Friendly System Research Articles

Sustainable energy harvesting system for low-power underwater sensing devices

In marine scientific research, ocean monitoring is crucial where the battery powered sensor devices are placed under the water to collect different information like temperature, pressure, and turbidity in underwater sensor networks (UWSNs). Thus, keeping these devices active for longer periods is challenging. In the last decades, the piezoelectric transducer (PZT) material has been used widely for constructing more environmentally friendly energy harvesting systems. The PZT harvester offers a promising solution by eliminating the need for batteries for running devices in the future with less maintenance. The PZT harvester allows the system to generate higher voltage to run low-power devices. This paper designed and developed a new renewable energy harvester system using PZT transducers for running different types of underwater sensor devices like temperature, turbidity, and obstacle sensors. The proposed PZT-based energy harvester employs a two stage amplification model for generating higher voltage and current to run multiple devices. The sensing information collected from these sensors is transmitted to the cloud which is later utilized for analysis and decision making. Experiment results show the proposed PZT-based energy harvester can generate a voltage of 13 volts (V) and a current of 43.3 milliampere (mA) equivalent to 562 milliwatt (mW) which is very good to run multiple low-power underwater sensor devices.

What drives tourists’ sustainable mobility at city destinations? Insights from ten European capital cities

The growth in tourism has brought benefits but also pressured urban transportation systems, particularly in capitals where it intersects with business and local life. While urban sustainable mobility development typically centers on the transportation needs of the residents, it frequently neglects the unsustainable travel habits of tourists. This study focuses on the key elements influencing sustainable tourist transportation, stressing the imperative for city administrations to tackle this concern. Based on a study of ten European capital cities and 5220 individual tourists, unique perspectives on urban tourist transportation are provided. Initially, a DCSM index (Destination City’ Sustainable Mobility Index) was crafted to mirror the sustainability of urban transportation systems, integrating data on cities’ transportation modes and factors promoting sustainable transportation while deterring unsustainable options. This index was then embedded in an ordered logit model, with the sustainable transportation choices of tourists as the dependent variable. The findings show that the traits of the destination city and the transportation preferences from the tourist’s home location, combined with accommodation and trip details, considerably influence their transportation decisions at the destination. These insights underline the potential to mold sustainable tourist behaviors by advancing environmentally friendly transportation systems, enhancing urban planning, and optimally positioning hotels. However, it is vital to acknowledge that without influencing tourists’ routine behaviors at home through education, their travel choices might persist. This research underscores the need for holistic strategies that integrate both destination-specific actions and pre-trip educational initiatives to truly promote tourists’ sustainable transportation behavior.

White light generation embracing pyrene and rhodamine-based nano-group of uniform materials based on organic salts (nano-GUMBOS)

In response to the growing demand for photoluminescent (PL) systems with versatile emission color tuning capabilities, particularly in the realm of contemporary versatile optoelectronic devices, we have developed a straightforward and environmentally friendly PL system. This system is designed to effectively tune its photoluminescence color response to various stimuli, including the system’s composition and excitation wavelength. Notably, our PL system achieves an almost pure white light emission (WLE), which has significant value in diverse applications. To create this interesting system, we combine two nano-Group of Uniform Materials Based on Organic Salts (nano-GUMBOS), namely nPBIL and nRBS, within an aqueous mixture. By precisely adjusting the composition of these nano-GUMBOS, we successfully achieved a near-pure WLE with a Commission Internationale d’Eclairage (CIE) 1931 color profile of (0.31, 0.31) when excited at a wavelength of 365 nm. This achievement demonstrates the system’s capability to produce high-quality WLE, meeting the requirements for efficient and aesthetically pleasing illumination which is significant to various optoelectronic applications. The straightforward synthesis process and environmentally friendly nature of our PL system make it an attractive choice for various lighting and display applications. The adaptability and tunability of the emission color add further versatility to its potential uses, providing opportunities for state-of-the-art solutions in the field of optoelectronic technology.

Physical insight into the enhanced urea electrooxidation using Ni and Fe-based LDH, LDO, and hydroxides under different dissolved gas saturation conditions in electrolyte

The production of green hydrogen is one of the most demanding and challenging for modern technology. A promising and an effective approach is electrocatalytic anodic urea oxidation reaction to generate hydrogen at cathode under alkaline electrolysis condition. However, it remains crucial for the development of active and stable electrocatalysts for efficient urea oxidation. In this study, we employed the hydrothermal synthesis route for NiFe LDH, NiFe LDO, and Ni(OH)2. The superior performance of NiFe LDH compared to other catalysts is observed due to easy charge transfer facilitated by Fe ions. Moreover, Fe incorporation prevents surface poisoning of the electrocatalyst, resulting in increased activity and stability for electrocatalytic urea oxidation reaction. The influence of different electrolyte environments on the performance of urea-based electrolyzers for sustainable hydrogen production and management of urea-rich wastewater has been measured for the first time by varying oxygen saturation and nitrogen purging conditions. In cyclic voltammetry studies, O2-saturated and purging conditions outperformed N2 gas saturation or purging. The findings of this study provide valuable insight into the design of practical and environmentally friendly urea electrooxidation systems.

6‐Hydroxy Picolinohydrazides Promoted Cu(I)‐Catalyzed Hydroxylation Reaction in Water: Machine‐Learning Accelerated Ligands Design and Reaction Optimization

Hydroxylated (hetero)arenes are privileged motifs in natural products, materials, small‐molecule pharmaceuticals and serve as versatile intermediates in synthetic organic chemistry. Herein, we report an efficient Cu(I)/6‐hydroxy picolinohydrazide‐catalyzed hydroxylation reaction of (hetero)aryl halides (Br, Cl) in water. By establishing machine learning (ML) models, the design of ligands and optimization of reaction conditions were effectively accelerated. L32 (6‐HPA‐DMCA) demonstrated high efficiency for (hetero)aryl bromides, promoting hydroxylation reactions with a minimal catalyst loading of 0.01 mol% (100 ppm) at 80 °C to reach 10000 TON or under near‐room temperature conditions for substrates containing sensitive functional groups (3.0 mol%); L42 (6‐HPA‐DTBCA) displayed superior reaction activity for chloride substrates, enabling hydroxylation reactions at 100 °C with 2‐3 mol% catalyst loading. These represent the state of art for both lowest catalyst loading and temperature in the copper‐catalyzed hydroxylation reactions. Furthermore, this method features a sustainable and environmentally friendly solvent system, accommodates a wide range of substrates, and shows potential for developing robust and scalable synthesis processes for key pharmaceutical intermediates.

6-Hydroxy Picolinohydrazides Promoted Cu(I)-Catalyzed Hydroxylation Reaction in Water: Machine-Learning Accelerated Ligands Design and Reaction Optimization.

Hydroxylated (hetero)arenes are privileged motifs in natural products, materials, small-molecule pharmaceuticals and serve as versatile intermediates in synthetic organic chemistry. Herein, we report an efficient Cu(I)/6-hydroxy picolinohydrazide-catalyzed hydroxylation reaction of (hetero)aryl halides (Br, Cl) in water. By establishing machine learning (ML) models, the design of ligands and optimization of reaction conditions were effectively accelerated. L32 (6-HPA-DMCA) demonstrated high efficiency for (hetero)aryl bromides, promoting hydroxylation reactions with a minimal catalyst loading of 0.01 mol% (100 ppm) at 80 °C to reach 10000 TON or under near-room temperature conditions for substrates containing sensitive functional groups (3.0 mol%); L42 (6-HPA-DTBCA) displayed superior reaction activity for chloride substrates, enabling hydroxylation reactions at 100 °C with 2-3 mol% catalyst loading. These represent the state of art for both lowest catalyst loading and temperature in the copper-catalyzed hydroxylation reactions. Furthermore, this method features a sustainable and environmentally friendly solvent system, accommodates a wide range of substrates, and shows potential for developing robust and scalable synthesis processes for key pharmaceutical intermediates.

Exploring Endophytic Fungi as Natural Antagonists against Fungal Pathogens of Food Crops.

The yield and quality of cultivated food crops are frequently compromised by the prevalent threat from fungal pathogens that can cause widespread damage in both the pre-harvest and post-harvest stages. This paper investigates the challenges posed by fungal pathogens to the sustainability and yield of essential food crops, leading to significant economic and food security repercussions. The paper critiques the long-standing reliance on synthetic fungicides, emphasizing the environmental and health concerns arising from their widespread and occasionally inappropriate use. In response, the paper explores the potential of biological control agents, specifically endophytic fungi in advancing sustainable agricultural practices. Through their diverse symbiotic relationships with host plants, these fungi exhibit strong antagonistic capabilities against phytopathogenic fungi by producing various bioactive compounds and promoting plant growth. The review elaborates on the direct and indirect mechanisms of endophytic antagonism, such as antibiosis, mycoparasitism, induction of host resistance, and competition for resources, which collectively contribute to inhibiting pathogenic fungal growth. This paper consolidates the crucial role of endophytic fungi, i.e., Acremonium, Alternaria, Arthrinium, Aspergillus, Botryosphaeria, Chaetomium, Cladosporium, Cevidencealdinia, Epicoccum, Fusarium, Gliocladium, Muscodor, Nigrospora, Paecilomyces, Penicillium, Phomopsis, Pichia, Pochonia, Pythium, Ramichloridium, Rosellinia, Talaromyces, Trichoderma, Verticillium, Wickerhamomyces, and Xylaria, in biological control, supported by the evidence drawn from more than 200 research publications. The paper pays particular attention to Muscodor, Penicillium, and Trichoderma as prominent antagonists. It also emphasizes the need for future genetic-level research to enhance the application of endophytes in biocontrol strategies aiming to highlight the importance of endophytic fungi in facilitating the transition towards more sustainable and environmentally friendly agricultural systems.

Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology in Agricultural Pesticide Delivery: A Review.

Pesticides play a crucial role in ensuring food production and food security. Conventional pesticide formulations can not meet the current needs of social and economic development, and they also can not meet the requirements of green agriculture. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop efficient, stable, safe, and environmentally friendly pesticide formulations to gradually replace old formulations which have high pollution and low efficacy. The rise of nanotechnology provides new possibilities for innovation in pesticide formulations. Through reasonable design and construction of an environmentally friendly pesticide delivery system (PDS) based on multifunctional nanocarriers, the drawbacks of conventional pesticides can be effectively solved, realizing a water-based, nanosized, targeted, efficient, and safe pesticide system. In the past five years, researchers in chemistry, materials science, botany, entomology, plant protection, and other fields are paying close attention to the research of nanomaterials based PDSs and nanopesticide formulations and have made certain research achievements. These explorations provide useful references for promoting the innovation of nanopesticides and developing a new generation of green and environmentally friendly pesticide formulations. This Perspective summarizes the recent advances of nanomaterials in PDSs and nanopesticide innovation, aiming to provide useful guidance for carrier selection, surface engineering, controlled release conditions, and application in agriculture.

Study on Methylene Blue Adsorption Properties of Biochar/Montmorillonite Composites

The textile printing and dyeing industry, as one of the important pillars of the global economy, has become an environmental problem that needs to be solved because of the increasingly serious pollution of dye wastewater generated during its production process. Dye wastewater not only contains high concentrations of organic dyes, but also often accompanied by heavy metal ions, additives and salts and other pollutants, if discharged directly without effective treatment, will seriously pollute the water body, destroying the ecological balance, and affecting the survival and health of human beings and aquatic organisms. In order to deal with the problems of serious pollution, large discharge and high cost of dye wastewater, it is necessary to develop an efficient, economic and environmentally friendly wastewater treatment system. It is particularly important to develop efficient, economical and environmentally friendly wastewater treatment technologies. Adsorption is considered as a promising method for wastewater treatment. In this study, we focused on the development of new and efficient adsorbent materials. Taking methylene blue, a typical dye, as an example, we skillfully composited modified biochar with montmorillonite, a natural mineral material, through pyrolysis and intercalation strategies, and conducted in-depth investigations on the effects of the composites on the adsorption of methylene blue in water, the factors affecting the regeneration performance of the adsorbents, and the thermodynamic characteristics of the adsorption. The effect of the composite material on the adsorption of methylene blue in water, the factors affecting the regeneration performance of the adsorbent and the adsorption thermodynamic characteristics were investigated in depth, with a view to providing certain theoretical and practical references for the effective treatment of dye wastewater.

Pressure Characteristics and Secondary Ignition Effects of Gas Produced in RDE Using Lignite and Anthracite/CH4 Fuel.

This study aims to address the energy efficiency release and environmental impact of coal dust in rotating detonation engines (RDEs) by monitoring the detonation characteristics of lignite and anthracite in methane gas-solid mixtures using high-precision sensor technology. Experimental results indicate that the peak detonation pressure of anthracite is 1.4% higher than that of lignite, and its detonation wave propagation speed is at least 5.5% faster, suggesting that anthracite exhibits more stable and efficient fuel energy release characteristics during detonation. Additionally, the sensor technology enabled detailed recording of pressure fluctuations and gas composition changes during the detonation process, providing accurate data for assessing and controlling emissions of harmful gases such as carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. These data are crucial for designing more efficient and environmentally friendly coal dust detonation systems, enhancing mine safety and environmental protection. The outcomes of this research not only advance technological progress in the field of energy science but also address efficiency and environmental issues in industrial applications, offering significant support for achieving safer and more sustainable energy production methods.

Techno-economic assessment and transient modeling of a solar-based multi-generation system for sustainable/clean coastal urban development

To ensure the health of vulnerable coastal ecosystems, a transition to sustainable energy solutions is essential. Environmentally friendly systems powered by renewable sources offer not only a reduction in pollution but also the adaptability needed for a flexible and resilient energy future. This study proposes and comprehensively evaluates an integrated solar-based system designed to meet the daily needs of coastal cities. The proposed system incorporates key components such as dual-loop power cycles, parabolic trough solar collectors, liquefied natural gas (LNG) regasification, reverse osmosis, and proton exchange membrane electrolysis. To optimize energy utilization, the inclusion of a thermoelectric generator (TEG) is considered, harnessing the thermal gradient among the LNG stream and the power cycle fluid. We conduct transient modeling, incorporating comprehensive scenarios that account for both thermal and economic aspects. The performance evaluation of the system focuses specifically on coastal regions, with San Francisco serving as a case study. The dynamic simulation results demonstrate the capability of the integrated system in fulfilling the urban needs for one year, delivering 1,134,207 cubic meters of potable water and generating 11,306 MWh of electricity. Financial analysis reveals that the solar unit accounts for over 46 % of the total cost, with an hourly cost rate of $69.61. The levelized cost of electricity is predicted at 4.61 cents/kWh, while the levelized cost of water is calculated at 30.54 cents/m3. These findings provide valuable insights into the cost-effectiveness and competitive advantage of the system in terms of energy and water production.

Economic/sustainability optimization/analysis of an environmentally friendly trigeneration biomass gasification system using advanced machine learning

The present research presents an innovative thermal integration model for a biomass-based power plant to generate power, coolant, and liquefied hydrogen. This integrated arrangement comprises biomass gasification, gas turbine cycle, organic flash-bi-evaporator refrigeration cycle, multi-effect desalination, solid oxide electrolyzer, and Claude cycle. The selection of an eco-friendly fluid for the electricity-cooling production cycle is conduced relying on a comparative analysis. The subsequent examination evaluates the economic-sustainability performance criteria through sensitivity and contour analyses. The comparative assessment identifies R1234ze(Z) as the most suitable working fluid. Four objective functions are scrutinized, and two optimization scenarios are devised based on a machine learning approach using artificial neural networks and a multi-objective gray wolf optimization technique. In Scenario A, the focused objectives are the total destructed exergy and the cost of producing liquefied hydrogen. Meanwhile, Scenario B integrates the sustainability index and the overall system cost rate as primary criteria. Scenario A exhibits more favorable operational conditions and outcomes than scenario B, showing the objectives mentioned as 9955 kW and 3.25 $/kg, respectively. In this scenario, the sustainability index, the overall investment cost rate, and the net present value are obtained to be 1.74, 236 $/h, and 205 M$, correspondingly.

Environmental protection and sustainable waste-to-energy scheme through plastic waste gasification in a combined heat and power system

By utilizing plastic waste as a feedstock for gasification and integrating a solid oxide fuel cell, this system has the potential to not only generate electricity and heat efficiently but also reduce environmental pollution by converting waste materials into valuable energy resources. This research explores a combined heat and power system that integrates polystyrene waste gasification with a solid oxide fuel cell technology. The study thoroughly examines and optimizes the system's performance through the application of response surface methodology. Higher steam to plastic waste ratio improves the power production (from 244.1 to 246 kW) and mitigates the emission (from 785.4 to 761.3 kg/MWs). Enhanced power (from 86.25 to 337 kW, representing an impressive improvement of approximately 291 %) and heating (from 172.6 to 275.3 kW, marking a substantial improvement of approximately 59.5 %) are achieved at higher current densities. At a current density of 3200–3600 A/m² and a temperature of 1020–1040 K, the system can achieve 200–240 kW power, 390–450 g/s heating value, and 840–860 kg/MWs emissions. Further optimization at a steam to plastic ratio of 0.95–1.1 and 1030–1040 K temperature can improve performance to 280–300 kW power, 580–600 g/s heating value, and 840–860 kg/MWs emissions. The study provides valuable insights into the potential benefits of integrating plastic waste gasification with solid oxide fuel cell technology, highlighting the importance of sustainable energy solutions in addressing environmental challenges. Moving forward, further research in this area could lead to the development of more efficient and environmentally friendly energy systems.

Biology of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) and Utilization of its Waste (Maggot Frass) for Plant Growth: A Literature Review

The utilization of maggot frass from Black Soldier Fly (BSF) larvae (Hermetia illucens Linneus, 1875) has garnered attention in the context of organic farming as a promising alternative to enhance plant growth and development. Maggot frass, a byproduct of the larval digestion process, is rich in essential nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and contains beneficial microorganisms for the soil. This study employs a literature review method. Literature sources were obtained from the Google Scholar database using keywords such as "maggot frass", "kasgot", "Black Soldier Fly", and "Hermetia illucens". The articles obtained were then analyzed to gather secondary data. The aim of this research is to explore the potential utilization of maggot frass from BSF larvae in enhancing plant growth and development in the context of organic farming. Research on the utilization of maggot frass has shown significant potential in improving soil fertility and increasing crop productivity. Furthermore, the use of BSF larvae in organic waste management can also significantly reduce waste volume while creating valuable resources for agriculture. By integrating the utilization of maggot frass into organic farming practices, it is hoped that a more sustainable and environmentally friendly agricultural system can be created in the future.

Potential Development of Porous Carbon Composites Generated from the Biomass for Energy Storage Applications.

Creating an innovative and environmentally friendly energy storage system is of vital importance due to the growing number of environmental problems and the fast exhaustion of fossil fuels. Energy storage using porous carbon composites generated from biomass has attracted a lot of attention in the research community. This is primarily due to the environmentally friendly nature, abundant availability in nature, accessibility, affordability, and long-term viability of macro/meso/microporous carbon sourced from a variety of biological materials. Extensive information on the design and the building of an energy storage device that uses supercapacitors was a part of this research. This study examines both porous carbon electrodes (ranging from 44 to 1050 F/g) and biomasses with a large surface area (between 215 and 3532 m2/g). Supposedly, these electrodes have a capacitive retention performance of about 99.7 percent after 1000 cycles. The energy density of symmetric supercapacitors is also considered, with values between 5.1 and 138.4 Wh/kg. In this review, we look at the basic structures of biomass and how they affect porous carbon synthesis. It also discusses the effects of different structured porous carbon materials on electrochemical performance and analyzes them. In recent developments, significant steps have been made across various fields including fuel cells, carbon capture, and the utilization of biomass-derived carbonaceous nanoparticles. Notably, our study delves into the innovative energy conversion and storage potentials inherent in these materials. This comprehensive investigation seeks to lay the foundation for forthcoming energy storage research endeavors by delineating the current advancements and anticipating potential challenges in fabricating porous carbon composites sourced from biomass.

Thermodynamic evaluation of decarbonized power production based on solar energy integration

This study aims to create an environmentally friendly system by utilizing solar and biomass energies as renewable sources, employing high temperature and pressure ranges for analysis. A new energy system is introduced, using biomass to produce hydrogen and other valuable commodities. The study evaluates power and hydrogen production technologies from a thermodynamic perspective, including conventional biomass gasification, calcium and iron thermochemical looping cycles, and gasification with supercritical water, incorporating carbon capture techniques. It assesses and compares the performance of locally available biomass material, such as cotton stalk, during gasification. Results show that employing the supercritical water gasification cycle yields the highest hydrogen production (8330 kg/h) and carbon capture rate (92.91 %), with potential for significant reduction in CO2 emissions. Supercritical water gasification also demonstrates electricity, heating, and CO2 production rates of 51.48 MW, 23.3 MW, and 16.6 MW, respectively. Integrating supercritical water gasification with solar energy enhances syngas productivity and system efficiency. Additionally, the highest performance is demonstrated in the SCWG case, which exhibits the lowest irreversibility at 320.32 MW. In conclusion, the system with supercritical water gasification emerges as the most efficient biomass conversion method, with higher energy and exergy efficiencies of 67.59 % and 49.74 %, respectively, under specific operating conditions. The developed model facilitates integration of solar energy into biomass gasification, enabling prediction and comparison of performance in terms of energy and exergy efficiencies.

A 3D-printed tumor-on-chip: user-friendly platform for the culture of breast cancer spheroids and the evaluation of anti-cancer drugs

Tumor-on-chips (ToCs) are useful platforms for studying the physiology of tumors and evaluating the efficacy and toxicity of anti-cancer drugs. However, the design and fabrication of a ToC system is not a trivial venture. We introduce a user-friendly, flexible, 3D-printed microfluidic device that can be used to culture cancer cells or cancer-derived spheroids embedded in hydrogels under well-controlled environments. The system consists of two lateral flow compartments (left and right sides), each with two inlets and two outlets to deliver cell culture media as continuous liquid streams. The central compartment was designed to host a hydrogel in which cells and microtissues can be confined and cultured. We performed tracer experiments with colored inks and 40 kDa fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran to characterize the transport/mixing performances of the system. We also cultured homotypic (MCF7) and heterotypic (MCF7-BJ) spheroids embedded in gelatin methacryloyl hydrogels to illustrate the use of this microfluidic device in sustaining long-term micro-tissue culture experiments. We further demonstrated the use of this platform in anticancer drug testing by continuous perfusion of doxorubicin, a commonly used anti-cancer drug for breast cancer. In these experiments, we evaluated drug transport, viability, glucose consumption, cell death (apoptosis), and cytotoxicity. In summary, we introduce a robust and friendly ToC system capable of recapitulating relevant aspects of the tumor microenvironment for the study of cancer physiology, anti-cancer drug transport, efficacy, and safety. We anticipate that this flexible 3D-printed microfluidic device may facilitate cancer research and the development and screening of strategies for personalized medicine.

Blockchain-BIM: reducing cost in green retrofitting for sustainable construction development

During the implementation process, the construction sector significantly affects the environment, leading to environmental pollution and the overconsumption of natural resources. This jeopardizes the sustainability of a healthy living environment, requiring a solid system to control development. A sustainable and environmentally friendly development system is crucial from architectural, construction, and economic perspectives. However, when applying the concept of Green Building to existing buildings, the cost of green retrofits has increased by about 10.77%. A case study was carried out on the existing BRIN (National Research and Innovation Agency) building to provide alternative solutions to reduce these green retrofitting costs, making sustainable construction the primary option in developing the construction sector. One way to address this cost increase is using the Blockchain-Building Information Modeling (BIM) application, an alternative method to determine the most economical cost based on input or a given model. BIM models contain non-geometric information, including materials for building components, quantities, prices, procedures, scales, and sizes. This allows for real-time data exchange and collaborative decision-making between stakeholders, improving visualization and modeling and lowering costs due to better construction outcomes and higher productivity probability. The implementation of Blockchain-BIM is expected to result in green retrofit cost savings of at least 3% on each green level according to the Ministry of Public Works and Housing (PUPR) of the Republic of Indonesia Technical Guidelines No. 01/SE/M/2022, namely Primary, Intermediate, and Main.

Optimization Analysis of Various Parameters Based on Response Surface Methodology for Enhancing NOx Catalytic Reduction Performance of Urea Selective Catalytic Reduction on Cu-ZSM-13 Catalyst

While selective catalytic reduction (SCR) has long been indispensable for nitrogen oxide (NOx) removal, optimizing its performance remains a significant challenge. This study investigates the combined effects of structural and intake parameters on SCR performance, an aspect often overlooked in previous research. This paper innovatively developed a three-dimensional SCR channel model and employed response surface methodology to conduct an in-depth analysis of multiple key factors. This multidimensional, multi-method approach enables a more comprehensive understanding of SCR system mechanics. Through target optimization, we achieved a simultaneous improvement in three critical indicators: the NOx conversion rate, pressure drop, and ammonia slip. It is worth noting that the NOx conversion rate has been optimized from 17.07% to 98.25%, the pressure drop has been increased from 3454.62 Pa to 2558.74 Pa, and the NH3 slip has been transformed from 122.26 ppm to 17.49 ppm. These results not only advance the theoretical understanding of SCR technology but also provide valuable design insights for practical applications. Our findings pave the way for the development of more efficient and environmentally friendly SCR systems, potentially revolutionizing NOx control in various industries.

The Concept of an Administrative Act in the CIS countries: Comparative Legal Analysis

The article is devoted to the concept of an administrative act, which is developing in the friendly legal systems of the CIS countries, considered in three aspects: doctrine, legislation and judicial practice. It is stated that the Russian theory of administrative act, on the one hand, is a creative development of the French and German doctrine, and on the other hand, it continues to have a certain influence on the post-Soviet space. On the contrary, in terms of legislation on administrative acts, Russian reality is lagging behind, since the rest of the CIS countries have already adopted westernized laws that, along with the rules on administrative procedures, also establish the material legal basis for the institution of administrative acts. Finally, it is substantiated that in terms of judicial practice on issues of control over the legality of administrative acts, the Russian legal system, despite a certain lag in the regulatory framework, is among the progressive among other CIS countries. The conclusion about the advisability of integrating the achievements of the CIS legal systems for the purposes of their further development is substantiated.