Friend Social Support Research Articles

Psychosocial determinants of adolescents' attitudes toward disclosing dating violence.

This study combined a person-oriented approach with a psychosocial framework of help-seeking to examine factors associated with the intent to disclose dating violence among developing adolescents. Data came from adolescents in middle and high school in a rural area in the southeastern United States, who were surveyed annually for 4 years (Nwave 1 = 580; Mage = 13 years, SD = 1.48; 52.7% female; 49% Black, 39% White, 11% Hispanic, or other minorities). Results confirm expectations that intraindividual (adolescent views on violence and safety); interindividual (peer and family dynamics); positional (gender, having a supportive adult); and ideological factors are all significant predictors of patterns in help-seeking attitudes. However, predictive relevance of some factors varied across help-seeking groups and data collection periods, supporting the differential effects hypothesis. For example, while greater friend social support increased the odds of belonging to "friend confidants," it simultaneously decreased the odds of being a member of "parent confidants" and "moderate help-seekers" groups. Additionally, the influence of family functioning tended to decrease over time, eventually losing its explanatory value at Wave 4. The article concludes by discussing how integration of a person-centered methodological approach with a robust theoretical foundation advances our understanding of variability in adolescents' responses to dating violence. Consideration of diversity in adolescent intentions to react to interpersonal violence is discussed further in the context of policy and practice to enhance protective options and prevent or minimize harm. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Workplace Stress, Social Support and Coping Strategy as Predictors of Mental Well-Being among Nurses in Ibadan

This study examines workplace stress, social support and coping strategy as predictors of mental well-being among nurses in Ibadan North Local Government (LGA) Oyo State, Nigeria. Cross-sectional survey research design was adopted while purposive sampling technique was used to select the LGA. Data were collected using validated scales from 163 participants and analyzed using zero-order correlation statistics and multiple regression analysis to test four hypotheses which were accepted at p < .05 level of significance. The result revealed that significant others support and friends social support independently predicted mental well-being among nurses among study participants. Furthermore, coping strategy and workplace stress independently predicted mental well-being among nurses in the study population. Finally, workload stress, social support and coping strategy jointly predicted mental well-being among study participants. The study concluded that workplace stress, social support and coping strategy are robust predictors of mental well-being among nurses. It is recommended that management of health institutions should integrate training and education programmers that focus on coping strategy and stress reduction techniques that foster positive relationships with friends and significant others to enhance mental well-being among nurse’s workforce.

Longitudinal associations between psychopathic traits and social support with cyberbullying and cyber-victimization

ABSTRACT The objective of the study was to examine how distinct psychopathic traits, including callous-unemotional (CU) traits, impulsivity and narcissism, as well as family, school and friend social support are longitudinally associated with cyberbullying and cyber-victimization. Associations were investigated by employing a four-year longitudinal design in a large sample of Greek-Cypriot adolescents. Findings suggested that cyber-bullying and cyber-victimization decreased from early to middle adolescence. Additionally, the longitudinal model suggested that both CU traits and narcissism, assessed in grade 7, were associated with the onset of cyber-bullying and cyber-victimization in grade 8, but not with change over time. Impulsivity did not predict cyber-bullying or cyber-victimization. Finally, none of the environmental factors were associated with the onset and growth of cyber-bullying, although family support predicted girls’ initial levels and change over time in cyber-victimization. Current findings have major theoretical and practical implications for the development of cyber-bullying and victimization.

Assessment of Perceived Social Support among People Living with HIV/AIDS in Lahore

HIV/AIDS cases are on rise in Pakistan at one of the fastest rates in Asia. People living with HIV/AIDS face numerous problems directly affecting the treatment outcome along with other aspects of their lives. One such factor is social support which directly affects the quality of life and treatment outcome of people living with HIV/AIDS. Objective: To explore the perceived social support available in people living with HIV/AIDS. Methods: This cross-sectional research studied 300 individuals living with HIV/AIDS and seeking treatment from Antiretroviral therapy (ART) centres of Punjab Aids Control Program in Lahore. The participants were selected through nonprobability purposive sampling technique from the Punjab Aids Control Program treatment centers and included males (77%), females (17 %) and transgenders (5 %). Social support was measured through Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) Urdu version. Results: Participants scored highest on family social support and lowest on friends social support from subscale. The scores on social support taken from three main sources indicate the medium levels and composite score reveal high levels of social support. Family and friends subscales show significant variations in scores across gender. Income and employment status revealed the same pattern of association with all types of social support. However, age, gender, marital status and family style showed varying pattern of association. Conclusions: Findings provided insights into perceived social support of people living with HIV/AIDS in Lahore and also identified a set of factors associated with social support.

Personal, Social, and Workplace Environmental Factors Related to Psychological Well-Being of Staff in University Settings.

Understanding the psychological well-being (PWB) of university staff and factors that influence it is critical for developing intervention programs that promote PWB and enhance productivity and worker engagement. This study aimed to assess the level of PWB in university staff and identify personal, social, and workplace environmental factors related to their PWB. A cross-sectional, correlational study design was used. A convenience sample of university staff was recruited from two universities in Texas. Participants completed an online questionnaire, which included Ryff's PWB scale to measure PWB, along with questions related to personal, social, and workplace factors. Hierarchical multiple regression was used to analyze the influence of these factors on the PWB of university staff. The PWB of university staff (n = 202) was significantly influenced by personal factors (i.e., race and perceived mental health status), social factors (i.e., social support of friends), and workplace environmental factors (i.e., physical demands). To effectively promote PWB among university staff, occupational health nurses should proactively track and monitor their PWB. Policies and interventions should consider the various personal, social, and workplace environment factors identified in this study, such as mental health, social support resources, and physical demands.

Does Social Support Moderate the Association between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Substance-Related Problems?

ABSTRACT Background: More than half of individuals in the United States have had adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), which can result in physical and mental distress. ACEs has been linked with greater likelihood of harmful alcohol and drug use. Research has found that protective factors, such as social support, may potentially buffer against harmful substance use engagement among those who have experienced ACEs. The purpose of this study was to examine associations between perceived social support, ACEs, and alcohol and cannabis-related problems. Moreover, this study aimed to examine if specific domains of perceived social support (family, friends, and significant other) moderated the relationship between ACEs and alcohol and cannabis-related problems. Method: Validated measures of ACEs, perceived social support, and alcohol and cannabis problems were collected in a sample of 401 emerging adults via Prolific Academic (an online data collection platform). Results: Overall perceived social support and domains such as perceived family and friend social support moderated the relationship between ACEs and alcohol-related problems but not ACEs and cannabis-related problems. The association between ACEs and alcohol-related problems was strongest at low levels of perceived family and friend social support. Perceived social support was not associated with cannabis-related problems. Conclusions: Lack of social support is a potential risk factor for alcohol-related problems among emerging adults. Bolstering perceived social support from family and friends among those who have experienced ACEs may be beneficial in intervention and treatment efforts aiming to reduce harmful substance use in this population.

The Relationship Between Peer Social Support and Psychological Well-Being of the Elderly in Surabaya

This study aims to determine the relationship between peer social support and psychological well-being in the elderly at Griya Wredha Jambangan Surabaya. This research is a type of quantitative research, using a saturated sampling method on the existing population, namely 152 elderly subjects at Griya Wreda Jambangan Surabaya. Data were collected using a psychological scale on the variables of peer social support and psychological well-being. The items on the scale were then tested for validity and reliability with the results of item validity moving from 0.659 to 0.864 out of 20 item items on the peer social support scale and item validity scores moving from 0.466 to 0.758 out of 28 item items on the psychological well-being instrument, so that can be used as a valid second instrument to use. The results of the scale reliability test obtained a score of 0.964 and 0.913 on the scale of peer social support and psychological well-being which were greater than > 0.60, which means the research scale is reliable to use. The data obtained were then processed using normality test, linearity test, classical assumption test and hypothesis testing. Through the results of the product moment correlation test, the result is 0.931** or close to 1. It can be said that there is a positive relationship between a person's social support and their psychological well-being. Referring to the significance value where 0.000 <0.05, it means that Ha is accepted, that is, there is a relationship between peer social support and the psychological well-being of the elderly, where the higher the social support received by the elderly, the higher the perceived psychological well-being. Based on the Adjusted R Square value in the tests conducted by the researchers, the results were 56.6% where the social support of friends had an effect on a person's psychological well-being, interference by other variables being studied by the researcher.

Navigating Career Decisions: The Influence of Gender Perception among High School Students

This study delves deeply into the intricate association between perceived gender roles and career selection among students in the twelfth grade at MAN 2 Bantul. It utilizes a sophisticated correlational research design to draw precise and nuanced conclusions about the intricate dynamics between these two constructs. The analytic method employed was a product-moment correlation, which robustly demonstrated the existence of a significant and strong positive relationship between gender perceptions and career choices. The study also unearthed an intricate web of influential factors, with social support from family, teachers, and peers being pivotal in shaping students' career decision-making trajectories. Additionally, our findings provide substantial evidence suggesting a negative correlation between perceived parental and teacher support and the complexity of career decision-making. Conversely, we observed a positive correlation between the frequency of classmate and close friend social support and career decision-making difficulties. This research enhances our understanding of gender as a socially constructed concept deeply entwined with cultural roles, shaping the trajectory of career choices. It also underscores the profound influence of societal norms and perceptions regarding gender roles on students' career preferences. This influence signifies the necessity of further research into the subtle ways these perceptions may shape or restrict career aspirations. It is evident that guidance and counseling services have a pivotal role in helping students navigate the often complex and challenging landscape of career decisions. They are also instrumental in providing students with the necessary understanding to identify and challenge prevailing gender perceptions that may inadvertently impact their career decisions. Therefore, the results obtained from this research highlight the pressing need for an educational environment that is both cognizant and inclusive of the various gender perceptions in existence and their potential impacts on career decisions. This is crucial in ensuring informed guidance, fostering student self-efficacy, and empowering students in their journey of selecting and navigating their respective career paths effectively.

Influence of coping and social support on resilience among Indonesian adolescents with bullying victimization

(1) Background: Bullying victims and their relationship to coping and social support in adolescents has been extensively discussed. However, little is established about the underlying this relationship, particularly the significance of resilience. We investigated the relations between coping and social support on resilience among Indonesian adolescents with bullying victimization; (2) Methods: A Cross-sectional study with 107 adolescents with bullying victims from a public school and two private schools in grades 7 to 9 was recruited. Adjusted coefficients β and 95% confidence interval were estimated using multiple linear regression; (4) Results: The findings indicated that coping was independently associated with resilience. Moreover, social support-friend was prominent factors on resilience. However, no significant relationship between social support-family and resilience among adolescents with bullying victims after controlling for confounding factors; (4) Conclusion: The study found that coping and social support-friends are strengthening determinants, particularly those aimed at improving resilience among adolescents with bullying victims.

Associations Among Gender-Affirming Hormonal Interventions, Social Support, and Transgender Adolescents' Mental Health

PurposeWe aimed to examine the concurrent associations of gender-affirming hormonal interventions (i.e., puberty blockers, testosterone, estrogen), as well as family and friend social support, on transgender and nonbinary (TNB) adolescents' reports of anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI), and suicidality. We hypothesized that gender-affirming hormonal interventions and greater social support would be associated with lower levels of mental health concerns. MethodsParticipants (n = 75; aged 11–18; Mage = 16.39 years) were recruited for this cross-sectional study from a gender-affirming multidisciplinary clinic. Fifty-two percent were receiving gender-affirming hormonal interventions. Surveys assessed anxiety and depressive symptoms, NSSI and suicidality in the past year, and social support from family, friends, and significant others. Hierarchical linear regression models examined associations between gender-affirming hormonal interventions and social support (i.e., family, friend) with mental health while accounting for nonbinary gender identity. ResultsRegression models explained 15%–23% of variance in TNB adolescents' mental health outcomes. Gender-affirming hormonal interventions were associated with fewer anxiety symptoms (β = −0.23; p < .05). Family support was associated with fewer depressive symptoms (β = −0.33; p = .003) and less NSSI (β = −0.27; p = .02). Friend support was associated with fewer anxiety symptoms (β = −0.32; p = .007) and less suicidality (β = −0.25; p = .03). DiscussionTNB adolescents had better mental health outcomes in the context of receiving gender-affirming hormonal interventions and having greater support from family and friends. Findings highlight the important role of quality family and friend support for TNB mental health. Providers should aim to address both medical and social factors to optimize TNB mental health outcomes.

Examination of the Relationship between Self-efficacy Levels of High School Students and Problem-solving Skills and Perceived Social Support

This study examined the relationship between high school students' self-efficacy levels, problem-solving skills, and perceived social support. A total of 199 high school students, 152 women, and 47 men, participated in the study. Data were collected with the Self-Efficacy Beliefs Assessment Scale, the Problem Solving Skills Inventory, and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. While correlation analysis was performed to determine the relationship between variables in the study, regression analysis was performed to determine whether social support and problem-solving skills predicted self-efficacy levels. In this context, first of all, the data were examined in terms of regression assumptions and it was seen that the data were suitable for regression analysis. Besides, whether the level of self-efficacy differed remarkably according to gender was examined with the independent sample t-test. As a result of the research; according to the correlation analysis, it was found that there is a negative relationship between self-efficacy and a hasty approach with one of the problem-solving skills, and a positive relationship with other problem-solving skills. On the other hand, as a result of the analysis, there was a positive relationship between the support of friends and self-efficacy, which is one of the sub-dimensions of perceived social support. Still, there was no significant relationship between family and an important person’s social support and self-efficacy. As a consequence of the regression analysis, it was discerned that the perceived social support types of friend social support and problem-solving skills of the hasty and evaluative approach significantly predicted the self-efficacy level of high school students. Yet, other problem-solving skills and social support types did not. Furthermore, as a result of the independent sample t-test, it was perceived that the self-efficacy level did not differ profoundly according to gender and the average self-efficacy levels of the girls were lower than the average of the self-efficacy levels of the boys.

Influence of Family and Friends Level of Social Support on Psychological Symptoms Among the Older Adults in Nigeria.

Numerous studies have established the importance of social support on psychological symptoms among older adults, however, the distinct contribution of different levels of family and friends' social support has not been thoroughly assessed. This study determined the contribution of different levels of friend and family social support (high, moderate, low) on psychological symptoms among the older adults. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 538 older adults attending outpatient clinics at two selected teaching Hospitals in Nigeria from February to July, 2021.The data was collected using the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorders Scale, Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. The data was analyzed with SPSS version 23 and logistic regression was used for the inferential analysis. Older adults with moderate social support from family were 3.6 more likely to have depression symptoms than those with high family social support (AOR = 3.623, 95%CI 1.275-2.875, P = .020). Also, those with moderate family social support (AOR = 2.875, 95%CI 2.425-11.875,P = .002), low family social support (AOR = 2.966, 95%CI 1.312-3.875, P = .007), and low friends social support (AOR = 2.966, 95%CI 1.312-3.875, P = .009) were more likely to have anxiety symptoms than those with high social support. High social support confers a protective measure against depression and is effective in reducing psychological symptoms among older adults.

경산모의 양육 스트레스가 산후우울에 미치는 영향 및 사회적 지지가 양육 스트레스와 산후우울에 미치는 영향

This study was conducted to prepare fundamental data, to assess the effects of maternal parenting stress on multiparous woman depression and moderating effect of social support The subjects of this study were number of 203 mothers who received services in three postnatal care centers within six months in Busan metro-city, and the data collected with structured self-administered questionnaires was analyzed using SPSS 25.0 program. For the result analysis, descriptive statistics, independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, and HIerarchical regression analysis were used. There was positive (+) effect of maternal parental stress on postpartum depression(p<.001), and a moderating effect of social support on the relationship between parental stress and postpartum depression(p<.001). As above results, the author consider that he mother's parental stress should be reduced in order to reduce postpartum depression, ㅗand the support of the family as well as the social support of friends and acquaintances should be increased. The author consider that this study will be fundamental data for mother's parental stress studies.

The Role of Social Support and Lifestyle in Pre-Service Teachers' Psychological Well-Being

The main purpose of this study was to explore the predictive utility of demographic, social and lifestyle variables in psychological well-being. The participants were 410 pre-service teachers in Turkey. Three research instruments were utilized in the current study: Psychological Well-Being Scale, Lifestyle Inventory and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Both social support and lifestyle variables accounted for the additional variance in psychological well-being above and beyond the effects of demographic variables. Purpose in life was best predicted by being-married; lifestyle variables made the most contribution to autonomy; and social support-friend were found to be the best predictor of positive relations with others. It seems that demographic, social support and lifestyle variables play a differential role in psychological well-being.

Socio-demographic factors and COVID-19 experiences predict perceived social support and social media engagement among college students in the U.S.

Objective This study examined socio-demographic characteristics and COVID-19 experiences as concurrent predictors of perceived familial and friend social support, social media use, and socio-emotional motives for electronic communication during the COVID-19 pandemic among college students. Participants Participants were 619 emerging adults (18–29-year-olds) currently enrolled at, or recently graduated from, a U.S.-based college or university (Mean age = 21.8, SD = 2.2; 64% female; 60% Non-Hispanic White). Methods Online surveys were administered between May and June 2020. A path analysis model was conducted to examine the concurrent associations between socio-demographic factors, COVID-19-related experiences, social media/electronic engagement, and perceived social support. Results Findings indicated significant differences in perceived social support, social media use, and socio-emotional motives for electronic communication as a function of gender, race, sexual orientation, first-generation status, and relationship status. Conclusions Our findings highlight the role of both individual and situational differences in interpersonal functioning and demonstrate how college students differently engaged with social media for socio-emotional purposes during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Psychometric evaluation of protective measures in Native STAND: A multi-site cross-sectional study of American Indian Alaska Native high school students.

American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) youth are strong in culture and rich in heritage and experience unique strengths and challenges throughout adolescence. Documenting conditions that protect against risk factors associated with poor health outcomes are needed. We explored scales that measure self-esteem, culture, social support, and community from a sample of 1,456 youth involved in Native STAND, a culturally-relevant evidence-based sexual health intervention. We established content validity by reviewing existing literature and community feedback. Construct validity was examined using factor analysis. The final self-esteem model included seven items, factor loadings ranged from 0.47 to 0.63 for positive self-esteem and 0.77 to 0.81 for negative self-esteem. The final culture model included three items, factor loadings 0.73 to 0.89. The social support scale included four items, factor loadings ranged from 0.86 to 0.87 for family social support and 0.75 to 0.77 for friends social support. The community and community safety scale included three items; factor loadings ranged from 0.52 to 0.82. Coefficient alphas for scales ranged from α = 0.63 to α = 0.86. This study validated scales in a national sample of AI/AN youth-psychometric scales provide an essential tool for documenting the needs and strengths of AI/AN youth.

Differentiating the impact of family and friend social support for single mothers on parenting and internalizing symptoms

• Family and friends are important yet distinct sources of social support for single mothers. • Both family and friend support related to more parenting support, but only friend support related to fewer internalizing symptoms. • There was a significant interaction between family and friend support on internalizing symptoms. When friend support was high, family support augmented friends’ benefits on single mothers’ internalizing symptoms. • Latent profile analysis indicated single mothers who primarily relied on family support were at higher risks for internalizing symptoms. There is growing interest in what helps parents maintain good parenting when they encounter stressors. The United States has the world's highest rate of single-parent households. These families often experience higher adversity and, in turn, mental distress. Supportive relationships are widely recognized as indispensable for healthy psychological well-being; however, the sources of support have often not been differentiated in research. The present study investigated the relative roles of family support and friend support in predicting single mothers’ internalizing symptoms and parenting support. The sample included 200 single mothers from a Midwest state recruited during Fall 2019. Hierarchical linear regressions found both family and friend support predicted more parenting support, whereas only friend support predicted fewer internalizing symptoms. In addition, family and friend support interacted in predicting internalizing symptoms. When friend support was high/sufficient, family support could augment friends’ positive impact on single mothers’ mental health. Latent profile analysis identified four profiles: kinship network, friendship network, socially isolated , and widely connected . The widely connected profile had the most optimal outcome. Both socially isolated and kinship network profiles were presented with unique risks. Taken together, our findings underscored the importance of friend support and the potential risk of only accessing family support. Implications for social support interventions for single mothers are discussed.

The presence of neighbours in informal supportive interactions is important for mental health in later life

BackgroundPrevious studies have shown the social support-mental health associations varied in different bonding social networks. However, a further study is needed to determine these network-specific associations for mutually supportive interaction in a wider social network include bridging relationship members. MethodWe conducted a self-reported questionnaire in Osaka, Japan. The study included 659 pre-old age participants (age 65–74 years) and 888 old age participants (age 75–89 years). SF-36v2 was used to measure mental health. We measured three types of social network members (kin, friends, or neighbours) and divided them into recipients or sources of emotional or instrumental social support. We performed multiple regressions to investigate which network member is beneficial in terms of the impact of social support on mental health. ResultsOnly the neighbour social support was positively related with mental health in all subtypes. Associations were inconsistent amongst kin or friend social support subtypes. Positive associations were only found within the pre-old group. ConclusionFor pre-old people, only the presence of neighbours, not kin members, or friends, in social supportive interactions has consistently beneficial associations with mental health, regardless of the roles or functions. Accessibility of neighbour social support should be considered into community-based mental health promotion interventions along with the social network transformation in later life.

Revisiting the hypothesis that friends buffer against diminished self-esteem arising from poor quality parent-adolescent relationships: A replication study.

This replication study revisited conclusions from 2 previous investigations (Gauze, Bukowski, Aquan-Assee, & Sippola, 1996; van Aken & Asendorpf, 1997), which suggested that support from friends buffers against diminished self-esteem arising from poor quality relationships with mothers during the transition into adolescence. The aim of this replication study was to conduct an independent test of these findings with both concurrent and longitudinal data. Concurrent data for replication analyses were drawn from 4 projects, involving a total of 959 boys and 1,119 girls (ages 10 to 14) from Canada and the United States. Three samples reported participant ethnic descent: Africa (12.1%), Asia (5.6%), Europe (65.3%), Latin America (12.1%), and Native North America (0.9%). Child and mother reports of mother-child relationship quality assayed (a) maternal social support (in 3 data sets), and (b) family cohesion and adaptability (in 2 data sets). Main effects were replicated but hypothesized buffering effects were not. Maternal social support and friend social support were independently associated with adolescent self-esteem, concurrently, but not longitudinally. Family cohesion (but not adaptability) was associated with adolescent self-esteem, concurrently and longitudinally. Friend social support did not moderate associations between mother-child relationship quality and adolescent self-esteem, concurrently or longitudinally. The findings are consistent with a cumulative effects model wherein friends uniquely contribute to adolescent self-worth, over and above the contribution of mothers. The findings do not support claims that friends moderate associations between mother-child relationship quality and adolescent self-esteem. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Connections Between Perceived Social Support and the Body Image in the Group of Women With Diastasis Recti Abdominis.

Background: The psychological features of the body image and the role of perceived social support for women with diastasis recti abdominis (DRAM) is significant for the treatment of this group of patients, but it is difficult to identify research on this topic. We aimed to search for similarities and differences between postpartum women with DRAM in terms of their psychological features of the body image and perceived social support from the partner, family and friends.Methods: Three hundred forty-five Polish women with DRAM were asked to fill the The Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ), The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) and The Drawing Self-Assessment Sheet. Data analysis included the stepwise regression analysis and k-cluster analysis.Results: We identified several predictors in the group of women with DRAM. Social support of partner, family, and friends are the predictors of self-assessment of general body appearance. Social support of family is a predictor of self-assessment of the health of the body. Social support of friends is a predictor of self-esteem of weight and fear of gaining weight. Moreover, three clusters of women with DRAM were found. Type 1—women with DRAM with one child and low self-esteem of the general appearance of the body, low self-esteem of health condition of the body, high self-esteem of weight, and fear of weight gain, and low level of social support; Type 2—women with DRAM with three or more children and low self-esteem of the general appearance of the body, low self-esteem of health condition of the body, high self-esteem of weight and fear of weight gain, and high level of social support; and Type 3—women with DRAM with two children and high self-esteem for the general appearance of the body, high level of self-esteem for health of the body, low self-esteem of weight and fear of weight gain, and high levels of social support.Conclusions: Social support is a predictor of body image in women with DRAM, but there are other factors that influence body acceptance more in this group of women. Furthermore the three clusters featured in the study may help in treating women with DRAM.