PA technology, generating positive socio-economic benefits.

Framework CSS: Tailwind CSS Untuk Front-End Website Store PT. XYZ

This research aims to apply Tailwind CSS as a CSS Framework on the website store’s PT. XYZ to be more responsive and have the freedom to determine the style and layout according to the analysis of website needs. This study was carried out at PT. XYZ in Subang Regency, where conducting product transactions with customers needs the creation of a store website. The phases of requirements analysis, design, implementation, and modification are all included in the research methodology. The UI/UX design at PT is reflected in the front end of the website store. Utilize utility classes to create UI elements in Tailwind CSS during the front-end design phase. It has been demonstrated that you may implement internet shop display designs more rapidly and freely give styles and layouts according to your demands by using the Tailwind CSS Framework. In addition, the responsive display facilitates cross-platform user experience by making it simpler for customers to complete transactions.

Digitally improving UK police surveillance and incidence response using real-time crowd reporting app: Digipolice

Overtime, evolving technologies has made ways of monitoring and controlling crime and action in the United Kingdom (UK) become more challenging which needs optimization with the help of technologies. Also with the rate of crime across cities in the UK like mass shootings, murder and gang gun battles, the UK Police system within localities are overwhelmed or may not efficiently cope with crime alerts and incidences coming in at increasing frequencies. However looking in the area of real time crowd reporting, there is need to leverage technology to enhance public safety, improve incident response, and foster community engagement. This necessitated the aim of this study to develop a digital policing surveillance app for crowd reporting in the UK. By utilizing digital policing surveillance apps, the aim is to improve crowd management capabilities by enabling real-time reporting of incidents and observations from both the public and law enforcement personnel. This was positioned to facilitate better situational awareness, efficient resource allocation, and effective response strategies. To achieve the objectives, Python Programming Language 3.8 were deployed together with a Django Framework and a Microsoft Visual Studio Build Tools. In the DP system, the Model-View-Controller (MVC) pattern, which divides an application into three interconnected components—the model, the view, and the controller—was used for the architectural design of the system. For the database, Django's ORM makes it simple to support many databases, and in this project straightforward SQLite3 database were utilised which is ideal for small-footprint applications. Using WebSockets to establish real-time, bidirectional communication between web clients and servers, the user interface and intelligence board for the system were developed. A clean designed frontend design system with Bootstrap version 5—an open-source, reusable design framework created by Twitter—was selected for its easy user interface. The system was put through 50 concurrent load tests with actual users swarming the app since the DP app was subjected to hundreds of people complaining in real time. 2. The host computer had a Core i5 vPro CPU running at 4GHz and 4GB of RAM. The result shows that 50 users successfully generated an average of 29.7 requests per second. The system scaled up nicely to 50 users and reached its highest response time of 2600 milliseconds (2.6 seconds) in total. A dramatic rise in activity and a longer response time occurred after there were more than 50 users. The system could not operate at its peak efficiency with 100 users because response times were inconsistent and exceeded 7000 milliseconds (7 seconds) for each request. The effectiveness of the online deployment was evaluated with respectable results, and the system requirements also underwent successful testing. The appropriate investigation of ethical issues was done to meet requirements. DigiPolice has the potential to develop into a cutting-edge programme for real-time crowd surveillance and incident reporting. UK Police can employ it to as advancement to its “My Police” with as fast-track real-time and collaborative crowd reporting enhancements.

Ultra-low noise front-end design for smart optical sensors with high sensitivity and wide dynamic range.

Ultra-low noise is a critical component in the design of high-precision sensor front-ends. We introduced differential phase-sensitive detection (d-PSD) to mitigate both multiplicative and additive noise in optical sensors, aiming for an enhanced performance and cost-effectiveness. The d-PSD combines a capacitive transimpedance amplifier (C-TIA), a delta-sigma analog-to-digital converter (ΔΣ-ADC), and a software-based lock-in amplifier (s-LIA). The first two components utilize the DDC112 (a dual current input 20-bit ADC) for a minimal analog channel length, thus reducing noise efficiently, while the latter employs a cost-effective 32-bit microcontroller unit (MCU), the HC32F460. This approach was successfully implemented as the front-end for a smart optical sensor. Testing indicated that the sensor achieved an equivalent current noise level of 0.6 nA/√Hz, primarily attributed to the light source driver rather than the sensor's front-end circuit. The sensor exhibited an exceptional performance, with a 3σ measurement precision of 5.4 × 10-4 over a 1-second integration time and a dynamic range of 100 dB, leveraging the proposed method and design. Furthermore, the front-end of the sensor boasts a compact size, low power consumption, and affordability, making it an ideal, versatile solution for ultra-high precision, smart optical sensors.

50.3 ps time resolution and an 11-channel time measuring chip for Topmetal detectors

The Topmetal detector, utilized in this investigation, is a direct-type CMOS pixel sensor known for its distinctive feature of employing exposed metal at the top of each pixel to directly capture external charged particles. This method generates electrical signals through the induction of charge. At present, it is mainly used in gas pixel detector(GPD) and particle beam monitoring. In this paper, we present a new front-end design aimed at enhancing the capabilities of the Topmetal pixel detector. The focus is on incorporating a Time-Digital Conversion (TDC) ASIC into the front-end, with the objective of achieving high-precision time measurement in addition to superior position resolution. The function of the TDC is achieved by the two reverse delay chains, 11 edge acquisition circuits Time-to-Amplitude Converter (TAC), analog gate, weight count module, and Wilkinson Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC). Coarse time measurement is implemented based on a counter with a working frequency of 500 MHz, and fine time measurement is implemented by the combination of TAC and ADC. The design prototype was taped out with the GSMCR130 nm technology. Test results show that this circuit can handle up to 11 consecutive cases, with the minimum time interval of adjacent cases being 500 ps and the bin size up to 2 ps. The time measurement precision is better than 50.3 ps RMS and the PVT(Process Voltage Temperature) robustness of the input delay chain circuit is validated, showing the stable performance of the design.

Optimizing hydrophone-preamplifier systems: Theoretical design, computational analysis, and experimental validation for towed array applications

Hydrophone response parameters greatly influence the design of pre-amplifier and analog to digital conversion (ADC) components. Here, we show a comprehensive methodology for the modeling of hydrophone response, focusing on the theoretical, computational, and experimental approach for low and high frequency SONAR applications. Theoretical calculation of hydrophone response based on electromechanical properties is compared with Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and experimental measurement. An electrical equivalent hydrophone simulator Butterworth-Van Dyke (BVD) circuit is constructed based on admittance and susceptance measurements to represent the transducer's electrical behavior for testing pre-amplifier and ADC response without the presence of environmental or hydrophone noise. This model facilitates a systematic approach to towed array front-end design with hardware in the loop to update models to improve performance prediction. Measurements of the constructed transducer system validate the theoretical and computational models, providing insights into real-world performance.

Multicolor fluorescence microscopy for surgical guidance using a chip-scale imager with a low-NA fiber optic plate and a multi-bandpass interference filter.

In curative-intent cancer surgery, intraoperative fluorescence imaging of both diseased and healthy tissue can help to ensure the successful removal of all gross and microscopic diseases with minimal damage to neighboring critical structures, such as nerves. Current fluorescence-guided surgery (FGS) systems, however, rely on bulky and rigid optics that incur performance-limiting trade-offs between sensitivity and maneuverability. Moreover, many FGS systems are incapable of multiplexed imaging. As a result, clinical FGS is currently limited to millimeter-scale detection of a single fluorescent target. Here, we present a scalable, lens-less fluorescence imaging chip, VISION, capable of sensitive and multiplexed detection within a compact form factor. Central to VISION is a novel optical frontend design combining a low-numerical-aperture fiber optic plate (LNA-FOP) and a multi-bandpass interference filter, which is affixed to a custom CMOS image sensor. The LNA-FOP acts as a planar collimator to improve resolution and compensate for the angle-sensitivity of the interference filter, enabling high-resolution and multiplexed fluorescence imaging without lenses. We show VISION is capable of detecting tumor foci of less than 100 cells at near video framerates and, as proof of principle, can simultaneously visualize both tumors and nerves in ex vivo prostate tissue.

A Highly Integrated C-Band Feedback Resistor Transceiver Front-End Based on Inductive Resonance and Bandwidth Expansion Techniques.

This paper presents a highly integrated C-band RF transceiver front-end design consisting of two Single Pole Double Throw (SPDT) transmit/receive (T/R) switches, a Low Noise Amplifier (LNA), and a Power Amplifier (PA) for Ultra-Wideband (UWB) positioning system applications. When fabricated using a 0.25 μm GaAs pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistor (pHEMT) process, the switch is optimized for system isolation and stability using inductive resonance techniques. The transceiver front-end achieves overall bandwidth expansion as well as the flat noise in receive mode using the bandwidth expansion technique. The results show that the front-end modules (FEM) have a typical gain of 22 dB in transmit mode, 18 dB in receive mode, and 2 dB noise in the 4.5-8 GHz band, with a chip area of 1.56 × 1.46 mm2. Based on the available literature, it is known that the proposed circuit is the most highly integrated C-band RF transceiver front-end design for UWB applications in the same process.

Cost details from front-end engineering design of piperazine with the advanced stripper

This Front-End Engineering Design (FEED) was funded by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) to estimate the cost to capture and compress 90 % of the CO2 from an existing natural gas combined cycle (NGCC) in Denver City, Texas, USA. The FEED used the PZAS (Piperazine with the Advanced Stripper) 2 G amine scrubbing technology developed and modeled by The University of Texas at Austin. This FEED is unique in providing more public cost details than other FEEDs funded by DOE. The primary objective of the FEED was to provide a comprehensive estimate for the total installed cost of the capture plant. The estimated capital cost of NGCC at the Mustang Station is $727 million for a capacity of 460 MW and 1.6 million tonnes CO2/yr. This includes a contingency of $104.6 million and a contractor's profit of $60.1 million. The total direct field cost is $384.1 million. With an optimistic fuel value of $3/MMBtu, the estimated cost of capture varies from $85/t at 4 % IRR/85 % load to $170/t at 10 % IRR/52 % load. Air cooling is technically feasible but expensive. The air cooling systems for the water wash and pump-around intercooling account for 23.4 % of the direct cost. The gas-fired boilers represent only 4 % of the direct costs, but steam extraction would reduce energy cost, free up cooling water, and reduce the direct costs of processing additional flue gas and CO2 from the boilers. The absorbers represent 9.6 % of the direct cost in this FEED with no direct contact cooler and only 7.6 m of packing. The solvent cross exchangers are less expensive than expected (2.5 % of direct costs). Doubling the number of these exchangers could reduce the heat duty from 3.0 to 2.5 GJ/t CO2.

Initial Design Studies: Identify Customer Needs and Establish Targets Specifications of the Electric Motorcycle Conversion Kit Module Product

The urgency of this research is that Indonesian people still have low interest in using electric motorbikes, indicating that sales of electric motorbikes in Indonesia are still low. Indonesian people are skeptical about electric motorbikes due to their battery life and the relatively higher price than conventional motorbikes. In this research, an additional EM module product was designed as a solution to answer these doubts. This research is an initial design process aimed at obtaining target product specifications for additional EM modules from the results of identifying user needs as a basis for the subsequent design process. The additional EM module product applies an EM conversion system that is installed on the ICEM product without losing its original ability to use a gasoline energy source, thereby minimizing procurement costs using electric motor technology on conventional motorbikes and without worrying about running out of battery when in use. This research uses the front-end activity design method to design additional EM module products and produces 30 customer needs with percentage levels of importance and 24 product specification target metrics in marginal and ideal values to be used as abasis for the subsequent design process.

Front-End Development for Radar Applications: A Focus on 24 GHz Transmitter Design.

The proliferation of radar technology has given rise to a growing demand for advanced, high-performance transmitter front-ends operating in the 24 GHz frequency band. This paper presents a design analysis of a radio frequency (RF) transmitter (TX) front-end operated at a 24 GHz frequency and designed using 65 nm complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology for radar applications. The proposed TX front-end design includes the integration of an up-conversion mixer and power amplifier (PA). The up-conversion mixer is a Gilbert cell-based design that translates the 2.4 GHz intermediate frequency (IF) signal and 21.6 GHz local oscillator (LO) signal to the 24 GHz RF output signal. The mixer is designed with a novel technique that includes a duplex transconductance path (DTP) for enhancing the mixer's linearity. The DTP of the mixer includes a primary transconductance path (PTP) and a secondary transconductance path (STP). The PTP incorporates a common source (CS) amplifier, while the STP incorporates an improved cross-quad transconductor (ICQT). The integrated PA in the TX front-end is a class AB tunable two-stage PA that can be tuned with the help of varactors as a synchronous mode to increase the PA bandwidth or stagger mode to obtain a high gain. The PA is tuned to 24 GHz as a synchronous mode PA for the TX front-end operation. The proposed TX front-end showed an excellent output power of 11.7 dBm and dissipated 7.5 mW from a 1.2 V supply. In addition, the TX front-end achieved a power-added efficiency (PAE) of 47% and 1 dB compression point (OP1dB) of 10.5 dBm. In this case, the output power is 10.5 dBm higher than the linear portion of the response. The methodologies presented herein have the potential to advance the state of the art in 24 GHz radar technology, fostering innovations in fields such as autonomous vehicles, industrial automation, and remote sensing.

Development of an Interactive Android-Based Ayo-Olopon Game

One of the most widely acceptable means of entertainment all over the world is Games especially in Africa to ease the mind from stress after a rigorous day’s work. Over the years, there have been several African games nearly going into extinction due to the advancement of more new smartphone-based games and the general public is more comfortable using the modern-day gizmo. This has brought about reduction in the number of people that understands and knows about African traditional games and ethics. A lot of effort has been put in place by many developers and researchers to digitalize these games (like Ayo-Olopon) to improve their popularity and expand their accessibility across the globe. The current versions of this Ayo-Olopon game does not provide room for Multi-player in real time nor presence of third party as viewer during the game session. This research developed an android-based Ayo-Olopon game using a stack of React Native for the frontend design and server-side scripting through Node.Js, Websocket was also incorporated which enables real-time communication for multi-players and a third party to join the game as a viewer. The game was evaluated using feedback from randomly selected user and more than 98% of them ascertained its uniqueness and excellent performance. Response speed and transfer time were also used as the evaluation metrics with varying network technologies and protocols, WLAN network technology with gave the shortest response time and transfer speed of 150ms and 0.263s respectively f. This shows that the developed Ayo-olopon game gave a very satisfactory user experience and good performance with good Computational time. Future work should focus on enabling viewers to use audio or chat to motivate the players and increase their morale.

A low-power and high-gain frontend for GHz application using trans-impedance amplifier for fast particle detection

In this paper, we present a front-end for gigahertz applications, FGATI, which utilizes a transimpedance amplifier design to amplify the current signal from a diamond particle detector. The transimpedance amplifier design adopts a flipped-voltage-follower-based current-mirror (FVF-CM) topology as the input stage, offering advantages such as low power consumption, large transimpedance gain, gigahertz bandwidth, and reasonable noise levels. The FVF-CM topology was realized to improve noise reduction with a fully differential output configuration. The design was implemented as an ASIC chip using 65 nm CMOS silicon technology. The bandwidth measurement of the FGATI prototype demonstrated a 3-dB bandwidth of 1.2 GHz. Furthermore, the amplifier's power consumption is low, drawing only 7.2 mW/channel from a 1.2 V power supply, including the buffer stage. The measurement of the FGATI output signal indicated an excellent transimpedance gain of 79.2 dBΩ and a noise level of 6.7 mVrms. These findings highlight the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed front-end design in high-frequency applications.

Pedestrian Safety in Frontal Tram Collision, Part 1: Historical Overview and Experimental-Data-Based Biomechanical Study of Head Clashing in Frontal and Side Impacts.

This article represents the first paper in a two-part series dealing with safety during tram-pedestrian collisions. This research is dedicated to the safety of trams for pedestrians during collisions and is motivated by the increased number of lethal cases. The first part of this paper includes an overview of tram face development from the earliest designs to the current ones in use and, at the same time, provides a synopsis and explanation of the technical context, including a link to current and forthcoming legislation. The historical design development can be characterised by three steps, from an almost vertical front face, to leaned and pointed shapes, to the current inclined low-edged windshield without a protruding coupler. However, since most major manufacturers now export their products worldwide and customisation is only of a technically insignificant nature, our conclusions are generalisable (supported by the example of Berlin). The most advantageous shape of the tram's front, minimising the effects on pedestrians in all collision phases, has evolved rather spontaneously and was unprompted, and it is now being built into the European Commission regulations. The goal of the second part of this paper is to conduct a series of tram-pedestrian collisions with a focus on the frontal and side impacts using a crash test dummy (anthropomorphic test device-ATD). Four tram types approaching the collision at four different impact speeds (5 km/h, 10 km/h, 15 km/h, and 20 km/h) were used. The primary outcome variable was the resultant head acceleration. The risk and severity of possible head injuries were assessed using the head injury criterion (HIC15) and its linkage to the injury level on the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS). The results showed increasing head impacts with an increasing speed for all tram types and collision scenarios. Higher values of head acceleration were reached during the frontal impact (17-124 g) compared to the side one (2-84 g). The HIC15 values did not exceed the value of 300 for any experimental setting, and the probability of AIS4+ injuries did not exceed 10%. The outcomes of tram-pedestrian collisions can be influenced by the ATD's position and orientation, the impact speed and front-end design of trams, and the site of initial contact.

CURRENT STATUS OF THE BENCHMARK DATABASE BEMEDA

Abstract. Open science is an important attribute for developing new approaches. Especially, the data component plays a significant role. The FAIR principle provides a good orientation towards open data. One part of FAIR is findability. Thus, domain specific dataset search platforms were developed: the Earth Observation Database and our Benchmark Metadata Database (BeMeDa). In addition to the search itself, the datasets found by this platforms can be compared with each other with regard to their interoperability. We compare these two platforms and present an update of our platform BeMeDa. This update includes additional location information about the datasets and a new frontend design with improved usability. We rely on user feedback for further improvements and enhancements.

Experimental Study of High Power Microwave Injection in Radar Receiving Front-end

In order to study the tolerance threshold and damage process of radar receiving front end against high power microwave pulse attack, the relationship between the damage of receiving front end and injected signal power, pulse width, and duration was obtained by injection test. The experimental results show that the damage of PIN limiter by high power microwave is a slow worsening process near the damage threshold. Based on the test results, the radar withstanding range of high-power microwave weapon attack is calculated theoretically, which can provide theoretical support for the radar receiving front-end design.

Building the world's largest Chemical Looping Combustion (CLC) unit

The world's largest Chemical Looping Combustion (CLC) demonstration unit is being built close to the city of Chengdu in China. The design and construction of the unit, as well as the coming testing, is done within the CHEERS project, which is a collaborative project between Europe and China. The funding (∼25M€) comes from several of the project partners, in addition to EU's Horizon2020 and China's Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST). TotalEnergies has been responsible for the Front-End Engineering Design (FEED) study. The investment decision from December 2021 marks the transition from the R&D studies and design phases to Engineering, Procurement, Construction (EPC) and testing phase. The EPC phase has been led by Dongfang Boiler Co.,Ltd, and the demonstration unit is located at their technology development site in Deyang City, outside Chengdu in China. It is designed for a thermal input of 2–4 MW and includes two different reactor configurations. The first configuration is optimized for conversion of pet-coke, while the second one is tuned towards conversion of lignite. The oxygen carrier (OC) that will be used for the demonstration unit (ilmenite) will be presented, together with an overview of the various OC materials that were tested at various scales (up to 150 kWth) during the first part of the project. In addition, results from testing of a cold mock-up of the unit is presented. Finally, an overview of plans for the rest of the project is given, together with some thoughts related to intercontinental collaboration in highly collaborative projects, such as CHEERS.

Easy Online Parking System

Due to the proliferation in the number of vehicles on the road, traffic problems are bound to exist. This is due to the fact that the current transportation infrastructure and vehicle parking facility developed are unable to cope with the influx of vehicles on the road. To alleviate the aforementioned problems Easy Online Parking System will be developed. The main aim of this project is to provide the user with the parking space for their vehicle irrespective of the fact that weather they know or don’t know the location properly they are currently searching for parking space. There are lots of unused places owned by the people which can be utilized for this purpose. A website application is developed in such a way that it works in any browsers. The website offers the most convenient way to park the vehicles. It provides privilege for the owners to sign in and provide details about the place they own and the users will have privilege to sign in and access the nearest and safest available parking place in their location as per their requirements like distance, cost and time. The users get to contact the owners of the place directly and book the space for their vehicle. This helps in keeping the city clean and organized. Hence the parking problem in cities can be reduced. We will be using html for the front-end design and java script for the back-end design.

Inconsistent pseudorange biases in time links and their effect on BDS and GPS PPP frequency transfer

Precise point positioning (PPP) using the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) phase and code measurements has become the primary technique for time and frequency comparisons. Several scholars have studied multi-GNSS PPP clock comparisons; however, the inconsistent pseudorange bias from receivers with different correlator spaces and front-end designs in pseudorange observations has not been considered. In this study, we analyze the characteristics of the inconsistent biases of the Global Positioning System (GPS) and BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) and their effects on PPP frequency transfer. The biases are confirmed to exist in receivers from Septentrio, Trimble, Leica and differ by manufacturer. To explicitly investigate the pseudorange bias effects of GPS and BDS on the PPP time and frequency comparisons, nine stations with receivers from three different manufacturers that could track the BDS-2 and BDS-3 signals were selected. Regarding PPP frequency transfer with inhomogeneous receivers, the Modified Allan Deviations (MDEVs) of the GPS and BDS PPP frequency stabilities were significantly optimized after using bias corrections. According to the receiver type classification strategy, the overall improvements in frequency transfer with Trimble-Septentrio and Trimble-Leica can be reached up to 31%, 29%, and 39%, and 38%, 29%, and 31% for GPS, BDS-2, and BDS-3, respectively. Moreover, the convergence time of the clock comparisons was shortened after bias corrections were applied. For GOPE-BRUX and GOPE-MATE links, the corrected cases yielded average clock difference stability improvements of 38%, 35%, and 53% and 35%, 35%, and 23% for GPS, BDS-2, and BDS-3, respectively. The results show that bias corrections are vital and allow for more stable time links for PPP frequency transfer.