Fritillaria Persica Research Articles

INVESTIGATIONS ON MORPHO-ANATOMICAL AND VOLATILE COMPOUNDS OF CULTIVATED Fritillaria persica L. (LILIACEAE)

In this study, cultivated Fritillaria persica L. (Liliaceae) investigated morpho-anatomical and volatile compounds of bulbs. Purple tepals, 12-28 flowers in inflorescence, yellow-green filaments and dark yellow or purple anthers were notable morphological properties. For the anatomical study, sections were prepared from root, stem and leaf. The cortex of the stem was comprised of parenchyma and sclerenchyma. The collateral vascular bundles were scattered. The leaves were unifacial and amphistomatic. The stomata type was anomocytic. The crushed bulb volatiles of F. persica were trapped by the headspace-solid phase microextraction technique and determined by analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Eight compounds (83.9%) were identified and the major compounds were found as 1,3-dichlorobenzene (60%), limonene (8.1%) and p-cymene (5.1%).

Advancement in protocol for in vitro seed germination, regeneration, bulblet maturation, and acclimatization of Fritillaria persica

The present study addressed the successful in vitro seed germination, bulblet regeneration, increased bulblet size, hardening, and acclimatization of Persian lily (Fritillaria persica). Seed germination rate was recorded as 86.7% and 96.7% after 2 and 3 months of cold treatment at 4 °C, respectively. Bulblet explants taken from a germination experiment were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.5-2.0 mg/L thidiazuron (TDZ). Maximum bulblet regeneration frequency and bulblets per explants were achieved on a medium containing 2.0 mg/L TDZ. Leaf disc and leaf scale explants isolated from germinated seedlings were also cultured on MS medium containing 2-6 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) with a constant concentration of 0.2 mg/L kinetin. Both explants yielded the highest bulblet regeneration on MS medium containing 2 mg/L 2,4-D and 0.2 mg/L kinetin. A combination of 1.5 g/L agar and 1.6 g/L GELRITE resulted in a maximum bulblet diameter with a higher number of roots. The addition of 10 g/L NaCl to the culture medium resulted in the best root and leaf formation and secondary bulblet regeneration. Exposure of regenerated bulblets to 10 g/L NaCl at 4 °C for 2 months on a medium with 20 g/L sucrose was also found to be beneficial for acclimatization.

Angiosperms Are Unique among Land Plant Lineages in the Occurrence of Key Genes in the RNA-Directed DNA Methylation (RdDM) Pathway.

The RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) pathway can be divided into three phases: 1) small interfering RNA biogenesis, 2) de novo methylation, and 3) chromatin modification. To determine the degree of conservation of this pathway we searched for key genes among land plants. We used OrthoMCL and the OrthoMCL Viridiplantae database to analyze proteomes of species in bryophytes, lycophytes, monilophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms. We also analyzed small RNA size categories and, in two gymnosperms, cytosine methylation in ribosomal DNA. Six proteins were restricted to angiosperms, these being NRPD4/NRPE4, RDM1, DMS3 (defective in meristem silencing 3), SHH1 (SAWADEE homeodomain homolog 1), KTF1, and SUVR2, although we failed to find the latter three proteins in Fritillaria persica, a species with a giant genome. Small RNAs of 24 nt in length were abundant only in angiosperms. Phylogenetic analyses of Dicer-like (DCL) proteins showed that DCL2 was restricted to seed plants, although it was absent in Gnetum gnemon and Welwitschia mirabilis. The data suggest that phases (1) and (2) of the RdDM pathway, described for model angiosperms, evolved with angiosperms. The absence of some features of RdDM in F. persica may be associated with its large genome. Phase (3) is probably the most conserved part of the pathway across land plants. DCL2, involved in virus defense and interaction with the canonical RdDM pathway to facilitate methylation of CHH, is absent outside seed plants. Its absence in G. gnemon, and W. mirabilis coupled with distinctive patterns of CHH methylation, suggest a secondary loss of DCL2 following the divergence of Gnetales.

Male individuals in cultivated Fritillaria persica L. (Liliaceae): real androdioecy or gender disphasy?

In the last twenty years the growing number of studies about the reproductive biology in angiosperms has brought to light new cases of andromonoecy and androdioecy, the rarest sexual models among flowering plants. Female-sterile sexual systems, especially within order Liliales and family Liliaceae, often seem to occur in the particular form of size/age dependent sex allocation, known as "gender disphasy". The presence of male individuals of Fritillaria persica (Liliaceae) is here documented. Comparative morphological and functional sexual expression of this species, among males and hermaphrodites, was investigated by means of flowers counting, morphometric measurements of plants and pollen-grains, pollen viability and germinability tests, and crossing experiments. The results show that hermaphrodite plants are significantly bigger and produce a higher number of flowers than males. On the other hand, there is no difference either in terms of pollen size or potential male fitness, between the 2 sex types. This suggests the occurrence of gender disphasy in this species, even if our preliminary crossing experiments seem to show an effective higher fitness of male individuals in fertilization. F. persica resulted also partially self-compatible. Our results are discussed in relation to recent findings about andromonoecious and androdioecious breeding systems within Liliales.

Typification of Linnaean names in Liliaceae

AbstractThe typification of eleven Linnaean names of taxa belonging to the current circumscription of Liliaceae is discussed. Lectotypes are designated from the Linnaean herbarium at LINN (Lilium bulbiferum, L. candidum, L. martagon), the Burser herbarium at UPS (Bulbocodium serotinum, Fritillaria pyrenaica, Lilium bulbiferum), the Van Royen Herbarium at L (Fritillaria persica, Lilium chalcedonicum, Uvularia amplexifolia), the Clifford Herbarium at BM (Lilium pomponium) and from the Sloane herbarium in BM­SL (Bulbocodium autumnale). A specimen in BM is designated as the neotype of Lilium camschatcense. Each type choice maintains the present usage of the corresponding Linnaean name.

Relative Resistance of Ornamental Flowering Bulbs to Feeding Damage by Voles

Many plants have mechanisms of physical or chemical resistance that protect them from herbivores in their environment. Vertebrates such as meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) cause significant damage to ornamental plantings and home gardens. Our goal was to identify flowering bulbs that could be used to design more herbivore-resistant home landscapes. Single-choice feeding trials with captive prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) were used to assess the relative resistance of 30 bulb varieties to deter rodents from consuming fresh plant material and freeze-dried, powdered bulb mixed with a preferred food (applesauce). Each fresh bulb and dried-bulb/applesauce mix was offered twice to 12 to 15 pairs of adult prairie voles. Bulb varieties that resulted in the lowest mean consumption were assumed to be the most resistant to feeding activity. With fresh bulbs, only tulips (Tulipa spp.) exhibited no resistance to prairie vole feeding. Dried-bulb/applesauce mixes containing hyacinth (Hyacinth spp.), crocus (Crocus spp.), corn leaf iris (Iris bucharica), dutch and dwarf iris (Iris reticulata), onion (Allium spp.), and squill (Scilla siberica) were also readily consumed, and thus, these bulbs could be damaged at sites with high rodent activity. Daffodil (Narcissus spp.), painted arum (Arum italicum), camass (Camassia leichtlinii), glory-of-the-snow (Chinodoxa forbesii), autumn crocus (Colchicum spp.), crown imperial (Fritillaria imperialis), persian fritillaria (Fritillaria persica), snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis), and grape hyacinth (Muscari armeniacum) bulbs were resistant to prairie vole feeding in both forms (fresh bulbs and dried-bulb/applesauce mixes). Consequently, all of the specialty flower bulbs tested, except tulip, exhibited some resistance to prairie vole feeding in their fresh form, and could be suitable for designing herbivore-resistant landscapes.

Relative Resistance of Ornamental Flowering Bulbs to Feeding Damage by Voles

Many plants have mechanisms of physical or chemical resistance that protect them from herbivores in their environment. Vertebrates such as meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) cause significant damage to ornamental plantings and home gardens. Our goal was to identify flowering bulbs that could be used to design more herbivore-resistant home landscapes. Single-choice feeding trials with captive prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) were used to assess the relative resistance of 30 bulb varieties to deter rodents from consuming fresh plant material and freeze-dried, powdered bulb mixed with a preferred food (applesauce). Each fresh bulb and dried-bulb/applesauce mix was offered twice to 12 to 15 pairs of adult prairie voles. Bulb varieties that resulted in the lowest mean consumption were assumed to be the most resistant to feeding activity. With fresh bulbs, only tulips (Tulipa spp.) exhibited no resistance to prairie vole feeding. Dried-bulb/applesauce mixes containing hyacinth (Hyacinth spp.), crocus (Crocus spp.), corn leaf iris (Iris bucharica), dutch and dwarf iris (Iris reticulata), onion (Allium spp.), and squill (Scilla siberica) were also readily consumed, and thus, these bulbs could be damaged at sites with high rodent activity. Daffodil (Narcissus spp.), painted arum (Arum italicum), camass (Camassia leichtlinii), glory-of-the-snow (Chinodoxa forbesii), autumn crocus (Colchicum spp.), crown imperial (Fritillaria imperialis), persian fritillaria (Fritillaria persica), snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis), and grape hyacinth (Muscari armeniacum) bulbs were resistant to prairie vole feeding in both forms (fresh bulbs and dried-bulb/applesauce mixes). Consequently, all of the specialty flower bulbs tested, except tulip, exhibited some resistance to prairie vole feeding in their fresh form, and could be suitable for designing herbivore-resistant landscapes.

Farklı Soğan Kesme Yöntemlerinin Fritillaria persica L.'nın Bazı Özellikleri Üzerine Etkisi

Fritillaria persica L. Türkiye’den üretimi yapılarak ihraç edilen türlerden birisi olup, vejetatif veya generatif yolla çoğaltılabilmektedir. Generatif çoğaltmada soğanların ihraç edilebilir boya gelmesi için 4-6 yıl gerekirken; vejetatif çoğaltmada ise çoğalma süresi daha kısa olmaktadır. Bu araştırma 2003-2005 yıllarında Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Tarla Bitkileri Bölümü Deneme Tarlasında yürütülmüştür. Denemede, bir bıçak yardımıyla, soğanın tamamı kesilmeksizin farklı kesme şekilleri ile hazırlanan, a) kontrol (kesilmemiş), b) alt kısmından ortasına kadar dikey olarak kesilmiş, c) üst kısmından orta kısmına kadar dikey kesilmiş, d) taban kısmı daire şeklinde derince çizilmiş ve e) alt taban kısmı oyularak çıkartılmış Fritillaria persica L. soğanları kullanılmıştır. Soğanlar 30x30 cm sıra arası ve sıra üzeri mesafe olacak şekilde 3 sıra halinde ve her sırada 7’şer soğan olacak şekilde tesadüf blokları deneme desenine göre 3 tekrarlamalı olarak dikilmişlerdir. Denemede bitki boyu, çiçeklenme oranı, çiçek salkım uzunluğu, meyve bağlama oranı, meyve sayısı, bitki başına soğan sayısı ve soğan verimi gibi karakterler ölçülmüştür. Soğan kesme yöntemlerinin bitki başına soğan sayısına ve soğan verimine etkili olduğu bulunmuştur.

Different Developmental Stages of Mother Plants Induct Different Morphogenesis Pathways in In Vitro Culture of Fritillaria imperialis and Fritillaria persica

Fritillaria imperialis and Fritillaria persica are important medicinal and ornamental plants that are native to Iran. Wild populations of Fritillaria are at risk of extinction. For the first time, capability of developmental stages in respect to induction of different morphogenesis pathways from petal tissue was studied in detail. The developmental stages were green unopened flowers, colored unopened flowers, and open flowers. Direct bulblet regeneration and direct somatic embryogenesis were observed from green unopened flowers in both F. imperialis and F. persica. More bulblet regeneration was produced in F. imperialis in contrast with F. persica in colored unopened flowers. Somatic embryogenesis via callus was established in green unopened flowers of F. persica with cold pretreatment. The effect of light on induction of different morphogenesis pathways was nonsignificant except for green unopened flowers of F. persica with cold treatment. Our results showed that the developmental stages of petal explants play a significant role in micropropagation of Fritillaria and induction of different morphogenesis pathways.

Steroidal alkaloids from the bulbs of Fritillaria persica

The methanolic extract of the fresh bulbs of Fritillaria persica has yielded five new steroidal alkaloids. Their structures have been shown by spectral analysis and chemical evidence to be (25 R)-22,26-epimino-3β-hydroxy-5α-cholest-22( N)-en-6-one 3- O-β- d-glucopyranoside; (25 R)-23,26-epimino-3β-hydroxy-5α-cholest-23( N)-ene-6,22-dione and its 3- O-glucoside, and their C-20 epimers. The inhibitory activity of the alkaloids on cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase was examined.

Cerveratrum alkaloids from bulbs of Fritillaria persica

Examination of the fresh bulbs of Fritillaria persica resulted in the isolation of five cerveratrum alkaloids. Their structures were established by spectral analysis and hydrolysis. Four of the alkaloids showed potent inhibitory activity on cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.

Persicanidine A, a Novel Cerveratrum Alkaloid from the Bulbs of Fritillaria persica

Abstract Persicanidine A, a novel cerveratrum alkaloid was isolated from the fresh bulbs of Fritillaria persica together with a known alkaloid, delavine. The structure was elucidated by spectroscopic data and X-ray crystallographic analysis. Persicanidine A is unique in structure having the D/E trans (H-13α/H-17β) and E/F cis (cis-quinolizidine) ring fusions. Persicanidine A and delavine were active as a cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor.

かたくりノ胚嚢發生

1. The chromosome number of Erythronium japonicum DECAISNE is n=12, 2n=24.2. The development of the embryosac of E. japonicum is essentially the same as that of Fritillaria persica.