Freshwater Fish Cyprinus Carpio Research Articles

Histological investigation of the liver of freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio after intoxication with Ibuprofen

Water contamination has a detrimental impact on streams and rivers, leading to a reduction in the diversity of terrestrial, aquatic, and aerial species. Furthermore, it disrupts the intricate equilibrium of existence. Pharmaceuticals are artificial compounds that belong to several chemical families and exhibit a diverse array of environmental biochemical responses, rendering them the most recent group of pollutants in all aquatic environments. The present study investigated the impact of Ibuprofen on freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio by determining the LC50 value of Ibuprofen during exposure to various concentrations for 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours in sets of aquariums at a concentration of 0.23ml/L. To investigate the impact of Ibuprofen on fish C. carpio, the study evaluates the effects of a sublethal concentration of 1/10th (0.023ml/L) of Ibuprofen LC50 on fish liver histology over a period of 7, 14, 21, and 28 days in both control and treatment aquarium cultures. Following exposure to a sublethal dose of Ibuprofen, significant changes in the behavior of fish and disruption of normal physiology were observed. These changes were clearly displayed through nuclear degeneration, cellular edema, cytoplasmic degeneration, altered hepatocytes, formation of vacuole, increased sinusoidal space, altered central vein, and degeneration of sinusoid. These results indicated that the release of pharmaceuticals had a significant negative impact on fish health and highlighted deterioration in water quality and the ecology of water resources .

Studies on triazophos-induced oxidative stress and genotoxicity in freshwater fish Cyprinus Carpio following sublethal exposures

Triazophos (TAP), an organophosphorus insecticide, is widely used in agricultural practice for controlling various insect pests. The present research work aimed to elucidate the impact of TAP on the antioxidant status and DNA content of the freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio. The fish were grouped into batches (n=6) and received a sublethal dose of 0.3mg/L for a duration of 1 (E1), 10 (E2), 20 (E3) and 30 days (E4). Another group, devoid of any toxicant, was maintained as the control (C). Changes in the enzymatic threshold of the selected antioxidants and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels suggested the conformation of oxidative stress in the livers of the freshwater fish C. carpio due to TAP exposure. Additionally, comet assays and micronucleus tests performed on the peripheral blood of the fish suggested increased damage in the form of the percentage of tail DNA formation and a high frequency of micronucleus as compared to the control. A positive correlation was seen between the decline in antioxidant activity, the elevation in MDA and the comet length and micronucleus frequency. The study thus highlights the impact of TAP on antioxidant levels in the livers and genotoxicity in the blood of the freshwater fish C. carpio. The findings of the study confirm that the antioxidant status, along with the comet assay and micronucleus tests could be used as tools in determining the potential genotoxicity due to the TAP impact. It is therefore suggested that extensive use of TAP should be avoided as it may contribute to the decline in the C. carpio population in its natural habitats.

Sub-Lethal Effects Of Chlorpyrifos On Geno-Neurotoxic Profiles In Freshwater Fish Cyprinus Carpio(L.)

Pesticide toxicity is a global concern and chlorpyrifos is one of the most widely used organophosphate agrochemicals,it is frequently detected in surface ground waters of India. Chlorpyrifos(CPF) LC50 – 96 h was calculated as 0.318 mg/l using probit analysis based on LC50 value two sublethal concentrations of 1/5th of LC50 (0.0636 mg/l) and 1/10th of LC50 (0.0318 mg/l) were determined. The influence of CPF on the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and Ach content and the Genotoxicity of Cyprinus carpio was evaluated. Results confer that significant inhibition in the AchE activity in brain tissue resulting in a build-up of Ach at the neuronal synapse resulting in a decrease of cholinergic transmission finally impairs the neurophysiological activity and ultimately result in the death of fish although studies on genotoxic effects of CPF were carried out to examine the prevalence of nuclear abnormalities in freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio using Comet and MN assay in blood erythrocytes and gill cells as percentile tail DNA damage as comets and micronuclei and other nuclear anomalies were scored in erythrocytes of Cyprinus carpio it was found that significant effect was observed for both concentrations and periods of exposure in the treated fishes. The highest DNA damage and increased micronuclei frequency and inhibitory AchE activity in Cyprinus carpio were found to be high on the highest sublethal 1/5th of LC50 followed by Sublethal 1/10th of LC50 concentration. Overall findings imply that AchE and genotoxic biomarkers may be useful diagnostic tools for chlorpyrifos poisoning in biomonitoring programs.

BIFENTHRIN INDUCED HISTOPATHOLOGICAL ALTERATIONS IN KIDNEY OF CYPRINUS CARPIO

Bifenthrin is used as insecticide in agriculture. Present manuscript deals with the poisonous outcome of bifenthrin on histology of kidney of fish Cyprinus carpio. Freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio was used in this experimental study. An aggregate of 30 fish were arbitrarily separated into 3 gatherings A, B and C. Group A was kept as control while Group B and C were treated as exploratory. All fish were kept into glass aquaria at room temperature. During experiment, group A (control) was kept in normal water while bifenthrin was added in water of experimental groups B & C. The water of all groups was changed on daily basis. Kidney sampleswere collected after 48 & 96 hours exposure and processed for histopathological study. Behavioural pattern and histopathological changes of kidney of Cyprinus carpio were noted. Major changes, for example, Glomerular constriction, extreme degeneration of the tubules, hypertrophy, necrosis and pyknosis were observe under the microscope. Thus, bifenthrin as pesticide should beused carefully to protect the health of aquatic food animals.

Redescription and molecular characterization of two Trichodina species (Ciliophora, Peritrichia, Mobilida) from freshwater fish in China.

During an investigation of parasitic ciliates in northern China, two Trichodina species, T. acuta Lom, 1970 and T. nigra Lom, 1960, were isolated from the freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758. The morphology of each species was investigated based on dry silver nitrate-stained specimens. In addition, the molecular phylogeny of each was analyzed based on small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA) sequence data. Trichodina acuta can be distinguished from its congeners by the undefined periphery of the central circle, the distinct gap between the rays and the central circle, and the distinctly sickle-shaped blades. Trichodina nigra is a cosmopolitan ciliate and is characterized by its densely linked denticles, broad, rounded spatula-shaped blades, robust central parts, and well developed rays. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that T. acuta and T. nigra nest within different clades, supporting the assertion that the GC content of SSU rDNA sequences could reflect evolutionary relationships among Trichodina species.

Bio-functionalized zinc oxide nanoparticles: Potential toxicity impact on freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio

There is a growing concern nowadays over the exposure of nanomaterials and their effects in aquatic life. In spite of reporting the changes in physiology, reproduction and behaviour in fish by different nanoparticles, the molecular events underlying in the aquatic bodies due to the toxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are mainly unexplored. Therefore, the present study carried out an ex vivo exposure of ZnO NPs at various concentrations (0.382, 0.573 and 1.146 mg L−1) in freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio to investigate the potential adverse effects. The results revealed that ZnO NPs exposure altered the haematological parameter and induces the reactive oxygen species (ROS) that leads to elevation of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidise (GPx), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and reduced glutathione (GSH) activity in C. carpio. Furthermore, histopathological analysis exhibited that the ZnO NPs caused lamellar fusion, aneurism, cytoplasmic vacuolation, nuclear alteration, necrotic muscle fiber and pyknotic nuclei in the gills, liver and muscles of C. carpio. ZnO NPs exposure significantly up-regulated the overlapping expressions of SOD1, CAT, GPx1a, GST-α, CYP1A, and Nrf-2 genes. A higher level of Zn bioaccumulation was observed in the following order: gill (35.03 ± 2.50 μg g−1), liver (5.33 ± 0.73 μg g−1) and muscle (2.30 ± 0.20 μg g−1) at 1.146 mg L−1 exposure of ZnO NPs. Hence, the current study indicated that the biogenic ZnO NPs generate toxicity in fishes by modifying the antioxidant defense mechanisms, histomorphology, and oxidative stress encoding genes.

Grape pomace in equine nutrition: effect on antioxidant status

Grape pomace in equine nutrition: effect on antioxidant status

Studies on haematological and histopathological alterations induced by sublethal concentration of fenoxaprop-p-ethyl on freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio

Studies on haematological and histopathological alterations induced by sublethal concentration of fenoxaprop-p-ethyl on freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio

Assessment of biochemical, hematological and behavioral biomarkers of Cyprinus carpio on exposure to a type-II pyrethroid insecticide Alpha-cypermethrin

This study assessed some important physiological biomarkers of freshwater edible fish Cyprinus carpio following exposure to 10 % (T1) and 20 % (T2) sublethal concentrations of Alpha-cypermethrin (A-cyp) over a total period of 45 days. Behavioral responses were noticed and Kaplan-Meier survival curves were prepared during acute toxicity study. Total serum protein concentration, total erythrocyte count, hemoglobin, packed cell volume, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, and total leukocytes count were decreased significantly (p < 0.05), while the blood glucose, total serum lipid concentration, and clotting time were increased significantly (p < 0.05) over control. The most affected fish group and most significantly altered biomarker under toxic stress of A-cyp were identified using integrated biomarker response (IBR). The biomarker response index (BRI) values measured the overall health status of the treated fish and indicated that moderate adverse effects were exerted on the fish group exposed to T2 for 45 days.

​Effect of Probiotic Enterococcus gallinarum N3 Supplemented Feed on Growth Performance of Freshwater Fish Cyprinus carpio

Background: Probiotic is the best solution (Produce antimicrobial compounds, inhibit colonization of pathogenic microorganism, increase digestive ability and confer better health to the host) as an alternative to antibiotics against various microbial infection in freshwater and marine water. The freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio was selected for this research work (due to high growth rate, high protein content, ability to survive under different climatic conditions and its availability throughout the year) to observe the effect of probiotic Enterococcus gallinarum N3 supplemented feed on its growth. Methods: In this present research work Prepared three different concentration of probiotic Enterococcus gallinarum N3 (0.1%. 0.5% and 1.0%) along with basal diet containing other ingredients (fish meal, groundnut oil cake, wheat bran, starch and Vitamin mineral premix). Initially 14 days acclimatized freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio to laboratory condition selected randomly for four treatment groups as Control (C) and probiotic feed treated T1, T2 and T3 group. The experiment was carried out for 42 days with continuous aeration, natural photoperiod of 16 hrs light and 8 hrs dark, maintain temperature constant and fishes fed diet twice daily. The feed ingredients and experimental diets analysed for proximate composition and measured Weight gain, Specific growth rate (SGR), and Feed conversion efficiency (FCE). Result: The proximate composition of the feed was determined as percentage dry matter in which 36.21% protein, 6.8% moisture and 7.8% of lipid. The probiotic feed experiment was conducted for 42 days and entire group of fishes was survived. The effect of probiotic feed on growth performance of Cyprinus carpio was measured as initial weight, final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate and feed conversion efficiency. The growth changes were observed before and after treatment with 0.1%, 0.5% and 1.0% of probiotic E. gallinarum N3 fed to Cyprinus carpio. The final weight (g) and final length (cm) was measured in treatment T1 (3.107 g; 3.32 cm), T2 (3.258 g; 3.40 cm) and T3 (3.413 g; 3.52 cm) respectively as compared with Control group C (2.255 g; 2.98 cm). The percentage weight gain obtained in group T1 (37.78%), T2 (44.45%) and (51.55%) respectively as compared with Control group C (29.54%). Maximum specific growth rate was observed in treatments T1 (0.94 % day-1), T2 (0.99% day-1) and T3 (1.02% day-1) as compared with control group C (0.56% day-1). The results showed better growth performance and feed utilization in all the three treated groups T1, T2 and T3. The best growth performance (final weight, final length, weight gain, specific growth rate and feed conversion efficiency) and feed utilization (moisture, protein and lipid) was observed best in T3 (1 g kg-1) group of fishes as compared to control C group. There was significant difference (P greater than 0.05) in final weight, final length, weight gain, specific growth rate and feed conversion efficiency.

A comparative evaluation of the effects of copper and nickel on the growth of the freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio and amelioration by Pistia stratiotes

The main objectives of this research were to identify if the presence of the aquatic weed Pistia stratiotes in the medium could influence the growth of the fish Cyprinus carpio when chronically exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of Cu (0.05 and 0.1 mg/L) and Ni (0.5 and 1.0 mg/L) in the presence of the weed and to compare between effects of Cu and Ni. Experiments were conducted in cement tanks for 90 days. Accumulation of Cu and Ni in water, sediment, fish and weed was determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer at the end of the experiments. The data were taken as factors to evaluate the interaction between the treatments of metals and weed and their impact on the growth of the fish. Multiple quadratic regression models followed by surface response plots were used to evaluate the interactions and their effects on the growth of C. carpio. The results indicated that the presence of the weed could reduce the accumulation of Cu and Ni in the sediment and fish and thus could ameliorate the ill effects of these metals on the growth of the fish. But there was a difference in growth response between the metals. By using the quadratic polynomial regression model and the surface response plot, it was revealed that Cu produced more deleterious effects on the growth of C. carpio than Ni. The weed interacted better with Cu than Ni, but for both the metals, the weed failed to prevent adverse effects on the growth of fish at a higher concentration of the metals used. The quadratic polynomial regression model followed by the surface response plot is a powerful tool to analyze the interaction between the weed and the treatments of metals and to compare the adverse effects of Cu and Ni on the growth of C. carpio.

Sub-lethal toxicity of alphamethrin on biochemical indices in a freshwater fish, Cyprinus carpio

The focus of the study is to evaluate the effects of a pyrethroid pesticide, alphamethrin on freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio. The LC50 of alphamethrin for 96 h was determined as 6 µg/L. For sub-lethal study, 1/10th (0.6 µg/L-Treatment I) and 1/5th (1.2 µg/L-Treatment II) of 96 h LC50 concentration were exposed to C. carpio for 35 days. At each interval period, biochemical responses such as plasma glucose, protein and muscle glycogen were determined. During the study period, plasma glucose level was significantly increased with decrease in plasma protein in both the treatment groups. The muscle glycogen content in the fishes treated with 0.6 µg/L and 1.2 µg/L of alphamethrin were also observed to decrease significantly. The overall study concludes that alphamethrin at sublethal concentration affects the biochemical indices of Cyprinus carpio. The changes in these biochemical indices can be effectively used to monitor the alphamethrin pesticide in the aquatic environment.

A Comparative Analysis of the Quantity and Quality of Oil Extracted from Five Commercially Important Freshwater Fish Species in Kenya

ABSTRACT This study investigated the quantities and qualities of fish oil extracted from five freshwater fish species, Lates niloticus, Cyprinus carpio, Clarias gariepinus, Protopterus aethiopicus, and Oreochromis niloticus, with the aim of determining their commercial viability in oil exploitation. Fish oil from the various body parts (head, frame, fillet, tail, and body cavity) in all the five fish species was extracted using the conventional method of cooking, pressing, and centrifugation to determine quantitative yield. The extracted oil was then subjected to a composition test (iodine value), hydrolytic degradation test (acid value), and oxidative stability test (peroxide value and p-anisidine value). The general trend in all the species was that the body cavity had the highest yield, except for P. aethiopicus, which yielded more oil from the tail. There was a significant difference in the percentage of oil yields between all the sampled body parts as determined by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA, p < .05). The study concluded that three species (L. niloticus, C. gariepinus, and C. carpio) have the potential for oil exploitation if the body cavity is utilized, while one species, P. aethiopicus, can yield commercially viable oil from both the body cavity and tail.

Acute and sublethal effects of cypermethrin on fresh water fish Cyprinus carpio

Acute and sublethal effects of cypermethrin on fresh water fish Cyprinus carpio

Selection of assay, organism, and approach in biomonitoring significantly affects the evaluation of genotoxic potential in aquatic environments.

In this study, few different evaluation concepts were used for the assessment of genotoxic potential at the stretch of the Danube River identified as a significant hotspot of pollution originated through the untreated wastewaters. Three sites were chosen: one site upstream of the wastewater outlet in Novi Sad (Serbia), one at the outlet of wastewaters, and one site few kilometer downstream. Ex situ approach comprised prokaryotic SOS/umuC test on Salmonella typhimurium TA1535/pSK1005 and comet assay on human hepatoma cell line (HepG2). In situ approach was based on the active monitoring (cage approach) using freshwater mussels Sinanodonta woodiana and fish Cyprinus carpio. The comet and micronucleus assays were selected for evaluation of DNA damage in mussel haemocytes and fish blood cells. Within the ex situ part of the study, our results indicated that the eukaryotic model system is more sensitive compared to the prokaryotic one. In situ bioassays are recommended for obtaining a better insight into ecosystem status and in the case of our study the complete insight of genotoxic pressure. However, the choice of animals as bioindicators also has a significant impact on the quality of the obtained information. Differential response between fish and mussels was observed at the highly polluted site suggesting possible involvement of additional protective mechanism such as valve closure in mussels.

Bioremediation of Copper and Nickel from Freshwater Fish Cyprinus carpio Using Rhiozoplane Bacteria Isolated from Pistia stratiotes

The use of metal hyper-accumulator plants and the bacteria associated with them to remove metals from the environment is an emerging technology to control bioaccumulation of metals in living organisms. In this study, three copper (Cu) and nickel (Ni) resistant bacteria were isolated from roots of the aquatic plant Pistia stratiotes. These strains were identified as Stenotrophomonas maltophilia KUGK115 (S1), Comamonas aquatica KUGK120 (S2) and S. maltophilia KUGK130 (S3) using 16SrDNA sequence analyses. All the strains were found efficient in accumulating a high concentration of Cu and Ni in their cell mass. Two-week experiments were conducted with the freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio with the three bacterial strains and P. stratiotes in different combinations. They revealed that inoculation of fish culture system with a single culture of the strain S3 reduced accumulation of both Cu and Ni in C. carpio more efficiently than the other two strains or a mixture of the three strains. Polynomial regression analyses revealed that bioaccumulation of Cu in C. carpio was further reduced, while bioaccumulation of Ni was increased when the fish rearing system received a culture of S3 along with the plant P. stratiotes. This study reveals that the bacterial strain S3 is more efficient in reducing bioaccumulation of Ni than Cu in C. carpio and roots of P. stratiotes. It is concluded that inoculation of the fish culture system with a pure culture of the rhizoplane bacterial strain Stenotrophomonas maltophilia KUGK130 (S3) can be an efficient management system to control bioaccumulation of Cu and Ni in freshwater fish.

HISTOPATHOLOGYANDLEVELOF BIOACCUMULATION OFSOME HEAVY METALS IN FISH, CARASOBARBUSLUTEUS AND CYPRINUSCARPIOTISSUES CAUGHTFROM TIGRIS RIVER, BAGHDAD

This study was undertaken to detect the histopathology and level of bioaccumulation of lead and cadmium in water and in some freshwater fish (Carasobarbus luteus and Cyprinus carpio) tissues caught from Tigers River. A total of 100 water samples and 100 fish specimens (kidney, gills, liver and muscle) were collected from three sites of Tigris River. These samples were used to detect Pb and Cd via Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry.Results exhibited high concentrations of Pb and Cd in water samples (&gt;0.03 for both metals) and insome organs of the selected fish. It was observed that the levels of Pb and Cd accumulated in most organs (kidneys being most influenced) followed by gills, livers and muscles at three sites. The levels of these heavy metals were much above the maximum acceptable limit recommended by FAO and WHO. Histopathology was also conducted where heavy damages were noticed in both livers and gills in both fish species. The current study present data about increasing pollution in the Tigris River and it approves that it is having strong impact on fish health and on human beings.

Bacillus thuringiensis (serotype 14) crystal toxins shows non-toxic effects on fingerlings freshwater fish cyprinus carpio against the mosquito larvae.

Bacillus thuringiensis (serotype 14) crystal toxins shows non-toxic effects on fingerlings freshwater fish cyprinus carpio against the mosquito larvae.

Comparative study of biochemical, histological and molecular biomarkers of heavy metal contamination in Cyprinus carpio collected from warm-monomictic lake and government culture pond.

The study investigated the metallothionein (MT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) genes expression in freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio dwelling in Warm-monomictic Lake (Dal) and Government culture pond. Oxidative stress induced by heavy metals in the fish body manipulates stress genes expression resulting in the production of scavenger protein (for free metal ions) metallothionein. It interacts with Cu, Cr, Ni and Cd via metal-thiolate bond relieving the metal load from fish body. Maximum fold change was observed in liver, muscle and midgut tissue. Similar rise seen in GPX indicates defence against lipid peroxidation. MT and GPX genes data were compared with beta-actin gene used as an internal control. Limnological studies of both the sites (temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, total dissolved solids, conductivity), were essential to ensure the quality of water in which the dominant species (C. carpio) was thriving, as these fishes are transported for human consumption. Heavy metal concentration (water, tissues, gut content), bioindices, biochemical parameters and histological alterations were studied to observe the impact of elements selected.

Trace elements content in semen and their interactions with sperm quality and RedOx status in freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio: A correlation study

Objective of the present study was to investigate interactions between trace elements content and RedOx status, as well as sperm quality parameters (motility features, DNA fragmentation) in fish spermatozoa in natural conditions. Reproductively mature male freshwater fish (n = 16) of Cyprinus carpio breed were used in the study. Trace elements content was determined in fish milt samples by inductively-coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and by cold-vapor atomic absorption spectroscopy (CV-AAS). Sperm quality evaluation was realized by computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) quantifying several parameters: concentration, total motility, progressive motility, distance average path, distance curved line, distance straight line, velocity average path, velocity curved line, velocity straight line, straightness, linearity, amplitude of lateral head displacement and beat cross frequency. The general scheme of descending concentrations of trace metals in semen samples was following: Zn > Fe > Cu > As > Sr > Ni > Mn > Se > Pb > Cr > Cd > Hg. Total motility of spermatozoa was relatively high (91.45%), however progressive motility was not even half of this value (39.47%). Sperm DNA fragmentation values were relatively low (4.00–6.29%). The percentage of immotile spermatozoa showed a significant correlation with all RedOx status parameters and also with DNA fragmentation. Positive statistically significant correlations were observed between trace elements (Mn, Se, Sr, and Zn) and some qualitative spermatozoa parameters (velocity and distance parameters). Cu and Hg content shows similar negative associations with progressive motility. Hg also interacted with production of malondialdehyde. Overall, the present study suggests application of multi-component mixtures of environmentally related trace elements concentrations when assessing the potential reproductive risk.