Fresh Solution Research Articles

Catalytic supercritical water oxidation of tri-n-butyl phosphate: Process optimization by response surface methodology and cytotoxicity assessment

Catalytic supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) of an organophosphate flame retardant, namely tri-n-butyl phosphate (TNBP) was studied. Firstly, copper oxide nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized in SCW and their properties were characterized by various analyses. Afterwards, their catalytic performance was investigated under different conditions including reaction temperature (400–500 °C), TNBP volume percentage in the feed (1–4%), oxidant ratio (0–2) and reaction time (50–150 min) based on response surface methodology (RSM). The synthesized CuO NPs had an average particle size of 30 nm with a narrow distribution. According to RSM analysis, the reaction temperature and time are the most significant factors; whereas, the impact of the other factors, especially TNBP volume percentage in the feed, was found to be negligible. Overall, excellent performance was achieved under optimal conditions found by the RSM, which was reaction temperature of 500 °C, TNBP volume percentage of 4%, oxidant ratio of 1.5, and reaction time of 90 min. The TOC removal efficiency as an indicator of TNBP degradation was about 99%. Finally, in vitro cell viability assays for the cytotoxicity evaluation of fresh and SCW-treated solution were applied. The results of MTT showed that SCWO converts TNBP into by-product that did not induce any cytotoxicity.

Construction of optical pulses and other solutions to optical fibers in absence of self-phase modulation

This paper investigates the optical solitons to the Biswas–Arshed equation (BAE) with third-order dispersion and self-steepening coefficients that communicate pulse propagation in fiber optics. The equation is considered where self-phase modulation is negligibly small and hence removed. Under different constraint conditions, the extended Fan sub-equation method (EFSEM) is used to derive the different kinds of solutions in the forms of bright, dark, singular, complex and combined solitons. In addition, Jacobi elliptic function (JEF) periodic, hyperbolic-type solutions are secured. This technique is useful for solving NLPDEs because it combines the results of numerous operations to provide previously extracted solutions as well as fresh solutions. While describing the physical representation of particular solutions, we also plot 3D, and 2D graphs by picking appropriate values for the solutions’ related parameters. On the basis of a comparison of our results with well-known ones, the study indicates that our answers are innovative. Nonlinear dynamical behavior of a particular system can be improved and the methodology applied can be shown to be effective by these findings. Engineering modelers will greatly benefit from this study, according to our opinion. Based on the results obtained, the computational method adopted is efficient and direct, as well as succinct and can be applied to complex systems.

Performance evaluation of Ce doped ZnO clad modified fiber optic non-enzymatic glucose sensor at varying ambient temperatures for blood sugar detection applications

In this study, employing glucose solution, we describe a straightforward and unique non-enzymatic clad modified PMMA optic fiber glucose sensor. Intriguingly, Ce doped ZnO w as synthesized by the sol-gel process, and their structural and morphological features were investigated in order to explore their effectiveness as a glucose sensor. This is because numerous unique metal oxides have shown remarkable potential for directly detecting glucose The performance of the linearly aligned optical sensor is evaluated using freshly purchased glucose solution and three-month-old glucose solution in a dark room at two distinct room temperatures (20 °C and 30 °C). Results indicate very good sensitivity, repeatability and selectivity towards Ce doped ZnO coated fiber optic sensor at 30 °C in fresh glucose solution, with sensitivity (%) around 12 %, wherein the detection method involved in this work is chemisorption method, making it suitable for commercialization.

Investigation of C60/NMP and C60/NMP/xylene solutions by absorption spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering

The behavior of intermolecular interactions in fresh and aged solutions of fullerene C60 in neat N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), as well as in NMP/xylene mixed solvents, were studied by the methods of ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering (DLS). It has been experimentally shown that the aging of the C60/NMP solution leads to the disappearance of the characteristic maximum of molecular absorption at ∼330 nm with smoothing, as well as to an increase in the optical absorption intensity. The latter depend on the formation of “C60- NMP”complexes, as well as on the transition of fullerene molecules to the nanocluster state. Increasing the xylene content in the C60/NMP leads to significant changes in charge transfer between solute and solvent (“C60-NMP”, “C60-C60”) at a fixed concentration of fullerene. The latter leads to the reorganization of nanoparticles, which proceeds with the destruction of molecular complexes. In this case, using the DLS method, it was found that the geometric dimensions of the synthesized C60 nanoclusters decrease.

Products of molten corium-metal interaction in chernobyl accident: Composition and leaching of radionuclides

During initial stages of severe nuclear accident at Chernobyl NPP on 26 April 1986 interaction between U-oxide fuel and Zr-cladding has occurred and a corium melt (Zr–U–O) formed in localized part(s) of reactor core. In this paper, we describe the properties of unique set of samples formed during interaction of the corium melt with steel in the core that was expelled from the reactor shaft into reactor premises and subsequently oxidized. These samples primarily consist of Fe–Cr oxides with inclusions of U- and Zr-based oxides. Uranium is heavily oxidized, forming U4O9 and U3O8. Nb/Zr ratio of the inclusions and presence of substantial Ni in the oxide matrix permitted us to identify precursor materials of the studied samples. The studied material was formed in two principal stages: interaction of liquefied fuel with Zr from walls of technological channels and/or guide rod, and subsequent reaction with steel parts located in a very well-defined part of the core – the bottom part of the guide rod and/or graphite/guide rod socket on the reactor base plate. The differences in texture between the samples are ascribed to a cooling regime and substrate on which the ejected melts were cooled. Submicron particles of fission products (Pd, Ru, Tc, etc.), very rare for Chernobyl samples, are scattered within the Fe–Cr oxide matrix. Their preservation was the result of highly oxidative conditions. Leaching of 137Cs and Am in hot aqueous fresh and saline solutions was studied. High leach rates of these nuclides is ascribed to highly oxidized state of U-containing phases. Results of the current study are compared with experiments on molten corium – vessel steel interaction and provide new details on progression of the Chernobyl NPP core destruction shortly before and during the explosion.

Competitive Behavior of Isotactic Polybutene-1 Polymorphs in Electrospun Membranes and Solution Cast Films via Cold Crystallization

Isotactic polybutene-1 (iPB-1) generally crystallizes into metastable form II upon non-isothermal crystallization from the melt. The inevitable and prolonged transition of this form to form I is a drawback of numerous iPB-1 applications. In this study, electrospun (e-spun) membranes and solution cast films were prepared from the same solution, but they exhibited different crystalline behaviors. The fresh e-spun and solution cast samples contained hexagonal form I/I′ and tetragonal II, but the former was dominant in the e-spun samples. This finding was attributed to the stress-induced crystallization during electrospinning. The e-spun blend membrane of iPB-1/isotactic polypropylene (iPP) (75/25) was investigated via time-based heating-cooling protocols to obtain a stable form I′ exclusively. Upon annealing the findings revealed a distinct amount of form I′ for the e-spun blend at a quenching value of −25 °C, wherein metastable form II was suppressed entirely. The results indicate that form I′ generation in both types of samples is characterized by a confined nucleation mechanism, but in e-spun iPB-1/iPP membranes, the malleable structure favors the thermodynamics characteristics of form I′ upon heating which also reinforces the transition kinetics. The amount of form I′ was found to be directly proportional to the heating time at 185 °C, whereas it was inversely proportional to the quenching and crystallization temperatures.

The application YAG:Ce3+@SiO2 phosphor for improving color deviation of phosphor-converted light-emitting diode

The yellow phosphor Y<sub>3</sub>Al<sub>5</sub>O<sub>12</sub>:Ce<sup>3+ </sup>(YAG:Ce<sup>3+</sup>), which sees its most popular use in <span>white light-emitting diode (</span>wLEDs), possess an optical spectrum that lacks the red element. The following article will propose a fresh solution for this problem, which involves adjusting the properties of Ce<sup>3+ </sup>spectrum by using exterior dye particles of ATTO-Rho101, possessing dramatic, wide absorption within the zone of green-yellow spectrum of Ce<sup>3+</sup> emission and significant release of the red element. The globular YAG:Ce<sup>3+</sup>, which is micrometer and nanometer in size with significant dispersion (micro/nano-YAG:Ce<sup>3+</sup>) was created by employing an altered solvothermal technique. The YAG:Ce<sup>3+</sup> produced by said technique, along with the heated micro-YAG:Ce<sup>3+</sup> and commercial phosphors, were exteriorly covered with SiO<sub>2</sub> and immersed in dye at the same time. Effective radiant transmission/reabsorption from Ce<sup>3+</sup> within the YAG’s internal bowel to the dye particles of the exterior hull of SiO<sub>2</sub>, regardless of the phosphors’ size, was displayed in the YAG: Ce<sup>3+</sup>@SiO<sub>2</sub>+ dye powder amassed over the stimulation of the light of blue, which boosted the red element of it. The fluorescent microscope was considered an effective device intended for detecting the reabsorption event in grinded substances.

A sustainable approach for cotton bioscouring: reuse of the pectate lyasecontaining treatment bath.

Enzymatic scouring of cotton has established itself (slowly) as a green alternative to alkaline scouring in the textile industry, mostly due to more environmentally friendly processing at lower pH and temperatures and its less aggressive action on the cotton fibers. However, among other limitations, enzyme costs have contributed to impeding its wide acceptance and use. For the first time, in this study, the recycling of the bioscouring bath was evaluated, unlike most current bioscouring that is performed using fresh enzyme solution. Bioscouring of raw knitted cotton fabric was carried out for 30min with a commercial pectinase (BioPrep® 3000L) at 55°C and pH 8.5. About 89% of the recovered pectate lyase-containing scouring bath was completed with 11% of fresh enzyme solution and reused in a new bioscouring process under the same conditions. Up to ten reuse cycles were possible maintaining the level of pectin removal and without significant loss in quality of subsequent dyeing. A detailed analysis of the pretreated fabrics is presented. Reusing the scouring bath, reducing the intensive consumption of input materials (enzyme, water, and chemicals) and wastewater generation can be possible, making bioscouring a more attractive and sustainable technique. The process demonstrated is promising and its industrial application is feasible.

Stable Dried Catalase Particles Prepared by Electrospraying.

Therapeutic proteins and peptides are clinically important, offering potency while reducing the potential for off-target effects. Research interest in developing therapeutic polypeptides has grown significantly during the last four decades. However, despite the growing research effort, maintaining the stability of polypeptides throughout their life cycle remains a challenge. Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) techniques have been widely explored for encapsulation and delivery of many biopharmaceuticals. In this work, we explored monoaxial electrospraying for encapsulation of bovine liver catalase, investigating the effects of the different components of the electrospraying solution on the integrity and bioactivity of the enzyme. The catalase was successfully encapsulated within polymeric particles made of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), dextran, and polysucrose. The polysorbate 20 content within the electrospraying solution (50 mM citrate buffer, pH 5.4) affected the catalase loading—increasing the polysorbate 20 concentration to 500 μg/mL resulted in full protein encapsulation but did not prevent loss in activity. The addition of ethanol (20% v/v) to a fully aqueous solution improves the electrospraying process by reducing surface tension, without loss of catalase activity. The polymer type was shown to have the greatest impact on preserving catalase activity within the electrosprayed particles. When PVP was the carrier there was no loss in activity compared with fresh aqueous solutions of catalase. The optimum particles were obtained from a 20% w/v PVP or 30% w/v PVP-trehalose (1:1 w/w) solution. The addition of trehalose confers stability advantages to the catalase particles. When trehalose-PVP particles were stored at 5 °C, enzymatic activity was maintained over 3 months, whereas for the PVP-only analogue a 50% reduction in activity was seen. This demonstrates that processing catalase by monoaxial electrospraying can, under optimised conditions, result in stable polymeric particles with no loss of activity.

Effects of Different Forms of Tagetes erecta Biofumigation on the Growth of Apple Seedlings and Replanted Soil Microbial Environment

Apple replant disease (ARD) is a common soil disease that occurs in apple-growing areas around the world, causing root tip rot and necrosis, plant growth retardation and even plant death. Biofumigation is a promising strategy for controlling ARD due to its advantages of convenient application and being environmentally friendly. Tagetes erecta is an effective biological fumigant, but its effect on ARD is unclear. In the present study, we used Malus hupehensis Rehd. seedlings as the test material to detect the mitigating effects of different forms of T. erecta: air-dried sample (DS), fresh samples (FS) and fresh sample infusion solution (IS) on ARD. The effects of different forms of T. erecta on the growth of apple seedlings, leaf photosynthesis, root antioxidant enzyme, soil enzymatic activity and microbial environment were investigated. Compared with the CK treatments, DS, FS, and IS treatments all significantly increased the biomass of apple seedlings and promoted root growth under replanting conditions. Among them, DS showed the best results. The activity of antioxidant enzyme including superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase were significantly increased in roots grown in soils treated with T. erecta. Moreover, T. erecta treatment also increased the activity of soil urease, phosphatase, sucrase and catalase enzyme, significantly altered the abundance of soil fungal communities and, in particular, reduced the abundance of Fusarium oxysporum, the main causal fungus of ARD. Therefore, our results suggest that biofumigation of different forms of T. erecta enhanced the resistance of ARD by regulating root reactive oxygen levels and improving the soil fungal communities.

HEMOGLOBIN ESTIMATION BY USING COPPER SULPHATE METHOD

The use of the copper sulphate method is based on the idea that when a drop of whole blood is allowed to fall into a solution of copper sulphate, an insoluble copper proteinate is created. Depending on how this one drop of blood behaves in the solution, the donor's blood will either be rejected or accepted. This procedure of Hemoglobin Estimation holds a great relevance in blood banks as it is cheap and gives fast result.
 Purpose: Hemoglobin estimation is done for every donor who presents himself / herself for blood donation to select healthy blood donors.
 Scope: Selection of healthy blood donors provides better post transfusion hemoglobin increment resulting in better oxygen carrying capacity as well as prevents donor to be anemic after donation
 Responsibility: i. Check the quantity of copper sulfate stock solution every day at 5:00 pm, if stock is insufficient; prepare stock solution for next day. Preparation of fresh copper sulfate working solution every day in the morning.ii. Standardization of copper sulfate solution iii. Take 50 ml of solution and change after performing 20 –25 tests.iv. Dispose used solution as biohazardous material because of blood in the container.v. In case of doubtful result confirm by automated sysmex-1000 prior to accepting or deferring the donor.Responsible person: Designated technician and / or Nursing staff.

Investigating Aluminum Tri-Hydroxide Production from Sodium Aluminate Solutions in the Pedersen Process

This study investigates applying the principles of the long-discontinued Pedersen process as a possible route for producing metallurgical grade alumina from low-grade and secondary feed materials. The investigation focused on the hydrometallurgical steps in the process, namely leaching, desilication, and precipitation, and adapting it to valorize bauxite residue. The test material used was a calcium–aluminate slag made by the smelting-reduction of a mixture of bauxite residue (dewatered red mud) and a calcium-rich bauxite beneficiation by-product. Samples of the slag were leached in a 1 L jacketed glass reactor with Na2CO3 solution, varying Na2CO3 concentration and leaching time. Additionally, different approaches to leaching involving mechanical treatment of the leached slag and re-leaching using either fresh or recycled solution were also explored. The desilication step was carried out by treating the leachate solution with powdered CaO, varying the amounts of CaO used. Finally, the desilicated leach solution was sparged with a CO2 gas mixture, after which the precipitate was allowed to age in the solution. The carbonation and aging temperatures and times were varied. As much as 67% of the Al was leached from the slag. The desilication process successfully removed 88% of the Si. The precipitation process produced a product composed mostly of bayerite [Al(OH)3], but some tests had considerable amounts of the unwanted phase dawsonite [NaAlCO3(OH)2]. The results indicated that the highest Al recovery was obtained using low concentrations of Na2CO3 solutions, and aluminum tri hydroxide is formed from these solutions at low temperatures at a fast rate compared to higher solution concentrations and temperatures.

Nanocarbon Based Chemiresistive Detection of Monochloramine in Water

The use of chloramine as a disinfectant in water treatment plants is becoming popular due to its lower reactivity and higher stability than free chlorine.1–3 Chloramines are produced by the reaction of free chlorine (HOCl, OCl-) with nitrogen compounds to form monochloramine (NH2Cl), dichloramine (NHCl2) or nitrogen trichloride (NCl3), depending on pH and N/Cl ratio.4 Dichloramine and nitrogen trichloride tend to create odour and taste problems in drinking water. Thus, only monochloramine is preferred for disinfection. Typically, 0.5-2 mg/L of monochloramine is maintained in the water distribution system.5 Maintaining the concentration level of monochloramine is crucial to prevent pathogen growth in the drinking water. Currently, there is no direct method to measure chloramine. However, U.S. EPA-approved amperometric titration and colorimetric methods are available which can be used to measure total and free chlorine in aqueous media.2 An amperometric titration method (SM 4500-Cl D) is capable of distinguishing 3 common forms of chlorine: Cl2 / HOCl / OCl-, NH2Cl, and NHCl2. However, it fails at concentrations greater than 2 mg/L (as Cl2).2,3 Even though this method is not affected by common oxidizing agents, temperature changes, turbidity, and colour, it does require a greater degree of skill. Operationally simpler, N,N-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine (DPD) methods (ferrous and colorimetric) are used to measure free and total chlorine and then their subtraction gives the concentration of monochloramine, assuming no NHCl2 and NCl3 are present. DPD methods are subjected to interferences like copper, manganese (oxidized), iodide and chromate.6 Additionally, the DPD method is not suitable for continuous monitoring of monochloramine which is essential in water distribution plants to maintain the appropriate concentration of disinfectant.2,3,7 Here we demonstrate a chemiresistive sensor array for the continuous monitoring of chloramine in the water. Chemiresistive sensors are cheap, robust and use low power. These sensors detect an analyte through changes in the electronic properties of the transducing element. A nanocarbon network was airbrushed onto the frosted side of a microscope glass slide as the transducing element between two pencil trace contact patches. Copper tapes were placed on top of the pencil patches and then covered with a dielectric. 10 mV voltage was applied for the measurements, and the changes in resistance were measured as the analyte interacted with the transducing element. The surface of the nanocarbon network is functionalized with suitable dopant molecules by submerging the sensor in the molecule solution. This array of molecules will be able to capture the parameters to be able to classify the type of chloramine present in water. Fresh chloramine solution is prepared before each experiment by adding NH4Cl and NaOCl in Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS). Sensor responses are recorded as positive current change with increasing concentrations of monochloramine. Here the hole density of the inherently p-doped substrate increases when exposed to monochloramine, and thereby resulting in increasing current. Sensors can be reset with ascorbic acid or water. Sensors were tested with 0.054 ppm to 1.437 ppm of monochloramine in pH 7.5 and 8.5. Functionalized sensor devices showed a considerably higher response than the unfunctionalized ones. The tap water sample was tested with the calibrated devices. We have therefore demonstrated a robust sensor array capable of continuously monitoring chloramine in aqueous media.

What I Learned from Our Town

Abstract In 2018 the author received an unexpected Facebook message from former cast members of his 1988 production of Our Town, celebrating the thirtieth anniversary of their production. The author was moved but also wondered about the educational dynamics of Thornton Wilder’s play, as well as how his directorial methods reflect his pedagogical beliefs. In 1988, it was fifty years since the first performance of Our Town in 1938; in what ways had the play, as well as America itself, changed over those years? Was Wilder’s iconic play still relevant? Could it stand up to such scrutiny? In this article, the author describes that his goal, inspired by Peter Brook, was to enhance the play’s immediacy, not alter it. The author's artistic process resulted in changing the play’s setting from the 1910s to the 1950s. The author used dramaturgical and improvisational techniques to explore the world of the play and find fresh solutions. Did the play hold up to such treatment? This article shows that Wilder proved as much teacher as playwright.

Self-Strained Platinum Clusters with Finite Size: High-Performance Catalysts with CO Tolerance for PEMFCs.

Strained platinum-based materials with high performance have been regarded as the most promising electrocatalysts for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) recently. Herein, self-strained platinum clusters with finite size (about 1 nm) are prepared by a combining liquid- and solid-phase UV irradiation cycle strategy. It started with a fresh H2PtCl6 solution irradiated by UV light and then mixed with a graphitized carbon, followed by the dried mixture being subjected to UV light to generate monodispersed Pt clusters on the carbon surface. The obtained platinum clusters feature narrower size distribution and higher loading on carbon, exhibiting significantly improved activity and durability, much higher than that of the-state-of-art commercial Pt/C for the oxygen reduction reaction. More importantly, the self-strained Pt clusters display a surprising CO tolerance, which can be attributed to the unique adaptive lattice compressive strain that triggers an electron enrichment phenomenon for the Pt clusters. Therefore, this stepwise UV irradiation method solves the long-standing problem of both wide size distribution and low loading of metal clusters fabricated by one-step photochemical reduction, providing a potential route for the synthesis of other metal clusters with strained structures.

Multifunctional upconversion nanoparticles based LRET aptasensor for specific detection of As(III) in aquatic products

The arsenic contamination of aquatic food has emerged as a serious concern in recent years due to its hazardous effect on human health. Herein, the multifunctional Fe3O4 @NaGdF4:Yb: Er (Fe@UCNPs) with fluorescent and magnetic dual properties were fabricated and subsequently applied to construct a platform for detecting the arsenic (As(III)). A luminescence resonance energy transfer (LRET) biosensor was developed with the aptamer-modified magnetized upconversion nanoparticles (Fe@UCNPs) as the donor and tetramethylrhodamine (TAMRA) as the acceptor. Most importantly, Fe@UCNPs revealed highly integrated magnetic and fluorescence properties, thus, allowing the enrichment of targets in the fresh solution by magnetic separation, and avoiding the interference from the detection environment, along with enabling the signal accumulation and amplification. Moreover, the sensor was successfully used for the sensing analysis of As(III) in real samples (fish and shrimp), demonstrating that the biosensor to be a sensitive and specific quantitative platform for arsenic monitoring.

Experimental study on the imbibition mechanism of the Winsor type Ⅰ surfactant system with ultra-low IFT in oil-wet shale oil reservoirs by NMR

Surfactants enhanced spontaneous imbibition is an effective method to improve the oil recovery of shale reservoirs. The popular perspective believes that the wettability alteration and the capillary force are the primary mechanisms. Thus a water-wet condition and a relatively high interfacial tension (IFT) are required. However, in this work, we found that the Winsor type I surfactant solution with ultra-low IFT performed better than other relatively higher-IFT solutions with the capillary effect in oil-wet shale reservoirs. The contact angle, spontaneous imbibition recovery and phase behavior of the Winsor type I surfactant solutions were measured and compared with the solutions with relatively high IFT, including water, nonionic, and anionic surfactant solutions. The results demonstrated that anionic surfactants and Winsor type I surfactant solutions could alter the wettability to a water-wet condition, while the nonionic surfactants could only change to an intermediate-wet state. Both the anionic surfactants and Winsor type I surfactant solutions could displace the oil from micropores and mesopores. Still, the Winsor type I surfactant solutions with ultra-low IFT showed a better performance than the anionic surfactants with relatively high IFT. The interfacial micrographs of the Winsor type I surfactant solutions in contact with the oil phase manifested that the Winsor type I surfactant solutions changed the recovery patterns from two-phase flow driven by capillary force to the migration of microemulsions and emulsions driven by diffusion and gravity. The over-equilibrium Winsor type Ⅲ microemulsions and emulsions are rapidly formed near the oil-water interface. After that, the over-equilibrium Winsor type Ⅲ microemulsions are gradually diluted to Winsor type Ⅰ microemulsions and dissolved in a fresh surfactant solution. At the same time, the emulsions diffuse firstly, then coalesce and migrate out of the pore mediums driven by buoyancy. The water-wet condition and capillary force are not significant for this flow pattern, thus the Winsor type I surfactant solutions with ultra-low IFT are especially effective in recovering the oil of oil-wet micropores and mesopores. This work provides a new way of exploiting the oil in organic matter pores that can barely change to water-wet conditions.

Reuse of KOH Solutions during Black Ripe Olive Processing, Effect on the Quality of the Final Product and Valorization of Wastewaters as Possible Fertilizer Product.

A high volume of water is needed to produce black ripe olives, which also entails a significant volume of wastewater with a high organic and inorganic contaminant charge. To reduce this problem, the reuse of KOH solutions (lyes) in a new process was studied. Once the lyes were removed from the tanks, KOH was then added for a new darkening process. Reusing the lyes up to four times gave rise to a product with similar physico–chemical and organoleptic characteristics as obtained with fresh solutions. The application of this process reduced coadjutant consumption by 32% and water by 20%, while global wastewater presented a high K content whose concentration could be valorized as a fertilizer by replacing commercial potassium nitrate.

Bulky Thiolate-Protected Silver Nanocluster Ag 213 (Adm-S) 44 Cl 33 with Excellent Electrocatalytic Performance toward Oxygen Reduction

Bulky Thiolate-Protected Silver Nanocluster Ag ₂₁₃ (Adm-S) ₄₄ Cl ₃₃ with Excellent Electrocatalytic Performance toward Oxygen Reduction

Erratum: A TNBS-Induced Rodent Model to Study the Pathogenic Role of Mechanical Stress in Crohn's Disease.

An erratum was issued for:A TNBS-Induced Rodent Model to Study the Pathogenic Role of Mechanical Stress in Crohn's Disease. The Introduction and Protocol were updated. The first sentence of the Introduction was updated from: Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) such as Crohn's disease (CD) are chronic inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract affecting approximately 20 per 1,00,000 in Europe and USA. CD is characterized by transmural inflammation, intestinal fibrosis, and luminal stenosis. to: Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) such as Crohn's disease (CD) are chronic inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract affecting approximately 20 per 1,000,000 in Europe and USA. CD is characterized by transmural inflammation, intestinal fibrosis, and luminal stenosis. Step 1.3 in the Protocol was updated from: Prepare fresh TNBS solution according to body weights. NOTE: TNBS - 65 mg/kg of body weight in 250 µL of 40% ethanol was used. to: Prepare fresh TNBS solution according to body weights. NOTE: TNBS - 65 mg/kg of body weight in 250 µL of 40% ethanol/saline was used.