Friable Material Research Articles

Infecção natural por Histomonas meleagridis em pavões-indianos (Pavo cristatus)

Background: Histomonas, also known as blackhead, is a protozoan disease caused by Histomonas meleagridis (phylum Parabasalia, class Tritrichomonadea, order Tritrichomonadida, family Dientamoebidae/Protrichomonadinae) and, characterized by enteric and hepatic lesions in several species of domestic and wild gallinaceous. Among the most affected species, turkeys are those with greater morbidity and mortality. Blackhead is the second most important disease caused by protozoa in domestic poultry, affecting especially young birds and causing severe economic losses, with decrease in production, lack of uniformity of lots and costs with treatment and control. Its occurrence must be monitored, especially in large poultry exporting countries, such as Brazil. The aim of this study is to report an outbreak of histomoniasis in Indian peacocksCase: A peacocks group created together with chickens showed clinical signs characterized by apathy, head down and bruised head, eyes closed, anorexia, yellow or pale stools and death. At necropsy, the cecum showed intense thickening of the wall with irregularity in the serous layer and abundant deposit of friable material, amorphous, yellowish color with areas reddish in the lumen with large number of filiform white parasites from 1 to 1.5 cm in length, morphologically compatible with Heterakis gallinarum. The liver showed large and circular, multifocal, whitish areas that extended towards the parenchyma. Histologically, was observed marked transmural typhlitis, severe proliferation of fibroblasts with multifocal neovascularization, histiocytic infiltrate, giant cell enlargement, bacterial myriads, presence of eosinophilic circulars trophozoites, with 6-20 μm in diameter, morphologically compatible with Histomonas meleagridis. These structures were positive in PAS staining. In the liver, a lesion was characterized by aleatory necrotizing hepatitis with abundant macrophagic and heterophilic infiltrate and some lymphocytes, as well as several foci of necrosis associated with numerous parasitis, intralesional, weakly eosinophilic, PAS-positive structures similar to those observed cecum.Discussion: All aspects observed in this outbreak were characteristic of Histomonas meleagridis infection. This protozoal infection occurs predominantly in turkeys, with high rates of morbidity and mortality, however, can affect chickens, chukar partridges, pheasants and peacocks. Histomoniasis occurs after ingestion of nematode eggs present in the feces of birds and earthworms. In addition, to the intestine and liver, there may be systemic parasitism with lesions in other organs such as kidneys, lungs, spleen and cloacal sac. Overcrowding of animals, the creation and use of chickens to hatch peacocks eggs, as well as the poor hygiene conditions were the main risk factors for the development of the disease. Due to the absence of specific clinical signs, the disease can be easily confused with other disorders. macroscopic and microscopic examinations are recommended to assist in confirming the definitive diagnosis of histomoniasis. Thus, it can be said that H. meleagridis may be cause of mortality in peacocks (Pavo cristatus) created in free system in Rio Grande do Sul, State. The diagnosis of this condition should be considered in cases of mortality in exotic bird breeding, especially when created together with most resistant species such as chickens and other poultry.

Autohesion of Inorganic Compound Powders

Abstract The article begins with analytical review of the works performed from 1940 up to nowadays, concerning the phenomenon of autohesion in the powders of inorganic compounds. The issues of terminology are concerned, the difference is discussed between the phenomena of autohesion, adhesion, and cohesion. Three groups of the components of autohesion forces are considered: van der Waals and electrical forces, cohesion and capillary forces and mechanical cohesion, as well as internal and external factors affecting these forces. The second part of the article is devoted to the results of experiments performed to study the influence of the autohesion forces on the properties of friable inorganic powder materials. In particular, the rheological properties of powders were studied by static and dynamic methods on four kinds of electrocorundum powder with similar particle size and particle size distribution corresponding to the class of grinding powders F1200 according to FEPA standard. Special attention is paid to assessing the effect of humidity on technological properties of the powder, obtained by spray drying of ceramic slurry. This powder is widely used as a component of building mixes. The authors came to conclusion that detailed study is necessary of the autohesion effect on the parameters of friable systems for the rational choice of technological modes. The work can be useful for researchers and practitioners associated with the problems of processing, storage and transportation of powder materials.

Areally Extensive Surface Bedrock Exposures on Mars: Many Are Clastic Rocks, Not Lavas.

Areally extensive exposures of intact olivine/pyroxene-enriched rock, as well as feldspar-enriched rock, are found in isolated locations throughout the Martian highlands. The petrogenetic origin(s) of these rock units are not well understood, but some previous studies favored an effusive volcanic origin partly on the basis of distinctive composition and relatively high thermal inertia. Here we show that the regolith development, crater retention, and morphological characteristics for many of these "bedrock plains" are not consistent with competent lavas and reinterpret the high thermal inertia orbital signatures to represent friable materials that are more easily kept free of comminution products through eolian activity. Candidate origins include pyroclastic rocks, impact-generated materials, or detrital sedimentary rocks. Olivine/pyroxene enrichments in bedrock plains relative to surrounding materials could have potentially formed through deflation and preferential removal of plagioclase.

Wind‐Eroded Crater Floors and Intercrater Plains, Terra Sabaea, Mars

AbstractAncient impact craters with wind‐eroded layering on their floors provide a record of resurfacing materials and processes on early Mars. In a 54 km Noachian crater in Terra Sabaea (20.2°S, 42.6°E), eolian deflation of a friable, dark‐toned layer up to tens of meters thick has exposed more resistant, underlying light‐toned material. These layers differ significantly from strata of similar tone described in other regions of Mars. The light‐toned material has no apparent internal stratification, and visible/near‐infrared spectral analysis suggests that it is rich in feldspar. Its origin is ambiguous, as we cannot confidently reject igneous, pyroclastic, or clastic alternatives. The overlying dark‐toned layer is probably a basaltic siltstone or sandstone that was emplaced mostly by wind, although its weak cementation and inverted fluvial paleochannels indicate some modification by water. Negative‐relief channels are not found on the crater floor, and fluvial erosion is otherwise weakly expressed in the study area. Small impacts onto this crater's floor have exposed deeper friable materials that appear to contain goethite. Bedrock outcrops on the crater walls are phyllosilicate bearing. The intercrater plains contain remnants of a post‐Noachian thin, widespread, likely eolian mantle with an indurated surface. Plains near Hellas‐concentric escarpments to the north are more consistent with volcanic resurfacing. A 48 km crater nearby contains similar dark‐over‐light outcrops but no paleochannels. Our findings indicate that dark‐over‐light stratigraphy has diverse origins across Mars and that some dark‐toned plains with mafic mineralogy are not of igneous origin.

Visualization System for Large-Scale Silo Flow Monitoring Based on ECT Technique

This paper addresses the issues of monitoring and diagnostics of flow processes in gravitational flows of friable materials within large-scale silos. The author shows how the electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) may be used for monitoring large-scale industrial reactors dedicated for dense granular flow. The ECT sensors under investigation are specially designed for large-scale measurements and accompanied by a dedicated measurement protocol. The proposed ECT sensor allows visualizing, in form of 3-D image, material concentration distribution inside silo wall area for 1.5 m silo container. The developed method provides possibility of analyze effective transition point, boundary between stagnant zone and flowing material.

Radar sounding of Lucus Planum, Mars, by MARSIS

AbstractLucus Planum, extending for a radius of approximately 500 km around 181°E, 5°S, is part of the Medusae Fossae Formation (MFF), a set of several discontinuous deposits of fine‐grained, friable material straddling across the Martian highland‐lowland boundary. The MFF has been variously hypothesized to consist of pyroclastic flows, pyroclastic airfall, paleopolar deposits, or atmospherically deposited icy dust driven by climate cycles. Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionosphere Sounding (MARSIS), a low‐frequency subsurface‐sounding radar carried by European Space Agency's Mars Express, acquired 238 radar swaths across Lucus Planum, providing sufficient coverage for the study of its internal structure and dielectric properties. Subsurface reflections were found only in three areas, marked by a distinctive surface morphology, while the central part of Lucus Planum appears to be made of radar‐attenuating material preventing the detection of basal echoes. The bulk dielectric properties of these areas were estimated and compared with those of volcanic rocks and ice‐dust mixtures. Previous interpretations that east Lucus Planum and the deposits on the northwestern flanks of Apollinaris Patera consist of high‐porosity pyroclastic material are strongly supported by the new results. The northwestern part of Lucus Planum is likely to be much less porous, although interpretations about the nature of the subsurface materials are not conclusive. The exact origin of the deposits cannot be constrained by radar data alone, but our results for east Lucus Planum are consistent with an overall pyroclastic origin, likely linked to Tharsis Hesperian and Amazonian activity.

Uso de la perforación dinámica como un método alternativo para determinar el comportamiento mecánico de materiales refractarios

La dureza de los materiales cerámicos generalmente se determina mediante microindentación Vickers, para lo cual la muestra debe ser rigurosamente pulida y se deben analizar múltiples huellas para que el resultado sea representativo de las propiedades mecánicas del material, dificultando su uso en el ámbito industrial. En este trabajo se relacionó la dureza Vickers de ladrillos refractarios de alúmina, alúminacircona-sílice (AZS) y de alúmina-cromita, con la resistencia que tienen los mismos a ser perforados por una broca para concreto con punta de carburo de tungsteno. Los refractarios de alúmina y de AZS estudiados fueron fabricados por electrofusión, lo que les confiere alta densificación, mientras que los de alúmina-cromita fueron manufacturados mediante prensado y sinterizado y, por lo tanto, la cohesión entre las partículas que los constituyen y su densificación es baja. La dureza medida para el ladrillo de alúmina y el de AZS es de 1506,00 ± 99,71 HV1,5N (15,10 ± 0,90 GPa) y 1028,00 ± 95,49 HV2,7N (10,30 ± 0,90 GPa) respectivamente, mientras que para el de alúminacromita la dureza es sorprendentemente baja, tan solo de 54,00 ± 2,00 HV50N (0,54±0,02 GPa), a pesar de que este material está constituido por partículas altamente duras, lo cual es producto de la baja cohesión de dichas partículas. Los resultados obtenidos indican que existe buena concordancia entre la resistencia a la perforación y la dureza Vickers de los ladrillos estudiados, por lo que el ensayo de perforación mecánica puede ser utilizado para predecir la dureza tanto en materiales cerámicos bien densificados, como en aquellos poco densificados.

Modernization of the Units of a Tubular Scraper Flight Conveyor

Ways of solving problems that arise in the operation of tubular scraper flight conveyors designed for hauling friable or fine abrasive materials are presented. The most frequently occurring problems are the following: seizure of the traction chain in a loaded pivoted section, wear of the branch tubes and scrapers, ingress of hauled raw material into the bridling equipment when the conveyor reverses direction, and increased noise level in the course of operation of the conveyor.

Assurance of the Uniformity of Measurements of Moisture Content by UHF Hygrometry of Solid, Friable, and Fibrous Materials

A UHF method and a device based on the method for monitoring the moisture content of solid, friable, and fibrous materials are considered. A measurement chain for UHF hygrometers for use with raw cotton and cotton materials is proposed.

English

Groundwater vulnerability is an overlay method that is used to determine the ability of pollutants to penetrate the aquifer and harming it. This method helps decision makers by highlighting expected areas to be polluted. In Jordan, groundwater is the main water resource the country uses to match its demand. The groundwater basins in Jordan are divided into 12 major basins; some are rechargeable and others are fossil. Many basins are over exploited; Amman Zarqa basin is a clear example for this case. In this study, a groundwater vulnerability map was produced for study area using SINTACS, GOD and DRASTIC indices to study the vulnerability of the aquifers throughout the targeted area. The different resulted maps show different vulnerability classes ranging from low to high reflecting the environmental, hydrological and hydrogeological settings of the groundwater and its recharge ability. The resulted map shows wide variation in groundwater vulnerability in different sites within the targeted area. Within the basin, areas with higher vulnerability are those with friable aquifer materials and shallow groundwater depths. Medium and low vulnerability classes exist too because of the variations of the environmental settings within the targeted areas. Key words: Groundwater, vulnerability, SINTACS, DRASTIC, GOD, Zarqa River basin.

A Bayesian Model and Stochastic Exposure (Dose) Estimation for Relative Exposure Risk Comparison Involving Asbestos-Containing Dropped Ceiling Panel Installation and Maintenance Tasks.

Assessing exposures to hazards in order to characterize risk is at the core of occupational hygiene. Our study examined dropped ceiling systems commonly used in schools and commercial buildings and lay-in ceiling panels that may have contained asbestos prior to the mid to late 1970s. However, most ceiling panels and tiles do not contain asbestos. Since asbestos risk relates to dose, we estimated the distribution of eight-hour TWA concentrations and one-year exposures (a one-year dose equivalent) to asbestos fibers (asbestos f/cc-years) for five groups of workers who may encounter dropped ceilings: specialists, generalists, maintenance workers, nonprofessional do-it-yourself (DIY) persons, and other tradespersons who are bystanders to ceiling work. Concentration data (asbestos f/cc) were obtained through two exposure assessment studies in the field and one chamber study. Bayesian and stochastic models were applied to estimate distributions of eight-hour TWAs and annual exposures (dose). The eight-hour TWAs for all work categories were below current and historic occupational exposure limits (OELs). Exposures to asbestos fibers from dropped ceiling work would be categorized as "highly controlled" for maintenance workers and "well controlled" for remaining work categories, according to the American Industrial Hygiene Association exposure control rating system. Annual exposures (dose) were found to be greatest for specialists, followed by maintenance workers, generalists, bystanders, and DIY. On a comparative basis, modeled dose and thus risk from dropped ceilings for all work categories were orders of magnitude lower than published exposures for other sources of banned friable asbestos-containing building material commonly encountered in construction trades.

Fatal Fulminant Clostridium difficile Colitis in an Immunosuppressed Individual

Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is one of the most common nosocomial infections with close to half a million cases occurring in United States annually. It has substantial morbidity with up to 2.5% of patients requiring colectomy and mortality rates of up to 16%. We here present a very impressive case of rapidly progressing and ultimately fatal- severe complicated CDI in a relatively young hospitalized patient. A 53-yearold woman with comorbidities of HIV- AIDS, seizure disorder, congestive heart failure presented with diarrhea, dyspnea, productive cough and fever of 101oF. Patient had a pertinent history of two preceding episodes of CDI that were treated with intravenous (I.V) metronidazole and peroral (P.O) vancomycin. Physical examination revealed a febrile patient with hypotension and a diffusely tender abdomen. Initial laboratory values were significant for severe metabolic acidosis (pH-7.11), anemia (Hemoglobin-8.1gm/dL), leukocytosis (18.7 k/μL), elevated serum creatinine (1.7 mg/dL) and hypoalbuminemia (2.3 gm/dL). Computerized tomography (CT) scan of abdomen showed severe pancolitis with surrounding mesenteric infiltration and ascites (Figure-1). Patient had positive stool C. difficile toxin assay. Patient was diagnosed with severe complicated CDI and was started on P.O and rectal vancomycin (500mg every 6 hours); and I.V metronidazole (500mg every 8 hours). Patient had transient improvement over the next five days but had sudden deterioration with hypotension requiring vasopressor support and worsened leukocytosis (70 k/ μL). Patient underwent an emergent laparotomy with colectomy. Specimens revealed a markedly dilated colon (13cm in maximal circumference) with tan-red, granular and edematous mucosa covered by patchy yellow-green friable membrane-like material- giving a polypoid appearance (Figure-2). Histology was consistent with pseudomembranous colitis. Patient unfortunately had progressive worsening of acidosis and multiorgan dysfunction ultimately resulting in her death. Unfortunately this case, though not unique, serves as a stark reminder of the significant morbidity and mortality involved with CDI in spite of aggressive therapy- especially in an immunosuppressed individual. A practicing physician should be acutely aware of emerging hypervirulent strains, novel risk factors that have been identified. The importance of basic preventive measures such as hand washing and food preparation safety cannot be over-emphasized.Figure 1Figure 2

Newborn 2D materials for flexible energy conversion and storage

Newborn two-dimensional materials (NB2DMs) beyond graphene such as transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) exhibit excellent optoelectronic and mechanical properties as well as high theoretical specific capacity, which make them become the promising building blocks of flexible energy devices related to energy conversion and storage. Compared to graphene with zero band gap or traditional friable materials such as Si, these NB2DMs are more suitable to construct flexible devices as active layers of optoelectronic devices or as active materials for batteries. The present review focuses on the recent advances in bendable energy devices based on NB2DMs, including batteries, supercapacitors (SCs), solar cells, photodetectors and nanogenerators (NGs). The NB2DMs pave a new way to construct next-generation flexible energy devices with improved performance and we believe that those devices will be seen in our daily life and change our lifestyle in the immediate future.

Esthetic rehabilitation with minimally invasive feldspathic ceramic veneers: 30 months of clinical follow-up

Diastemas among maxillary incisors and gingival contour disharmony are common findings among patients in dental practice. Ceramic veneers are indicated for esthetic rehabilitation of anterior diastemas due their predictable results, optical characteristics, fracture resistance and tooth structure conservation. However, because it is a friable material and have a brittle behavior, fractures occurrences are related to trauma, oclusal overload, parafunctional habits and material fatigue. This article describes 30 months follow-up of an esthetic and functional rehabilitation diastemas closure using feldspathic veneers associated with periodontal surgery and a ceramic repair with composite resin. Gingivectomy and frenectomy needs were found and the surgical procedures performed guided by new anatomic aspects of the crowns. Mock-up was performed after waxing and reverse planning. All anterior teeth underwent minimally invasive preparation. Feldspathic ceramic veneers were made, tried using try in paste and luted with light-cure resin cement. After 24 months, a fracture occurred on the right maxillary canine veneer. The ceramic restoration repair was performed with nano-hybrid composite resin, after the conditioning with 5% hydrofluoric acid, 37% phosphoric acid and silane couple agent. The combination between ceramic veneers and gingivectomy enables to obtain conservative treatments and esthetic success. After six months of the repair, resulting 30 months of follow-up, the anterior restorations were aesthetically and functionally satisfactory.

INTERPLANETARY DUST PARTICLES AS SAMPLES OF ICY ASTEROIDS

Meteorites have long been considered as reflections of the compositional diversity of main belt asteroids and consequently they have been used to decipher their origin, formation, and evolution. However, while some meteorites are known to sample the surfaces of metallic, rocky and hydrated asteroids (about one-third of the mass of the belt), the low-density icy asteroids (C-, P-, and D-types), representing the rest of the main belt, appear to be unsampled in our meteorite collections. Here we provide conclusive evidence that the surface compositions of these icy bodies are compatible with those of the most common extraterrestrial materials (by mass), namely anhydrous interplanetary dust particles (IDPs). Given that these particles are quite different from known meteorites, it follows that the composition of the asteroid belt consists largely of more friable material not well represented by the cohesive meteorites in our collections. In the light of our current understanding of the early dynamical evolution of the solar system, meteorites likely sample bodies formed in the inner region of the solar system (0.5–4AU) whereas chondritic porous IDPs sample bodies that formed in the outer region (>5 AU).

Quantification of Tremolite in Friable Material Coming from Calabrian Ophiolitic Deposits by Infrared Spectroscopy

The aim of this study is to identify the infrared absorption band suitable for quantifying tremolite in three powdered samples (fine, medium, and large size classes) coming from a quarry of ophiolitic friable rocks in the western part of the Calabria region of Italy. Three IR bands were considered: OH stretching band between 3700 and 3650 cm−1, the stretching bands of the Si-O-Si linkage between 1200 and 900 cm−1, and the absorbance band at 756 cm−1attributable to tremolite. The amount of tremolite in the test samples was quantified by using the curve parameters of the three analytical bands. The quantitative analysis of tremolite using the band due to OH stretchings (3700–3650 cm−1) and the bands attributed to the Si-O-Si stretchings (1200–900 cm−1) showed high values for all test samples. Their use overestimated the tremolite amount because both bands were affected at the interfering mineral silicates such as talc, kaolinite, chlorite, and serpentinites. The abundant presence of antigorite in studied samples mainly in medium size class sample had a key role in our findings. The band at 756 cm−1was not affected at the interfering minerals and can be used for quantitative analysis of tremolite in sample coming from ophiolitic deposits.

Groundwater Vulnerability for the Surface Outcropping Aquifers in Jordan

Groundwater vulnerability is an overlay method that is used to determine the ability of pollutants to penetrate to the target aquifer and to harm it. This method helps decision makers by shedding light on pollution areas expected to pollute groundwater aquifers as caused by human activities on the ground surface. In Jordan, groundwater is the main water resource the country uses to match its demand. The groundwater basins in Jordan are divided into 12 major basins. Some basins are rechargeable and other basins are fossil. Many basins are over exploited. Amman Zarqa basin is a clear example for this case. Others are saline just like Azraq basin and the rest is expected to be affected by the growing demand for agricultural, municipal and industrial activities. In this study, a groundwater vulnerability map was produced for Jordan using DRASTIC index to study the vulnerability of the shallow aquifers throughout the country. The map shows different vulnerability classes ranging from low to very high reflecting the environmental, hydrological and hydrogeological settings of the groundwater and its recharge ability. The resulted map shows wide variation in groundwater vulnerability in different sites in Jordan. Areas with higher vulnerability are those with friable aquifer materials and shallow groundwater depths. Medium and low vulnerability classes are exist too because of the variations of the environmental settings within the targeted areas.

A case of zymbal gland carcinoma complicated with leukemia in Wistar rat

A one year old breeder male Wistar rat showed hard mass of 2x5x3 cm size on the right external ear canal and right side of the head. On cut surface, it comprised mainly of a yellowish friable material with occasional cystic spaces. Liver and spleen were enlarged. Microscopically, the neoplasm comprised polygonal cells arranged in islands and trabeculae supported by a fine to moderate fibrovascular stroma. Neoplastic islands and trabeculae form a peripheral layer of flattened to cuboidal epithelial cells with scanty amounts of eosinophilic, granular cytoplasm; round to oval nuclei with finely stippled chromatin and up to 4 distinct nucleoli (basaloid reserve cells); and a central area containing polygonal cells with abundant microvacuolated cytoplasm and round nuclei (sebaceous differentiation). Nuclei were round with finely stippled chromatin and one to two nucleoli. On microscopic examination, liver revealed centrilobular hepatocellular degeneration and infiltration of tumor cells in the sinusoidal and periportal areas while examination of spleen showed diffuse infiltration of round to oval neoplastic cells. It was diagnosed as a rare case of zymbal gland carcinoma complicated with leukemic changes in liver and spleen.

Cistos epidermais em ovinos

São descritos os aspectos clínico-patológicos de cistos epidermais em quatro ovinos, com idade entre dois e 12 anos, oriundos da região central do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Três desses ovinos apresentavam múltiplos nódulos cutâneos, distribuídos aleatoriamente pelo corpo, e um ovino apresentava nódulo cutâneo solitário na região cervical. O período entre o aparecimento do primeiro nódulo e o surgimento de múltiplos nódulos foi de oito meses, em um caso, e um ano, em dois casos. Os quatro ovinos eram os únicos animais afetados em seus respectivos rebanhos. Os nódulos cutâneos eram redondos ou ovais, salientes, flutuantes, não pruriginosos e recobertos por pele parcialmente alopécica. Esses nódulos variavam de 1,0 a 7,0cm de diâmetro e, ocasionalmente, apresentavam um pequeno orifício central, com 1-2mm de diâmetro, na superfície externa. Ao corte eram císticos, delimitados por uma parede fina e branca, com 0,5-0,8cm de espessura, e preenchidos por material branco ou amarelado e friável. Histologicamente, os cistos eram revestidos por epitélio, contendo todos os estratos de um epitélio escamosos estratificado, sobre uma fina cápsula de tecido conjuntivo fibroso denso. Os cistos eram preenchidos por agregados homogêneos e feixes de ceratina, arranjados de forma concêntrica. Baseado na localização e características macroscópicas e histológicas esses cistos foram diagnosticados como cistos epidermais infundibulares.

Factor of the Finite Rigidity of the Working Member in the Dynamics of the Vibratory Machine

Vibratory transport and technological machines (VTTM) are widely used in the various spheres of the industry: for transportation of the friable and separate particles, their dosed supply, sorting and realization of various technological processes.One of the factors that has an influence on the process of vibratory transportation is elasticity of the working member bottom of a vibratory transportation and technologic machine.This problem is less studied in theory of vibratory transportation [1, 2].A system vibratory drive – rigid frame of the vibratory member – elastic bottom of the working member – friable load” is considered in the report and dynamical and mathematical models of their interaction are worked out.A systematic approach to the study of influence of the working member elastic bottom on the technologic process is used and some results of the research are presented.It has been established with the help of developed models that at coincidence of phases of vibrations of the working member frame and elastic bottom rigidly fastened to it a speed of transportation of the friable material (load) rises significantly. On the bases of the mentioned result a new construction is developed.