Friendly Deep Eutectic Solvent Research Articles

Determination of Fe, Cu, and Pb in edible oils using choline chloride:ethylene glycol deep eutectic solvent-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction associated with microwave-induced plasma optical emission spectrometry

A new simple, fast and environmentally friendly deep eutectic solvent based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DES-based DLLME) methodology assisted by vortex is presented for the separation and preconcentration of three elements (i.e., Fe, Cu and Pb) from edible oil samples (i.e., soybean, sunflower, rapeseed, sesame, and olive oil) prior to the determination by microwave-induced plasma optical emission spectrometry (MIP-OES). The deep eutectic solvent selected as extractant (i.e., choline chloride and ethylene glycol, 1:2) is synthesized and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and the extraction conditions are optimized by a two steps experimental design. Under the optimum extraction conditions (i.e., diluted sample weight: 8.6 g; DES volume: 100 μL; extraction time: 1 min; centrifugation time and speed: 3 min and 3000 rpm; and dispersion system: vortex) the analytical method presents excellent linearity (i.e., R2 values higher than 0.99) in the range 10–500 μg kg−1, repeatability (i.e., CV values lower than 9.2%), and limits of detection (LOD) values of 3, 2 and 0.7 μg kg−1 for Pb, Fe and Cu, respectively. None of the analytes displayed amounts over the upper limit permitted by law, and recovery values of all analytes evaluated in the different samples using external standard calibration were close to 100%, which excludes significant matrix effects. Finally, AGREEprep metric has been used to evaluate the method greenness (final score of 0.47) and it has been compared successfully with previous publications for the same type of analytes and matrices.

Evaluate the aluminum concentrations in whey milk samples of cows from different areas using deep eutectic solvent-based ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method

This study investigates the contamination of cow milk with aluminum (Al) and its potential health implications, particularly for children. Cow milk samples were collected from both nonexposed and exposed areas in Sindh, based on the source of livestock drinking water (fresh canals and groundwater). An environmental friendly deep eutectic solvent (DES) was used with ultrasonic-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (UDLLμE) to enrich trace amounts of Al in whey milk and water samples. The enriched samples were then analyzed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Certified reference materials were employed to validate the methodology, and the experimental results exhibited acceptable conformity. The DES-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method was environmental friendly, devoid of acids and oxidizing agents, and used safe and inexpensive components for routine trace metal analysis in diverse samples. The resulting data revealed that Al in whey milk samples was observed in the range of 31–45 %, corresponding to (160–270) μg L−1 and (700–1035) μg L−1 in nonexposed and exposed whole cow milk samples, respectively. Additionally, it was observed that milk boiling in Al utensil for 10–20 min enhanced the Al levels from 3 to 8% of its total contents in milk samples.

Low-temperature dyeing performance of polylactic acid fabrics pretreated with natural deep eutectic solvent

With growing concern over the environmental effects of petroleum-based plastics, significant strides have been made in developing bio-based materials. Polylactic acid (PLA) is a biodegradable material made from renewable starch. It has garnered considerable attention for its outstanding performance and ability to biodegrade in plastic products. However, the utilization of PLA fibers in fabrics has been restricted because of their challenges in dyeing and vulnerability to hydrolysis when exposed to high temperatures. In this study, we propose utilizing a natural and environmentally friendly deep eutectic solvent (NaDES) to modify PLA fibers, which results in outstanding dyeability at low temperatures. This modification technique offers the potential for sustainable textile processing. Under identical dyeing time conditions to C.I. Disperse Orange 30, NaDES-treated PLA exhibits comparable coloring performance to untreated PLA at 90 °C when dyed at 70 °C. Compared to conventional PLA dyeing, treating PLA with NaDES reduces the crystalline diffraction intensity of the fibers. This leads to a surface that is rougher and a looser structure. This leads to darker colors because the dye diffuses more easily into the fibers. Energy consumption and life cycle assessment results indicate that this process not only achieves a greater color depth of the PLA fabric but also reduces energy consumption by about 25.5%. The methodology proposed in this study presents a viable strategy for establishing a sustainable and circular economy with low carbon emissions, utilizing clean and alternative technologies.

A novel deep eutectic solvent as an extractant for the determination of bisphenol compounds in edible oils by high-performance liquid-phase fluorescence detection

In this study, an efficient, low-cost and environmentally friendly deep eutectic solvent (DES) was prepared using methanol and betaine, which was then employed as an extractant to detect BPA and BPF in several edible oils by high performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) with good results. The electrostatic potentials of methanol, betaine, water and BPs were analyzed by quantum chemical computational techniques to explain the mechanism of DES extraction. Several important parameters affecting the extraction efficiency, composition, volume and extraction time of DES were optimized. The optimum conditions for the use of DES were the molar ratio of 1:30 (betaine: methanol), the volume of DES of 200 μL and the extraction time of 1.5 min. The results of the method evaluation showed a wide linear range (0.01–0.8 μg g−1) and a high linear correlation coefficient (R2 ≥0.994). The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) values ranged from 1.65 to 2.92 ng g−1 and 5.45–9.64 ng g−1, respectively. The greenness of the assay was evaluated by applying the green analytical procedure index method, and the results showed that the experimental method has the advantages of simple sample pre-treatment and low amount of waste generated during the assay. The experimental method has potential applications in the field of the detection of bisphenol compounds in edible oils.

Ionic liquid/covalent organic framework/silica composite material: Green synthesis and chromatographic evaluation

BackgroundDue to their large surface area and distinctive adsorption affinity, covalent organic frameworks (COFs) appear to be good candidates as liquid chromatographic separation materials with good application prospect. The development of COF materials in chromatographic science is currently in an exploratory stage. Especially, the practicability of COF@silica composite materials as liquid chromatographic stationary phases needs further exploration. Reasonably integrating a functional component such as ionic liquid (IL) into the COF@silica composite materials may provide customized functionality to achieve the purpose of synthesizing multi-functional COF based stationary phases. ResultsIn this study, an IL modified COF bonded silica composite material (IL-COF@SiO2) was successfully synthesized by using an environmentally friendly deep eutectic solvent as the reaction medium instead of the frequently-used organic solvent. The synthesized IL-COF@SiO2 composite material combines the excellent separation ability of COF and the excellent mass transfer function of spherical porous silica microsphere, and meanwhile, the introduction of IL endows COF@SiO2 with preferable separation performance. The slurry-packed IL-COF@SiO2 liquid chromatographic column could be applied to effectively separate hydrophobic and hydrophilic compounds with preferable separation selectivity and high column efficiency. By investigating the retention behavior and influencing factors, a mixed-mode retention mechanism was found. Multiple interaction forces endow the IL-COF@SiO2 with a hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance performance, demonstrating a good application prospect as a versatile liquid chromatographic separation material. SignificanceIn this study, a new strategy is proposed for greenly synthesizing a novel IL-COF@SiO2 composite material under mild conditions, which expands the potential application of COF materials in chromatographic science. One particular point to note is that the reaction medium in each step of the preparation process is low toxic and degradable deep eutectic solvent, which conforms to the concept of green chemistry.

Comparison of kraft and ternary deep eutectic solvent pulping of scots pine

Kraft method, the most widely used method in pulp production, causes to various environmental problems. Therefore, environmentally friendly pulp production methods have been investigated. In recent years, environmentally friendly deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as cooking liquor have been investigated. In this study, the possibilities of using a ternary DES (TDES) in pulp production from Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) chips were investigated. TDES constituents were choline chloride (ChCl), lactic acid (LA), and glycerol (G). The effects of cooking temperature (145 °C and 155 °C) and cooking time (3 h, 3.5 h, and 4 h) on pulp and paper properties in TDES pulping were investigated. For comparison, kraft pulp from Scots pine was produced with conditions of 18% active alkali, 25% sulfidity, 155 °C cooking temperature, and 3.5 h cooking time. The highest lignin removal was obtained from TDES3 pulping conditions (155 °C and 4 h) with 76.0%. Lignin removal in the kraft pulp was 67.8%. TDES pulps were more quickly beaten to the target freeness level of 25°SR (the times for TDES3 and kraft pulps were 90 sec and 1350 sec, respectively.). Crystallinity index (CrI) values of kraft pulp and TDES3 pulp were 70.7% and 68.0%, respectively. TDES6 pulp had the highest pulp strength. But, the strength properties of all TDES pulps had lower than kraft pulp. TDES pulping can be a greener alternative to kraft pulping.

Room-temperature synthesis of imine-linked magnetic covalent organic polymers in deep eutectic solvents for the extraction of flavonoids and their determination with HPLC-MS/MS.

A novel imine-linked magnetic covalent organic polymer, Fe3O4@TAB-TFPT, was synthesized using environmentally friendly deep eutectic solvents as the reaction medium instead of conventional organic solvents. The materials were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), FT-IR, N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms, energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS), and thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). Subsequently, the materials were employed as an adsorbent for magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) of flavonoids, including Kurarinone, Norkurarinone, Xanthohumol, and Isoxanthohumol, prior to their determination by HPLC-MS/MS. The validation results demonstrate good linearity within the concentration range 0.1-1000ng∙mL-1 (R2 ≥ 0.9963), high enrichment factors ranging from 18.9 to 30.7, and low LODs (0.01-0.05ng∙mL-1) and LOQs (0.05-0.1ng∙mL-1). Furthermore, recoveries between 80.60% and 108.40% with relative standard deviations ≤ 8.49% were achieved. The proposed MSPE-HPLC-MS/MS method was successfully applied to the determination of flavonoids in Sophora flavescens Aition sample.

High-Degree Oxidative Desulfurization of a Commercial Marine Fuel Using Deep Eutectic Solvents and Their Recycling Process

Escalating environmental concerns have dictated the need to develop innovative methods for efficiently desulfurizing marine fuels (heavy fuel oils). In this work, the oxidative desulfurization method using deep eutectic solvents (DESs) was applied to reduce the sulfur content in a commercially available heavy fuel oil (HFO) below 0.5 wt.%, as current regulations demand. Initially, the S-compounds in the fuel were oxidized using an oxidative mixture of H2O2 with carboxylic acid (either acetic or formic acid). Subsequently, the oxidized S-compounds were extracted from the fuel using a series of environmentally friendly deep eutectic solvents (DESs), the best of which was proven to be a mixture of choline chloride with ethylene glycol at a 1/2 molar ratio. The process was optimized by investigating the effect of several process parameters on the desulfurization efficiency, namely, the H2O2/S molar ratio, the H2O2/acid molar ratio, the acid type, the oxidation temperature and oxidation time, the solvent/fuel mass ratio, the extraction time, and the extraction temperature. A desulfurization efficiency of 75.7% was achieved under the optimized conditions, reducing the S content in the fuel to 0.33 wt.%. Furthermore, different methods to recycle the DESs were investigated, and consecutive desulfurization and solvent regeneration cycles were performed. The most efficient recycling method was determined to be the anti-solvent addition of excess water, which resulted in 89.5% DES purification by causing precipitation of the dissolved solids. After three cycles of desulfurization and regeneration using different recycling routes, it was found that the regeneration degree declines gradually; however, it is more than 79.3% in all cases.

Deep eutectic solvent loaded onto graphene oxide as a novel phase for pipette-tip micro-solid phase extraction of levofloxacin from seawater and body fluid samples

ABSTRACT In this research, applicability of an environmentally friendly deep eutectic solvent (DES) for pipette-tip micro-solid phase extraction and preconcentration of levofloxacin prior to its quantification by spectrophotometry at the wavelength of 240 nm is presented. Carvone:thymol (1:1 molar ratio) DES was prepared and coated on graphene oxide and applied as adsorbent. This adsorbent was characterised utilising Fourier transform infrared and field emission scanning electron microscopy, which showed a uniform layer of DES coated on graphene oxide. 5.0 mg of this adsorbent was packed into a 100 µL pipette-tip and was applied to miniaturised pipette-tip solid-phase extraction of levofloxacin. Parameters affecting microextraction including kind and volume of elution solvent, pH, amount of sorbent, sample volume, and number of aspirating/dispensing cycles were investigated and optimised using one-variable-at-a-time procedure, central composite design, and Box-Behnken design response surface methodologies. The developed method required only 5.0 mg of adsorbent and 150 µL of methanol:acetone (2:1) (elution solvent) to achieve a low detection limit of 0.3 µg/L with a linear range of 1–500 µg/L. High enrichment factor of 65.3 with a good precision (RSD ≤ 4.7%) was also achieved. The proposed method was successfully applied to determine levofloxacin in pills, blood, urine and a few seawater samples.

Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles Mediated by Deep Eutectic Solvents and Their Applications in Water Treatment

The use of environmentally friendly deep eutectic solvents (DES) in green synthesis of different types of nanoparticles has garnered increasing interest in recent years. The application of these materials in water treatment, mainly by adsorption or degradation, is emerging as a sustainable alternative to conventional methodologies. However, the information about the green synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) using DES is dispersed in the literature. This review is focused on compiling and systematizing information regarding DES-mediated NP synthesis, the application of these NPs in water treatment, and future perspectives of these technologies. DES represent an excellent alternative to traditional solvents in NP synthesis due to their low toxicity, low cost, and being environmentally friendly. The possible NP surface functionalization with DES is also attractive as it plays a pivotal role in processes related to water treatment. Modification and synthesis of carbon nanotubes, graphene oxides, magnetic iron oxides, among others, for the adsorption and degradation of organic dyes, pharmaceuticals, metal ions, herbicides, pesticides, and other water contaminants found in recent literature are presented in this work. Finally, the possibility to control NP size and shape can be helpful in the design of new materials for a specific application.

Deep eutectic solvents-assisted synthesis of NiFe-LDH/Mo2C nanocomposite for electrochemical determination of nitrite

We fabricate a novel hierarchical system of NiFe-layered double hydroxide (LDH)/Mo2C nanocomposite through environmentally friendly deep eutectic solvents (DESs) by the solvothermal method and utilize it as an electrochemical platform for NO2– detection. The NiFe-LDH/Mo2C modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) demonstrates a low oxidation potential of +0.82 V (vs Ag/AgCl (Sat. KCl)) in the phosphate-buffered electrolyte of pH 7.0, suggesting superior performance compared to un-modified and other modified GCEs. The proposed nitrite sensor exhibits a wide working range from 0.005 to 260 μM with a low limit of detection of 0.0017 μM and sensitivity of 3.6 µA µM−1 cm−2, demonstrating almost the most remarkable performance enhancement compared to those reported in the literatures. Importantly, the obtained performance is well below the guideline level of NO2– set by the World Health Organization. Furthermore, the proposed electrochemical sensor exhibits good selectivity, stability, reproducibility, and excellent suitability for the real samples towards NO2– detection. This approach may hold the promise for the construction of DESs derived 2D interfacial nanocomposite for electrochemical applications.

Affinity of Keratin Peptides for Cellulose and Lignin: A Fundamental Study toward Advanced Bio-Based Materials.

Keratin is a potential raw material to meet the growing demand for bio-based materials with special properties. Keratin can be obtained from feathers, a by-product from the poultry industry. One approach for keratin valorization is to use the protein to improve the properties of already existing cellulose and lignin-based materials to meet the requirements for replacing fossil-based plastics. To ensure a successful combination of keratin with lignocellulosic building blocks, keratin must have an affinity to these substrates. Hence, we used quartz crystal microbalance with a dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) technique to get a detailed understanding of the adsorption of keratin peptides onto lignocellulosic substrates and how the morphology of the substrate, pH, ionic strength, and keratin properties affected the adsorption. Keratin was fractionated from feathers with a scalable and environmentally friendly deep eutectic solvent process. The keratin fraction used in the adsorption studies consisted of different sized keratin peptides (about 1–4 kDa), which had adopted a random coil conformation as observed by circular dichroism (CD). Measuring keratin adsorption to different lignocellulosic substrates by QCM-D revealed a significant affinity of keratin peptides for lignin, both as smooth films and in the form of nanoparticles but only a weak interaction between cellulose and keratin. Systematic evaluation of the effect of surface, media, and protein properties enabled us to obtain a deeper understanding of the driving force for adsorption. Both the structure and size of the keratin peptides appeared to play an important role in its adsorption. The keratin–lignin combination is an attractive option for advanced material applications. For improved adsorption on cellulose, modifications of either keratin or cellulose would be required.

Downstream processing of fermented bioethanol using a deep eutectic solvent

A bioethanol downstream process yielding a high-purity product is proposed based on extraction using an environmentally friendly deep eutectic solvent (DES: menthol and decanoic acid at a molar ratio of 1:1) and on extractive distillation using ethylene glycol for ethanol refinement. The liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) thermodynamic model was derived using experimental results, and the vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) model was defined using molecular simulation results. The reliability of the molecular simulation was evaluated by comparing the simulation results with the prediction results derived using the experimental data for a DES system similar to the one used in this study. Heat integration was applied for reducing energy consumption by designing an optimal heat exchanger network with pinch technology. The energy requirement of the proposed process was 19% lower than that of the average reported in several previous studies. The production costs per unit of product were comparable to those of the reported processes, but the utility cost was substantially lower.

Deep Eutectic Solvent Synthesis of Perovskite Electrocatalysts for Water Oxidation.

Oxide perovskites have attracted great interest as materials for energy conversion due to their stability and structural tunability. La-based perovskites of 3d-transition metals have demonstrated excellent activities as electrocatalysts in water oxidation. Herein, we report the synthesis route to La-based perovskites using an environmentally friendly deep eutectic solvent (DES) consisting of choline chloride and malonic acid. The DES route affords phase-pure crystalline materials on a gram scale and results in perovskites with high electrocatalytic activity for oxygen evolution reaction. A convenient, fast, and scalable synthesis proceeds via assisted metathesis at a lower temperature as compared to traditional solid-state methods. Among LaCoO3, LaMn0.5Ni0.5O3, and LaMnO3 perovskites prepared via the DES route, LaCoO3 was established to be the best-performing electrocatalyst for water oxidation in alkaline medium at 0.25 mg cm–2 mass loading. LaCoO3 exhibits current densities of 10, 50, and 100 mA cm–2 at respective overpotentials of approximately 390, 430, and 470 mV, respectively, and features a Tafel slope of 55.8 mV dec–1. The high activity of LaCoO3 as compared to the other prepared perovskites is attributed to the high concentration of oxygen vacancies in the LaCoO3 lattice, as observed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. An intrinsically high concentration of O vacancies in the LaCoO3 synthesized via the DES route is ascribed to the reducing atmosphere attained upon thermal decomposition of the DES components. These findings will contribute to the preparation of highly active perovskites for various energy applications.

An edible molecularly imprinted material prepared by a new environmentally friendly deep eutectic solvent for removing oxalic acid from vegetables and human blood.

A novel deep eutectic solvent-magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer (DES-MMIP) for the specific removal of oxalic acid (OA) was prepared by an environmentally friendly deep eutectic solvent, consisting of betaine, citric acid, and glycerol, which acted as the functional monomer for polymerization. The structure and morphology of DES-MMIPs were studied by X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometer. DES-MMIPs had a core-shell structure, with magnetic iron oxide as the core, and showed good thermal stability and high adsorption capacity (18.73mg/g) for OA. The adsorption process of OA by DES-MMIPs followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm model. DES-MMIPs had significant selectivity for OA and their imprinting factor was 3.26. When applied to real samples, high performance liquid chromatography analysis showed that DES-MMIPs could remove OA from both spinach and blood serum. These findings provide potential methods for removal of OA from vegetables and for specific removal of OA in renal dialysis.

Indium‐mediated allylation of carbonyl compounds in deep eutectic solvents

This study describes, for the first time, the in situ generation of indium organometallic reagents in environmentally friendly deep eutectic solvents (DESs). The allylation process of different carbonyl compounds is achieved mediated by indium metal and using cheap allyl chloride derivatives. The unique DES properties allow to perform the reaction at room temperature and under air, obtaining yields ranging from 45% to 99%. It is possible to recycle the reaction medium for at least four consecutive cycles without much decrease of the observed results. Also, a linear correlation between the yield of the reaction and the density of the DESs is observed.

Theoretical insights into the cineole-based deep eutectic solvents.

Deep eutectic solvents based on cineole as hydrogen bond acceptors and organic acids (succinic, malic, and lactic) as hydrogen bond donors are studied using a theoretical approach. The nature, strength, and extension of hydrogen bonding are analyzed, thus quantifying this prevailing interaction and its role in the fluid properties. Density functional theory was used to study small molecular clusters, and the topological characterization of the intermolecular forces was carried out using atoms in a molecule theory. Classical molecular dynamics simulations were considered to study nanoscopic bulk liquid properties and their relationship with relevant macroscopic properties such as density or thermal expansion. The reported results provide the characterization of environmentally friendly deep eutectic solvents and show the suitability of cineole for developing these sustainable materials.

Enhancement of the surface characteristics of Ti-based biomedical alloy by electropolishing in environmentally friendly deep eutectic solvent (Ethaline)

This paper reports the results of the study on electrochemical polishing of Ti-based alloy using an ecologically friendly deep eutectic solvent, Ethaline. The electropolishing treatment was performed in a potentiostatic mode (E=+3.0 V and E=+4.0 V) at the temperature of 25 °C for 30–40 min. It was shown that the electropolishing in Ethaline ensured the removal of surface defects, thereby providing surface smoothing and decreasing surface roughness. The atomic-force microscopy revealed that the electrochemical polishing of titanium alloy in Ethaline yielded formation of specific surface patterns with nanoscale irregularities in the form of prolonged hemispheres. The correlations between surface roughness coefficients and wettability parameters were established and discussed. The electrochemical processes occurring during electrochemical polishing of Ti-based alloy in Ethaline were examined. The adjustment of processing time and electrode potential of electropolishing allows controllably and flexibly tuning the surface roughness and wettability of titanium-containing alloy. It issuggested that the electropolishing of the surfaces of Ti-based alloys in deep eutectic solvent can be successfully used for the processing of different biomedical products.

A deep eutectic solvent modified magnetic β-cyclodextrin particle for solid-phase extraction of trypsin

An environmentally friendly deep eutectic solvent (DES) composed of trifluoroacetamide and benzyltrimethylammonium chloride modified β-cyclodextrin (CD) grafted magnetic beads (MB-NH2@CD@DES) were synthesized for the first time and applied to the solid-phase extraction of trypsin. Among the five trypsin extractants prepared in this work (MB, MB-NH2, MB-NH2@CD, MB-NH2@DES, MB-NH2@CD@DES), the extractant MB-NH2@CD@DES with higher extraction capacity for trypsin was selected as final extractant. The extraction capacity of MB-NH2@CD@DES for trypsin can reach up to 549.87 mg⋅g−1 under the optimized conditions. The Langmuir adsorption equilibrium was found fitted better with equilibrium relation between MB-NH2@CD@DES and trypsin than Freundlich adsorption equilibrium. And a superior extraction for trypsin was verified by comparing the extraction capacity of MB-NH2@CD@DES for trypsin and four other common proteins. Compared with some reported trypsin extractants, the MB-NH2@CD@DES had a shorter extraction process, higher extraction capacity, more convenient operation of separation, a safer and more environmentally friendly synthesis process. With the optimized eluent, a great elution rate (74.32%) of trypsin was achieved. The absolute recovery of trypsin in trypsin standard solution was calculated to be 16.8%. And the extraction capacity of MB-NH2@CD@DES toward trypsin still maintained well after ten times recycling and reuse. The detection limit (LOD) and quantitative limit (LOQ) were 0.072 mg⋅mL−1 and 0.240 mg⋅mL−1 respectively. By sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis experiment, the extraction ability of MB-NH2@CD@DES to trypsin from real sample was fully demonstrated. All above results showed the potential of fabricated MB-NH2@CD@DES as a superior extractant for trypsin from real complex samples.

Metal-Free 1,2,3-Triazole Synthesis in Deep Eutectic Solvents

The metal-free regioselective preparation of 1,5- and 1,4-disubstituted triazoles is reported through a cycloaddition–elimination sequence. Reactions were carried out in environmentally friendly deep eutectic solvent (DES) and pure products were isolated without the need for chromatographic techniques.