Freshwater Fish Ponds Research Articles

KEMITRAAN UNIT PEMBENIHAN RAKYAT SUMBER MINA LESTARI DAU, KABUPATEN MALANG

The aims of the research are to know and to analize 1) “UPR Sumber Mina Lestari” partnership pattern, 2) stake holder role on “UPR Sumber Mina Lestari”, 3) strengthen effort on “UPR Sumber Mina Lestari”. The research use descriptive qualitative method. The data collected by interview, observation, and literature study. The research show that “UPR Sumber Mina Lestari” is hatchery fishes group with “Nila Gift” as primary comodities. Partnership pattern on the group is contract partnership with synergy type. UPR have a role as fasilitator for the members. UPR produce fish seeds and fish feeds for the members, build good relation with fish medicine seller, marketing institution, government, researcher and academician and bank. Stake holder have role as supporter that accelerate the business. Government, researcher and academician give information, knowledge and skill to the members; bank give loans with UPR as assurance for the members; and marketing institution buy the product pass through UPR. To strengthen the group, they need to develop the partnership pattern, such as 1) follow choaching from government, researcher or academician actively, especially on hathery technique and business financial, 2) bring about government program that empowerment small scale entreprises, 3) establish cooperation in order to increase the capital, 4) establish new business sub unit like processing fish food, fish restaurant, and education tourism of fresh water fish pond. Key words: partnership, citizen hatchery unit, contract partnership, synergy tipe, stakeholder

Water budgets for freshwater fish ponds of Andhra Pradesh, Orissa and West Bengal, India

The water budgets for some aquaculture systems in three states viz. Andhra Pradesh, Orissa and West Bengal were determined in the present study. The average evaporation and seepage loss from the aquaculture ponds throughout the year in Cuttack, Kendrapara, Jajpur, and Puri districts of Orissa were 164 ± 8.3 and 73 ± 16.5 cm, respectively; 152 ± 10 and 90 ± 16 cm, respectively, in South and North 24 Paraganas, West Bengal; and 182 ± 12 and 110 ± 10 cm, respectively, in Krishna and West Godavari districts of Andhra Pradesh. Evaporation and seepage were significantly (P < 0.05) different between the fish ponds of the three states. Annual rainfall, run-off, and well water addition to the ponds were 178 ± 40, 14.5 ± 3.4, and 156 ± 48 cm, respectively, in Orissa; 166 ± 14, 9 ± 2, and 173 ± 27 cm, respectively, in West Bengal; 120 ± 12, 8 ± 1, and 304 ± 26 cm, respectively, in Andhra Pradesh. Annual rainfall, run-off, and well water addition to the ponds differed significantly (P < 0.05) in the three states. The consumptive water use was 3.34 ± 0.47, 3.35 ± 0.36, and 2.67 ± 0.23 m3/kg, respectively, in Orissa, West Bengal, and Andhra Pradesh. A significantly (P < 0.05) greater consumptive water use was determined for the fish ponds of West Bengal and Orissa compared to Andhra Pradesh.

Cyanobacteria in aquaculture systems: linking the occurrence, abundance and toxicity with rising temperatures

The presence of toxic cyanobacteria in aquaculture systems is a matter of concern due to its capability to produce toxin known as microcystin. This study was carried out to determine the presence, abundance and toxic potential of cyanobacteria in selected aquaculture systems in Perak, Malaysia, as well as to identify the potential main trigger of toxic cyanobacterial blooms in aquaculture water. In this study, a total of 40 freshwater fish ponds were sampled from 10 different aquaculture farms in Perak, Malaysia. Results revealed that the most frequently found cyanobacterial taxa in Perak aquaculture water was Microcystis spp., where it was detected in all of the studied ponds. During the sampling period, 75 % of the sampled ponds water contained unsafe levels of microcystin with concentrations up to 295.86 µg MC-LR equivalent L−1. This study also discovered that a combination of temperature and pH was the key environmental factor that triggered the proliferation and toxicity of cyanobacteria, whereby temperature was statistically proven to be a more powerful predictor in comparison with pH. This study has implied that cyanobacteria can present health risk to human through aquaculture fish consumption. Moreover, the risk posed by cyanobacteria in aquaculture systems will be amplified by the influence of global warming, with rising water temperatures up to 32 °C.

Piscinibacterium candidicorallinum gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of the order Burkholderiales isolated from a fish pond.

A bacterial strain designated LYH-15T was isolated from a freshwater fish pond in Taiwan and characterized using a polyphasic taxonomy approach. Cells of LYH-15T were Gram-staining-negative, aerobic, motile by means of a single polar flagellum, poly-β-hydroxybutyrate-containing, non-spore forming, straight rods and formed light-coral-colored colonies. Growth occurred at 15-40 °C (optimum, 30 °C), at pH 5.0-9.0 (optimum, pH 7.0) and with 0-0.5 % NaCl (optimum, 0 %). Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that LYH-15T forms a distinct phyletic line within the order Burkholderiales, with less than 94 % sequence similarity to its closest relatives with validly published names. The predominant fatty acids were summed feature 3 (comprising C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c), C16 : 0 and C18 : 1ω7c. The major isoprenoid quinone was Q-8 and the DNA G+C content was 63.8 mol%. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol and several uncharacterized lipids. The major polyamines were 2-hydroxyputrescine and putrescine. On the basis of the genotypic and phenotypic data, LYH-15T represents a novel species of a new genus in the order Burkholderiales, for which the name Piscinibacterium candidicorallinum gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is LYH-15T (=BCRC 80969T=LMG 29480T=KCTC 52168T).

Deformities in Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham.Buch.) cultured in fresh water fish ponds in Jammu district,Jammu and Kashmir State, India

Fifteen deformed specimens of Cirrhinusmrigala (Ham.Buch.) showing morphological and vertebral anomalies were seen in the collections made by the fishermen from various fresh water ponds in Jammu district and have been described .Possible causes of fish aberrations have also been discussed.

Bacteriological and physicochemical analysis of waste water from fish ponds

Rearing of fish especially catfish is very common in many communities in Nigeria and the wastewater from these fish ponds are often discharged into the surrounding drains. Assessment of the bacteriological and physicochemical characteristics of ten freshwater fish ponds stocked with African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) was conducted within Ilorin metropolis. The results of physicochemical properties of the water samples showed that the pH, total hardness, salinity, and suspended solid ranged from 6.77 – 8.43, 65 – 124 mg/l, 7.02 – 10.062 g/l, and 0.012 – 0.128g/100ml respectively. The bacterial count, total coliform, and faecal coliform count of the wastewater ranged from 4.0 x 103 – 6.7 x 105cfu/ml, nil to 2 x 104cfu/ml, and nil to 1 x 103cfu/ml respectively. The bacterial species isolated from the ponds were Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus sp., Staphylococcus aureus, Aeromonas hydrophila, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Chromobacterium sp, Micrococcus sp., Micrococcus kristinae, Providencia sp., and Listeria sp. The antibiotics susceptibility testing of the bacterial isolates were determined using the disc method. All the isolates exhibited multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR). It can be concluded from this study that there is need to monitor the quality of wastewater from the fish ponds before being discharged into the environment since potential pathogens were isolated and most of these isolates were multiple antibiotic resistant. This study is of socioeconomic significance in the sense that while the farmers are able to raise their fish in the ponds and derive their livelihood, they are being cautioned on the need to treat their waste water before being discharged into the receiving water body.Keywords: Wastewater, Fish pond, Catfish, Assessment, Antibiotic resistance

A Newly Isolated Green Alga, Pediastrum Duplex Meyen, from Thailand with Efficient Hydrogen Production

Biofuels are gaining attention worldwide as a way to reduce the dependence on fossil fuels. Biological Hydrogen (H2) production is considered the most environmentally friendly route of producing H2, fulfilling the goals of recycling renewable resources and producing clean energy. It has attracted global attention because of its potential to become an inexhaustible, low cost, renewable source of clean energy and appears as an alternative fuel. H2 production processes offer a technique through which renewable energy sources like biomass can be utilized for the generation of the cleanest energy carrier for the use of mankind. This paper presents laboratory results of biological production of hydrogen by green alga was isolated from fresh water fish pond in Sansai, Chiang Mai province, Thailand. Under light microscope, this green alga was identified as belonging to the genus Pediastrum and species P. duplex Meyen. The successful culture was established and grown in poultry litter effluent medium (PLEM) under a light intensity of 37.5 μmol-1m2 sec-1 and a temperature of 25°C. The nutrient requirements and process conditions that encourage the growth of dense and healthy algal cultures were explored. The highest H2 was produced when cultivated cells in PLEM for 21 hours under light and then incubated under anaerobic adaptation for 4 hours.

Composition and Abundance of Benthic Macro-invertebrates in Freshwater Earthen Ponds of Noakhali District, Bangladesh

The composition and abundance of benthic macro-invertebrates in freshwater fish ponds of Noakhali region were analyzed for a period of six month (December-May, 2012). Experimental ponds were categorized as culture, household and derelict and samples were drawn every week during the entire study period using an Eckman grab with dimension of 15.2×15.2×15.2 cm. A total of 10 major groups/taxa were identified viz.; Polychaetes, Oligochaetes, Gastropods, Amphipods, Bivalve, Diptera, Crab, Isopods, Prawn larvae and Copepod. Total macro-benthos abundance was recorded 1555.54, 1466.66 and 2177.79 ind. / m2 respectively in culture, household and derelict ponds. Oligochaetes were found dominant (49 -75%) in all the experimental ponds. Density of Oligochaetes was recorded 888.89, 1088.89 and 1066.67 ind. /m2 respectively in culture, household and derelict ponds. The overall composition of macro-benthos was Polychaetes (9.19%), Oligochaetes (58.56%), Gastropods (19.23%), Amphipods (3.85%), Bivalvia (1.50%), Diptera (1%), Crab (0.43%), Isopods (0.43%), Prawn larvae (0.21%) and Copepods (0.85%). The present study reveals that macrobenthic fauna and their density are variable among the freshwater ponds. The obtained information can be used for further analysis of seasonal variation of macrobenthos, conserve biodiversity and seasonal change of water quality parameter of freshwater ponds.

A comparison of resource use efficiency and constraints of wastewater and freshwater fish production system in West Bengal

The study was carried out to find the profitability and resource use efficiency of two fish production system i.e. wastewater and freshwater in West Bengal, India. The study revealed that though the productivity of freshwater fish production system was higher by 74.5 kg/acre over the other system but the freshwater fish production farmers realized lower net returns of ` 1933.53/acre as compared to the wastewater fish production farmers. This was due to mainly two facts, firstly, higher rent of leased-in freshwater fish ponds and secondly, the locational advantage of wastewater fish ponds (proximity to the megacity Kolkata) which fetched higher price of the produce. The results of the study indicated that under both the system of fish production, fish seeds, area, and labour has greater influence on gross returns. Further, it was found that, fish seeds and labour were under-utilized in freshwater fish production system whereas fish seeds, labour and area were under used in wastewater fish production system. Theft and pilferages, non availability of quality fish seeds, lack of government support, lack of capital, lack of natural feed, labour crisis etc. were some of the major identified problems and constraints encountered during production of fish.

Variasi Zooplankton di Kolam Budi Daya Ikan Air Tawar di Kabupaten Minahasa Provinsi Sulawesi Utara

Zooplankton variation in fresh water fish pond on North Minahasa District of North Sulawesi Province was done in five different areas. The goal is to evaluate the variation and the abundance of zooplankton. The result is copepod is the first rank in abundance (50% on April and 51% on August), followed by cladoceran (32% on April and 33% on August) and finally, rotifer (18% on April and 16% on August). Keywords : zooplankton, fish pond, fresh water, variation, abundance

Abundant rifampin resistance genes and significant correlations of antibiotic resistance genes and plasmids in various environments revealed by metagenomic analysis

In the present study, a newly developed metagenomic analysis approach was applied to investigate the abundance and diversity of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) in aquaculture farm sediments, activated sludge, biofilm, anaerobic digestion sludge, and river water. BLASTX analysis against the Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database was conducted for the metagenomic sequence data of each sample and then the ARG-like sequences were sorted based on structured sub-database using customized scripts. The results showed that freshwater fishpond sediment had the highest abundance (196ppm), and anaerobic digestion sludge possessed the highest diversity (133 subtypes) of ARGs among the samples in this study. Significantly, rifampin resistance genes were universal in all the diverse samples and consistently accounted for 26.9~38.6% of the total annotated ARG sequences. Furthermore, a significant linear correlation (R (2) = 0.924) was found between diversities (number of subtypes) of ARGs and diversities of plasmids in diverse samples. This work provided a wide spectrum scan of ARGs and MGEs in different environments and revealed the prevalence of rifampin resistance genes and the strong correlation between ARG diversity and plasmid diversity for the first time.

First Record of an Anomalous Catla catla (Ham. Buch) in Fresh Water Fish Ponds of Gurdaspur District, Punjab (India)

Multiple morphological and vertebral deformities (ankylosis, kyphosis and scoliosis) in two adult specimens of Catla catla (Ham. Buch) from fresh water fish ponds of Punjab are reported for the first time. Degradation of water caused by pesticides is most probably the cause of such fish anomalies.

Arsenic contamination in the freshwater fish ponds of Pearl River Delta: bioaccumulation and health risk assessment

This study investigated the extent of arsenic (As) contamination in five common species of freshwater fish (northern snakehead [Channa argus], mandrarin fish [Siniperca chuatsi], largemouth bass [Lepomis macrochirous], bighead carp [Aristichthys nobilis] and grass carp [Ctenopharyngodon idellus]) and their associated fish pond sediments collected from 18 freshwater fish ponds around the Pearl River Delta (PRD). The total As concentrations detected in fish muscle and sediment in freshwater ponds around the PRD were 0.05-3.01 mg kg(-1) wet weight (w. wt) and 8.41-22.76 mg kg(-1) dry weight (d. wt), respectively. In addition, the As content was positively correlated (p < 0.05) to total organic carbon (TOC) contents in sediments. Biota sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) showed that omnivorous fish and zooplankton accumulated higher concentrations of heavy metals from the sediment than carnivorous fish. In addition, feeding habits of fish also influence As accumulation in different fish species. In this study, two typical food chains of the aquaculture ponds were selected for investigation: (1) omnivorous food chain (zooplankton, grass carp and bighead carp) and (2) predatory food chain (zooplankton, mud carp and mandarin fish). Significant linear relationships were obtained between log As and δ (15)N. The slope of the regression (-0.066 and -0.078) of the log transformed As concentrations and δ (15)N values, as biomagnifications power, indicated there was no magnification or diminution of As from lower trophic levels (zooplankton) to fish in the aquaculture ponds. Consumption of largemouth bass, northern snakehead and bighead carp might impose health risks of Hong Kong residents consuming these fish to the local population, due to the fact that its cancer risk (CR) value exceeded the upper limit of the acceptable risk levels (10(-4)) stipulated by the USEPA.

Effects of different nitrogen, phosphorus, and iron concentrations and salinity on lipid production in newly isolated strain of the tropical green microalga, Scenedesmus dimorphus KMITL

The fatty acid composition, the effect of different concentrations of nitrogen (16.5-344 mg L−1), phosphorus (9–45 mg L−1), iron (9–45 mg L−1) and salinity levels (0–20 psu) on lipid production in the green microalga Scenedesmus dimorphus KMITL, a new strain isolated from a tropical country, Thailand, were studied. The alga was isolated from a freshwater fish pond, and cultured in Chlorella medium by varying one parameter at a time. The main fatty acid composition of this strain was C16–C18 (97.52 %) fatty acids. A high lipid content was observed in conditions of 16.5 mg L−1-N, or 22 mg L−1-P, or 45 mg L−1-Fe, or 5 psu salinity, which accumulated lipids to 20.3 ± 0.4, 19.4 ± 0.2, 24.7 ± 0.5, and 14.3 ± 0.2 % of algal biomass, respectively. Increasing lipid content and lipid productivity was noted when the alga was cultured under high iron concentration and high salinity, as well as under reduced phosphorus conditions, whereas nitrogen limitation only resulted in an increased lipid content.

Rhodoplanes piscinae sp. nov. isolated from pond water

Two strains (JA266(T) and JA333) of Gram-negative, rod-shaped, phototrophic, purple non-sulfur bacteria were isolated from a freshwater fish pond and an industrial effluent. Both strains were capable of phototrophic and chemotrophic growth. Bacteriochlorophyll a and carotenoids of the spirilloxanthin series were present as photosynthetic pigments. The major fatty acid for both strains was C(18 : 1)ω7c (>65 %), with minor amounts of 11-methyl C(18 : 1)ω7c, C(16 : 0), C(16 : 1)ω7c and C(18 : 0) also present. Both strains have the lamellar type of intracellular photosynthetic membranes. Ubiquinone-10 (Q(10)) and rhodoquinone-10 (RQ(10)) were present as primary quinone components. Diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine were the major polar lipids, while minor amounts of amino lipids (AL1, AL2) and an unidentified lipid (L1) were common to both strains. The DNA G+C contents of strains JA266(T) and JA333 were 71.3 and 69.9 mol%, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that both strains clustered with members of the genus Rhodoplanes in the class Alphaproteobacteria. Strains JA266(T) and JA333 had gene sequence similarity of 98.7 and 98.9 % with Rhodoplanes serenus TUT3530(T), 96.4 and 96.5 % with Rhodoplanes elegans AS130(T), respectively, and less than 96 % with other members of the genus Rhodoplanes. 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between the two strains was 99.3 % and they exhibited high (84.7 %) relatedness based on DNA-DNA hybridization. Furthermore, both strains had less than 65 % DNA-DNA relatedness with the type strain R. serenus TUT3530(T). On the basis of phenotypic and genotypic data, it is proposed that strain JA266(T) be classified as a novel species of the genus Rhodoplanes, with the species name Rhodoplanes piscinae sp. nov. The type strain of the proposed novel species is JA266(T) ( = JCM 14934(T) = KCTC 5627(T)), while strain JA333 ( = NBRC 107574 = KCTC 5962) is an additional strain.

Effects of sulfate reducing bacteria and sulfate concentrations on mercury methylation in freshwater sediments

Methylmercury (MeHg) is the most poisonous form of mercury (Hg) and it enters the human body primarily through consumption of Hg contaminated fish. Sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) are major producers of MeHg in anoxic sediments. The dsrAB gene was isolated from freshwater fish pond sediments. Sequence analyses showed that the SRB in sediments was mainly composed of Desulfobulbus propionicus and Desulfovibrio vulgaris. The two species of SRB were cultured from freshwater sediments. The addition of inorganic Hg to these freshwater sediments caused an increase in MeHg concentrations at 30days incubation. MeHg levels were sensitive to sulfate concentrations; a medium sulfate level (0.11mg/g) produced higher levels than treatments lacking sulfate addition or when amended with 0.55mg/g. Assessment of bacterial levels by PCR measurements of microbial DNA indicated that the MeHg levels were correlated with cell growth.

Mercury species of sediment and fish in freshwater fish ponds around the Pearl River Delta, PR China: Human health risk assessment

This study investigated total mercury (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations in five species of freshwater fish and their associated fish pond sediments collected from 18 freshwater fish ponds around the Pearl River Delta (PRD). The concentrations of THg and MeHg in fish pond surface sediments were 33.1–386 ng g −1 dry wt and 0.18–1.25 ng g −1 dry wt, respectively. The age of ponds affected the surface sediment MeHg concentration. The vertical distribution of MeHg in sediment cores showed that MeHg concentrations decreased with increasing depth in the top 10 cm. In addition, a significant correlation was observed between %MeHg and DNA from Desulfovibrionacaea or Desulfobulbus ( p < 0.05) in sediment cores. Concentrations of THg and MeHg in fish muscles ranged from 7.43–76.7 to 5.93–76.1 ng g −1 wet wt, respectively, with significant linear relationships ( r = 0.97, p < 0.01, n = 122) observed between THg and MeHg levels in fish. A significant correlation between THg concentrations in fish (herbivorous: r = 0.71, p < 0.05, n = 7; carnivorous: r = 0.77, p < 0.05, n = 11) and corresponding sediments was also obtained. Risk assessment indicated that the consumption of largemouth bass and mandarin fish would result in higher estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of MeHg than reference dose (RfD) for both adults and children.

Characterization of PAHs in surface sediments of aquaculture farms around the Pearl River Delta

The distribution and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface sediments of freshwater fishponds and mariculture rafts around the Pearl River Delta (PRD) were investigated. Twenty-one sample sites were chosen, consisting of fifteen freshwater fishponds and six mariculture rafts. The total PAH (∑PAH) concentrations measured in all the sediment samples ranged from 52.7 to 717 ng g −1, with mean of 184 ng g −1. The marine sediment samples contained higher levels of ∑PAH, high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs and carcinogenic PAHs than freshwater sediments ( p<0.05). Principal component analysis/multiple linear regression analysis (PCA/MLRA) indicated that the source of PAHs in freshwater sediment was mainly derived from mixed combustion of coal, wood, and vehicle emission (66.2%). Vehicle emissions and coal combustion were the main sources (52.5 and 47.5% of ∑PAH, respectively) of PAHs contaminated in the marine sediments. The present study indicated that surface sediments of freshwater fishponds and mariculture rafts around the PRD were grossly contaminated by PAHs derived from combustion sources.

Submersion time, depth, substrate type and sampling method as variation sources of marine periphyton

Periphyton is an additional food source in African and Asian brackish and freshwater fish ponds. The present study was a preliminary assessment of periphyton development on artificial substrates in temperate marine ponds. The effects of submersion time, substrate type, water depth, and total or partial sampling methods on the quantity and quality of periphyton collected, were evaluated. Four types of substrate (W: wooden poles, S: smooth fiber-glass strips, m: mosquito screen (1 mm-mesh) and M: garden netting (5 mm-mesh)) were deployed in a marine pond, and periphyton was collected 15 and 30 days later. The total amount of periphyton per substrate unit was collected as one sample or as 5 sub-samples. Results showed that (i) periphyton biomass in a marine pond increased between day 15 and day 30, (ii) more periphyton was collected on mosquito screen than on wooden poles, fiberglass strips and garden netting, (iii) periphyton biomass increased with submersion depth, (iv) sub-sampling leads to an underestimate compared to whole unit sampling, and (v) a correction of periphyton weight must be carried out considering the dissolved inorganic salts present in periphyton samples from marine and brackish ponds. Whole substrate unit sampling using a tube and stopper is recommended to avoid underestimation of periphyton development. Finally, the autotrophic fraction in the periphyton communities was very low compared to periphyton developed on biodegradable substrates in fertilized tropical ponds. Studies on fertilization and use of biodegraded substrates (i.e. long-time submerged wood) are recommended to further optimize periphyton development in temperate marine ponds.

A mechanized harvest system for freshwater fishpond

Development of a prototype-mechanized fish harvesting system for carp from a rectangular shaped fishpond is described in this paper. The system consists of motorized trolleys on the longer dykes of fishpond, rail, boom pipe, netting arrangement and ON/OFF arrangements. The trolleys move on the rail tracks with constant speed of 3 m/min and takes about 15 min to complete the harvesting operation. The overall mean harvest efficiency of Indian major carps (IMC) with mechanized fish harvesting system has been estimated to be around 80% per operation. The whole harvesting operation is done mechanically except collection of harvested fishes at the end of operation, which presently requires two persons getting into the pond and lifting out the fishes from the net.