Fresh Leaf Extract Research Articles

Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Attenuating Intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species Activities of Nicotiana tabacum var. Virginia Leaf Extract Phytosomes and Shape Memory Gel Formulation.

Oxidative stress is one of the major causes of skin aging. In this study, the shape memory gels containing phytosomes were developed as a delivery system for Nicotiana tabacum var. Virginia fresh (VFL) and dry (VDL) leaf extracts. The extracts were loaded in the phytosomes by a solvent displacement method. The physical and chemical characteristics and stability of phytosomes were evaluated by dynamic light scattering and phytochemistry, respectively. The in vitro antioxidant activity and intracellular reactive oxygen species reduction of phytosomes and/or extracts were investigated by the DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays, FRAP assay, and DCFH-DA fluorescent probe. The cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory activity of VDL and VFL phytosomes were studied by an MTT and a nitric oxide assay, respectively. Here, we first reported the total phenolic content in the dry leaf extract of N. tabacum var. Virginia was significantly greater than that of the fresh leaf extract. The HPLC analysis results revealed that VDL and VFL extracts contained 4.94 ± 0.04 and 3.13 ± 0.01 µg/mL of chlorogenic acid and 0.89 ± 0.00 and 0.24 ± 0.00 µg/mL of rutin, respectively. The phytosomes of the VDL and VFL extracts displayed stable size, polydispersity index, zeta potential values, and good chemical stability. VDL and VDL phytosomes showed higher phenolic and flavonoid contents which showed stronger DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging effects and reduced the intracellular ROS. The results suggested that the phenolic compounds are the main factor in their antioxidant activity. Both VDL and VFL phytosomes inhibited nitric oxide production induced by LPS, suggesting the anti-inflammatory activity of the phytosomes. The shape memory gel containing VDL and VFL phytosomes had good physical stability in terms of pH and viscosity. The VDL and VFL phytosomes dispersed in the shape memory gels can be considered as a promising therapeutic delivery system for protecting the skin from oxidation and reactive oxygen species.

Phytochemical Analysis and Anthelmintic Activity of Phyllanthus Emblica Linn

Phyllanthus emblica is a deciduous shrub used in the Ayurvedic medicinesystem and has been reported to boost defense against ailments. The different parts of these plants are used to manage a large number of health conditions such as liver disease, heart disease, ulcers, anemia, humanoids, and other diseases. The ethanolic leaf extract of Phyllanthus emblica was evaluatedfor its anthelmintic activity against the Pheretima posthuman(Indian adult earthworm).The fresh leafextract of thesewith different concentrations (30 mg/ml, 60 mg/ml, and, 100 mg/ml) was tested in invitro, to investigate the paralysis and death times of worms.The ethanolic extract showed concentration-dependent anthelmintic activity at all doses. Normal saline served as the control group while albendazole (20 mg/ml) served as the reference medication. The Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Phyllanthus emblica was found to possess vermifuge (paralysis) and vermicidal (death) activity at all dose levels.

Power of recycling waste cooking oil into biodiesel via green CaO-based eggshells/Ag heterogeneous nanocatalyst

The depletion of crude oil sources and a growing understanding of the adverse environmental effects of using fossil fuels promoted the development of alternative techniques to convert waste biomass into biofuels. Considering ecological safety and economic challenges, this work investigates the catalytic transesterification of waste cooking oil (WCO) for biodiesel production as a substitute for fossil fuels. Chicken eggshells were calcined at 900 °C to form CaO nanoparticles (NPs) and impregnated with Ag NPs solution prepared from fresh fenugreek leaf extract. Several characterization methods characterized the catalyst: FTIR, TEM, SEM, XRD, and zeta-potential/particle sizer, confirming the composite's spherical shape and mesoporous structure. The optimal transesterification conditions were achieved by performing batch reaction experiments. The biodiesel product was analyzed, and its fuel features (density and acid number, kinematic viscosity, cloud, and flash points) were determined and compared to standards. Confirmatory techniques (GC-FID, FTIR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR) were also used to confirm the conversion of WCO into biodiesel. This study revealed the transformation of WCO into biodiesel with acceptable fuel features depending on the CaO/Ag catalyst's effectiveness as an excellent, safe commercial catalyst by its three times reusability with 90% biodiesel yield, ease of recovery, and cheap cost fabrication.

Analysis of phytochemical composition of a leaf extract of sacred fig (Ficus religiosa L.) by UPLC-QqQ-MS and assessment of its hepatocurative potential in mouse model

• UPLC-QqQ-MS was used to analyse the phytochemicals in leaf extract of F. religiosa • Phytochemicals in the leaf extract were identified, confirmed and quantified • Major phytochemicals were found to be polyphenolics • Leaf extract exerts antioxidant-mediated revival of hepatotoxicity • Leaf extract improved the structure and organization of hepatocytes In view of their remarkable pharmacological properties and bioactivities Ficus sp. are used in traditional medicines. Ficus religiosa is richly endowed with ethnobotanical values and it is a promising entity in various medicinal formulations; however, comprehensive phytochemical identification and quantification of F. religiosa using Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-QqQ-MS) has not yet been attempted. In the present study, the aqueous dry leaf extract of F. religiosa was tested to identify, confirm, and quantify the phytochemicals using UPLC-QqQ-MS. Besides, the antioxidant-mediated hepatoprotective potential of the leaf extract was demonstrated in the mouse model. In preliminary phytochemical screening, the dry leaf extract showed superior antioxidant activity and increased total phenolic content compared to the fresh leaf extract (61.37±1.90 mg GAE/g vs. 46.5±1.04 mg GAE/g). In UPLC-QqQ-MS analysis, dry leaf extract revealed the presence of catechin, rutin, gentisic acid, quinic acid, protocatechuic acid, and other phenolic compounds, which were proved to be excellent antioxidants. The results of in vivo study revealed that dry leaf extract decreased the levels of ALT, AST, ALP, MDA, LDH, bilirubin, urea, and creatinine, and increased the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants (CAT, GST, GPx, and GSH) in mice. In addition, liver histopathology, produced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 ) treatment, showed promising recovery in dry leaf extract-treated mice. We conclude from this study that the dry leaf extract of F. religiosa possesses several polyphenols that would potentially reverse the hepatotoxicity caused in the mouse model.

Total Phenol and Total Flavonoid of Graded Fractination Fresh and Dried Muntingia calabura Extract: A Sustainable Immunomodulator Bioagent for Functional Health Drink

This study aims to determine the total phenol and flavonoid content of fresh cherry leaf extract and dried cherry leaf extract using the stratified maceration extraction method. The approach used in this research is quantitative. The samples in this study were fresh cherry leaves and dried cherry leaves obtained from Somba, Sendana District, Majene Regency, West Sulawesi. The research data were analyzed using the formula for calculating the total compound content. The results of determining the total phenol content of fresh cherry leaf extract and dried cherry leaf extract obtained a wavelength of 600 nm with levels for fresh cherry leaf extract of 303.2 mg GAE/g sample and for dry cherry leaf extract of 320.5 mg GAE/g sample while the content of The total flavonoids of fresh cherry leaf extract and dried cherry leaf extract obtained a wavelength of 415 with levels for fresh cherry leaf extract of 940.6 mg QE/g sample and for dry cherry leaf extract of 987.7 mg QE/g sample. The total content of phenol and flavonoid using the multilevel maceration method in dried cherry leaves was greater than that of fresh cherry leaves (Muntingia calabura)

Untargeted metabolomic profiling of fresh and dried leaf extracts of young and mature Eucalyptus globulus trees indicates differences in the presence of specialized metabolites.

Aqueous extracts from Eucalyptus globulus leaves contain a wide variety of specialized metabolites, mainly polyphenols and appreciable amounts of volatile compounds, which are responsible for their diverse biological activities, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, and allelopathic features. For this reason, several studies have been conducted to explore the composition of E. globulus leaf extracts for multiple therapeutic and commercial applications. However, so far, the available bibliographic reports only refer to the chemical composition of extracts prepared with leaves from mature trees, leaving much to clarify about the composition of juvenile eucalyptus leaf extracts. Furthermore, there is no consensus regarding the type of leaves, fresh or dried ones, to be used in the extraction procedure, considering the highest recovery of biologically active compounds. In this sense, this study aimed to characterize the chemical composition of aqueous extracts prepared with fresh and dried leaves from young and mature E. globulus trees. For this, leaf biomass from young and mature E. globulus trees was collected in three distinct places from a forest area, and after oven-drying a portion of the leaves, an extraction in hot water was carried out, followed by GC-MS and HPLC-MS/MS analyses. The results revealed that the maturity of eucalyptus trees and biomass drying significantly influenced the volatile and non-volatile composition of the aqueous extracts. Accordingly, while fresh leaf extracts of young trees had great levels of hydrolysable tannins, extracts prepared with fresh leaves from mature trees presented a wide range of terpenes. When dried leaf material was used, extracts had notorious contents of amino acids derivatives, C13 norisoprenoids, fatty and other organic acids. Overall, this study showed, for the first time, that plant maturity (young vs mature) and pre-processing (fresh vs dried) of foliar biomass of E. globulus trees need to be considered in the preparation of leaf aqueous extracts depending on the desired purposes, since major changes in what regards biologically active compounds were found.

Neuroprotective potential of ocimum sanctum (Linn) leaf extract in preventing and attenuating stress induced substantia nigral neuronal damage in rats

BackgroundIn Ayurveda; an Indian system of traditional medicine, Ocimum sanctum is said to have remedial effect on hriddaurbalya (problems affecting the mind), aakshepayukta vikara (nervous disorders) and shiroroga (diseases of head). Hence, in Ayurvedic practice, it is profoundly used as an antistress medicine. Stress is known to affect neurons of functionally significant brain regions like substantia nigra. However, experimental evidence showing its effect on morphology of substantia nigral neurons is lacking. In addition, whether the O. sanctum treatment attenuates stress induced substantia nigral neuronal structural changes is not known. ObjectivesTo know the effect of stress on morphology of substantia nigral neurons and the effect of O. sanctum fresh leaf extract (OSE) on substantia nigral neurons of stressed rats. Material and methodsPresent study included three experiments. Experiment I: To study the effect of 3 and 6 weeks of foot shock stress in rats; Experiment II- To study the effect of 3 weeks of OSE treatment on 3 week-stress undergoing rats and on 3 week-stressed rats; Experiment III- To study the effect of 6 weeks of OSE treatment in 6 week-stress undergoing rats and in 6 week-stressed rats. ResultsIn experiment I, stress had significant deleterious effect on dendritic arborization of substantia nigral neurons. Experiments II and III showed prevention and attenuation of the stress induced dendritic atrophy of substantia nigral neurons in both 2 ml and 4 ml OSE treatment groups. Protective effect of OSE was more pronounced in rats which are treated for a longer duration. ConclusionsFoot shock stress induces neuronal damage in the substantia nigra of rats. Treatment with fresh leaf extract of O. sanctum could prevent and attenuate the foot shock stress induced behavioral deficit and substantia nigral neuronal damage.

Green synthesis of metronidazole or clindamycin-loaded hexagonal zinc oxide nanoparticles from Ziziphus extracts and its antibacterial activity

Green chemistry has become a fruitful approach for the synthesis of semiconductors and nanoparticles with various applications. Herein, we synthesized ZnO hexagonal nanoparticles (HNPs) by green precipitation method using fresh local Ziziphus leaf extract (Rhamnaceae) with a heating range of 60–80 in an alkaline medium. It was calcinated on a furnace at 500 °C for 2 h. to get a very fine and homogeneous pale-yellow powder which is then loaded with either metronidazole or clindamycin. The physical characterizations of the particles’ morphology, size, and purity were measured using the Scanning electron microscope, UV-spectroscopy, and the Fourier transform infrared spectroscope. The size of ZnO nanoparticles (44.63 nm) was measured using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the mean crystal size of the precursor (17.37 nm) was measured using X-ray diffraction methods (XRD). The antibacterial activity of these particles was measured against Staphylococcus aureus bacterial strains and analyzed using a “well-diffusion technique” which revealed that metronidazole or clindamycin-containing ZnO nanoparticles showed good bactericidal activity. Keywords

Comparative study of the anti-diabetic activity of insulin plant and cherry tree fresh leaf extracts in Albino Mice

Herbal medicine has become one of the considered alternatives in curing many diseases, including diabetes mellitus. It was found that Insulin Plant (Costus pictus) and Cherry Tree (Muntingia calabura) contain compounds that can help in treating diabetes. This study aims to investigate and compare the anti-diabetic activity of fresh leaf extracts of the Insulin plant […]

Evaluation of safety of aqueous extract of Tapinanthus sessillifolius parasitic on Psidium guava

This article was initially uploaded to AJOL with the incorrect authors, the AJOL site and PDF have been amended and information displayed is accurate. 
 Plants products have been a source of food and medicines since antiquity. Tapinanthus sessillifolius commonly known as African mistletoe is used in lifestyle preventive medicine to enhance wellbeing and for treatment of various diseases. The heavy metals, macro elements were determined using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer and some physico-chemicals were also evaluated for consistency of the extract. The acute and subchronic toxicity studies of aqueous fresh leaf extract of Tapinanthus sessillifolius was evaluated in albino mice and rats. This is to determine its safety profile by evaluating its effects on feed and water intake, body weight, relative organ weight and changes in some biochemical parameters after 21 days daily oral administration to rats. The results, estimated LD50 to be greater than 2000 mg/kg/bw. The extracts had no adverse effect on the efficiency of food and water consumption. Relative organ weight and the biochemical parameters tested were not significantly different p<0.05 when compared to untreated animals. This was supported by histopathological studies of the organs where no adverse lesions were observed on tissues. However, there were lymphatic aggregates infiltration in one of the lungs rat treated with 800mg/kg. The toxic heavy metals, lead, cadmium and arsenic were not detected while moisture and ash were 7.09 % and 16.2% respectively falling within the permissible limit of WHO and RDA. Repeated oral administration of fresh leaf extract of Tapinanthus sessillifolius is relatively safe.

Evaluation of Phytochemical and Antibacterial Potential of Vernonia amygdalina and Elaeis guineensis on Some Bacteria Associated with Diarrhea

Background: Bitter leaf and palm oil combination in treating diarrhoea is common in Africa. The aim of this study is to determine the synergistic and antimicrobial potential of Vernonia amygdalina and Elaeis guineensis on bacteria isolates from diarrheic stool.
 Methodology: One hundred and fifty (150) diarrheic stool samples from the Diagnostic Laboratory in Rivers State University Teaching Hospital (RSUTH), Port Harcourt, were inoculated in Selenite F broth, MacConkey, Nutrient and Salmonella-Shigella agar plates using standard methods. Fresh and dry bitter leaf extracts were prepared by mashing, weighing and dissolving 100 grams(g) and 150 g concentrations of each in 100 milliliters(mls) of ethanol and sterile distilled water respectively. Undiluted mixture of bitter leaf and palm oil were prepared by mixing 2 mls of each in a sterile beaker. Zero-point one milliliter (0.1ml) of each undiluted extract, their mixture, ethanol and palm oil were separately dispensed into appropriately labeled wells using sterile pipette for sensitivity test on the isolated bacteria. The pH, temperatures and the phytochemical contents of the bitter extracts and palm oil were determined using pH meter, thermometer and spectrophotometric method.
 Results: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella sp. were isolated. The pH and temperature of bitter leaf extract and palm oil were 7.2 and 26⁰C and 6.7 and 26⁰C respectively while the pH and temperature for bitter leaf and the palm oil mixture was 6.9 and 26⁰C. The bitter leaf and palm oil extracts, their combination, ethanol and distilled water used on the isolates as antibiotics did not show any sensitivity. The phytochemicals identified in the bitter leaf were saponins, alkaloids and tannins while carotene was detected in the palm oil.
 Conclusion: It can be concluded that the bitter leaf extract, palm oil and their combination did not inhibit the growth of bacteria as a result of lack of bioactive components from the bitter leaf. The nature of the diluents used for the extraction may not have been the right one as it would have caused the low concentration, dilution and disfiguring of the molecules of the bioactive compounds that prevented the proper reaction between the bacteria and the extracts used.

Impact of Tea Processing on Tryptophan, Melatonin, Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents in Mulberry (Morus alba L.) Leaves: Quantitative Analysis by LC-MS/MS.

Mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaves from two cultivars, Yai-Burirum (YB) and Khunphai (KP), were prepared into green tea (GT) and black tea (BT). Compared to fresh leaf (FL) extract, GT and BT extracts were evaluated for their total phenolic and total flavonoid contents. Total phenolic content (TPCs) in all samples ranged between 129.93 and 390.89 mg GAE/g extract. The processing of tea decreased the levels of TPC when compared to FL extracts in both cultivars. The total flavonoid content (TFCs) in all samples was found in the range of 10.15–39.09 mg QE/g extract and TFCs in GT and BT extracts were higher than FL extracts. The change in tryptophan, melatonin, phenolic and flavonoid contents was investigated by liquid chromatography–mass spectroscopy (LC-MS). The results exhibited that tryptophan contents in all samples were detected in the range 29.54–673.72 µg/g extract. Both GT and BT extracts increased tryptophan content compared to FL extracts. BT extracts presented the highest amounts of tryptophan among others in both cultivars. Phenolic compounds were found in mulberry leaf extracts, including gallic acid, caffeic acid, gentisic acid, protocatechuic acid and chlorogenic acid. Chlorogenic acid presented the highest amount in all samples. Almost all phenolic acids were increased in the processed tea extracts except chlorogenic acid. Rutin was the only flavonoid that was detected in all extracts in the range 109.48–1009.75 mg/g extract. The change in phenolic and flavonoid compounds during tea processing resulted in the change in antioxidant capacities of the GT and BT extracts. All extracts presented acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AChE) inhibitory activity with IC50 in the range 146.53–165.24 µg/mL. The processing of tea slightly increased the AChE inhibitory effect of GT and BT extracts. In conclusion, processed tea from mulberry leaves could serve as a new alternative functional food for health-concerned consumers because it could be a promising source of tryptophan, phenolics and flavonoids. Moreover, the tea extracts also had antioxidative and anti-AChE activities.

Magnesium and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles from Datura alba Improve Cognitive Impairment and Blood Brain Barrier Leakage

Epilepsy is a neurological disorder involving persistent spontaneous seizures and uncontrolled neuronal excitability that leads to cognitive impairments and blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption. Currently available antiepileptic drugs present side effects and researchers are trying to discover new agents with properties to overcome these drawbacks. The aim was to synthesize magnesium oxide (MgO) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles from Datura alba fresh leaf extracts and evaluate their anti-epileptic potential in mice kindling or a repetitive seizures model. The phytoassisted synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using spectroscopy; FT-IR, XRD, SEM, and EDX. Analysis of the NPs confirmed the crystalline pleomorphic shape using the salts of both zinc and magnesium possibly stabilized, functionalized and reduced by bioactive molecules present in plant extract. By using several characterization techniques, NPs were confirmed. UV-Vis spectroscopy of biologically produced ZnO and MgO revealed distinctive peaks at 380 nm and 242 nm, respectively. Our findings categorically demonstrated the reductive role of biomolecules in the formation of ZnO and MgO NPs. The mice kindling model was induced using seven injections of Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ, 40 mg/kg, i.p) for 15 days alternatively. The results showed that mice post-treated with either ZnO or MgO nanoparticles (10 mg/kg, i.p) significantly improved in respect of behavior and memory as confirmed in the Morris water maze (MWM), open field (OF), novel object recognition (NOR) test compared with PTZ treated mice. Furthermore, the ZnO and MgO nanoparticle treatment also maintained the integrity of the BBB, reducing the leakage, as confirmed by Evans blue dye (EBD) compared with PTZ treated mice only. In summary, the current finding demonstrates that green synthesized ZnO and MgO nanoparticles have neuroprotective, ant-epileptic potential, molecular mechanisms, and clinical implications need to be further explored.

Effect of Terminalia catappa Leaf Extract in Drinking Water on Performance and Carcass Production of Crossbred Native Chicken

This research aimed to examine the effect of Terminalia catappa extract in drinking water on Crossbred-native chicken's performance and carcass production. The research was arranged in a completely randomized design with five treatments and 5 replications (8 birds each). The samples in the present study were two hundred crossbred native chickens with an average body weight of 120.58±12.60 g. The treatments were as follows: drinking water without Terminalia catappa extract (T0); Drinking water with 1% of fresh Terminalia catappa leaf extract ten ml/1 l water (T1); Drinking water with 2% of fresh Terminalia catappa leaf extract 20 ml/1 l water (T2); Drinking water with 3% of fresh Terminalia catappa leaf extract 30 ml/1 l water (T3); Drinking water with 4% of fresh Terminalia catappa leaf extract 40 ml/1 l water (T4). Parameters observed were drinking water consumption, feed consumption, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and carcass production. Results show that Terminalia catappa extract in drinking water significantly affects drinking water consumption but has no effect on other parameters. Fresh Terminalia catappa leaf extract can be used in drinking water until 4%.

Evaluation of Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activity of Hydro-Ethanolic Extracts Obtained from Steiractinia aspera Cuatrec.

In this work, the antioxidant activity of the hydro-ethanolic extracts of the leaves, flowers, and aerial parts of Steiractinia aspera Cuatrec, both fresh and post-distillation, was evaluated by ABTS+·, FRAP, H2O2 and DPPH assays. The cytotoxic activity was evaluated in MCF-7, MCF-10A and HT-29 cell lines. The hydro-ethanolic extracts were obtained by matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) and ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction (SE). The fresh-leaf MSPD extract had the highest antioxidant activity, and the post-distillation leaf ultrasound-assisted SE extract had the highest cytotoxicity in the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line, although not selective, which was evaluated by sulforhodamine B assay. On the other hand, ROS was evaluated by flow cytometry which showed that post-distillation leaf extract is pro-oxidant. Chlorogenic acid, kaempferol-3-glucoside and quercetin were found in the fresh leaves’ extracts, according to HPLC-DAD. PLC-DAD permitted the isolation of p-coumaric acid, E-3-(4-(((E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) acryloyl) oxy)-3-hydroxyphenyl) acrylic acid and a diglucosylated derivative of ursolic acid, which were analyzed by 1H and 13C NMR. Our results suggest that the fresh leaf extract of Steiractinia aspera Cuatrec has potential use for antioxidant applications.

Antidiabetic, Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Potential of Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles Using Fresh Aqueous Leaf Extract of Chromolaena odorata

The current research study is to develop an easy and eco-friendly method for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using aqueous leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata and evaluate the extract to know its effects as an antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory agent. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy and Scanning Emission Microscopy (SEM). The antioxidant (DPPH, ABTS, Reducing Power, Hydrogen Peroxide), anti-diabetic (alpha-glucosidase inhibition) and anti-inflammatory (Albumin denaturation and Protein inhibition) activities were carried out under standard conditions. The synthesized AgNPs were noticed through a visual color change from yellow to brown. The surface plasmon resonance confirmed the formation of AgNPs with maximum absorbance at 419nm and the SEM result shows that the AgNPs size ranged from 23nm to 31nm. The reducing power and ABTS radical scavenging activity of the AgNPs is low and partially significant compared to the control. The DPPH and Hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging activity is similar to that of the control. The ability of the synthesized AgNPs to inhibit protein denaturation, alpha glucosidase were similar to that of the standard. It can be concluded that C. odorata leaf extract can be used in the production of potential antioxidant, anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory AgNPs which could be useful in various fields such as in healthcare, industrial purposes, food, etc. Keywords: C. odorata; AgNPs; SEM; FTIR; antioxidant; anti-inflammatory.

Investigating the phytotoxic potential of Verbesina encelioides: effect on growth and performance of co-occurring weed species.

Allelopathy has been proposed as an efficient mechanism of invasion by plant species via growth inhibition and suppression of the resident plant community. Verbesina encelioides (Cav.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex A. Gray (golden crownbeard; Asteraceae), a native of south-western USA and Mexican Plateau, is an emerging troublesome invasive weed species of north-western states of India. We investigated the allelopathic potential of the aqueous extracts prepared from the fresh foliage and leaf litter of V. encelioides on its co-occurring species, Amaranthus viridis and Senna occidentalis. Phytotoxicity bioassay showed concentration-dependent (control < 0.5% < 1% < 2% < 4% extract) inhibition of growth and photosynthetic parameters in the test plants. Both the extracts induced ~ 50% inhibition of germination compared to control at 4% concentration. The maximum synthesis effect (collective effect on seedling length and dry weight) was observed to be - 0.69 and - 0.62 in A. viridis and - 0.68 and - 0.57 in S. occidentalis for the fresh leaf and leaf litter extracts, respectively, at 4% concentration. Also, an antagonistic concentration-dependent impact was observed on the photosynthetic pigments (total chlorophyll and chlorophyll a content) and photosynthetic efficiency. The liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry assay of leaf extracts revealed the presence of 15 allelochemicals including phenolic acids, flavonoids, phytosterols, phytophenols, dicarboxylic acid, guanidine, and triterpenes. Of these, 14 compounds were present in both fresh and leaf litter materials. However, a guanidine derivative, galegine, was only found in the fresh leaf material of the plant. The findings support the novel weapon hypothesis and suggest that V. encelioides competitively excludes its neighboring plants by virtue of allelopathic interference.

Biogenic Synthesis and characterization of Zinc oxide Nanoparticles by Using Green Machinery: Antibacterial and Antibiofilm potential

In the field of biomedicine, the green synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnONPs) utilising plant extracts has piqued interest. The reduction nature of herbal extracts has recently aided in the production of spherical ZnONPs of various potentials from zinc salt. In this study, fresh leaf (aqueous) extracts of &lt;em&gt;Cannabis sativa&lt;/em&gt; were used as reducing and stabilising agents in a rapid, environmentally friendly approach for the synthesis of ZnONPs. UV–VIS and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, as well as transmission electron microscopy, were used to analyse the biosynthesized CNS-ZnONPs (TEM). The antibacterial and antibiofilm properties of produced CNS-ZnONPs were also studied in vitro. The presence of a prominent absorption peak at 380 nm, which corresponds to the CNSZnONPs’ Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) band, indicated the creation of CNS-ZnONPs. The produced CNS-ZnONPs were spherical in shape, with an average particle size of 16.25 nm, according to TEM examination. The synthesised CNS-ZnONPs also showed significant antibacterial activity against a variety of Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms. Furthermore, the biosynthesized CNSZnONPs significantly reduced biofilm formation. &lt;em&gt;Cannabis sativa&lt;/em&gt; leaf extracts may be utilised to easily synthesise ZnONPs, which can be employed as a natural source of antibacterial and antibiofilm agents.

Pengaruh konsentrasi ekstrak daun bambu (Gigantochloa apus) dan konsentrasi starter terhadap kadar total flavonoid, pH dan organoleptik pada yoghurt

Bamboo leaf extract contains flavonoids which have many benefits and herbal properties. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of concentration of bamboo leaf extract and concentration of starter on total flavonoid content, pH value and yogurt organoleptic. This research was conducted using a Randomized Block Design (RAK) with 2 factors. Factor I was the concentration of bamboo leaf extract (5%, 10%, 15%) and factor II was the concentration of starter (4%, 5%, 6%). Parameters tested were total flavonoid content, pH and organoleptic (hedonic test). The results showed that the concentration of addition of fresh bamboo leaf extract and starter concentration had a very significant effect on total flavonoid levels. The pH value tends to decrease with increasing concentration of bamboo extract which is added to the manufacture of bamboo leaf yogurt. The concentration of starter used in making yogurt has a significant effect on the pH value of bamboo leaf yogurt. The best treatment results were yogurt with a concentration of 15% bamboo leaf extract and a starter concentration of 4% with a total flavonoid content of 560.89 mg EQ/ml, a pH value of 5.6, a preference scale for taste 3.82, color 3.02 and texture 3.3.

Synthesis, Characterization, and Antibacterial Activity of ZnO Nanoparticles from Fresh Leaf Extracts of Apocynaceae, Carissa spinarum L. (Hagamsa)

Biosynthesis of nanoparticles is a new way to produce nanoparticles by using bioorganic foundations. It is attainment care because it is cost-effective, eco-friendly, and comprehensive measure manufacture potentials. The application of leaf extract to depose nanoparticles has been taken as a green method. In this study (Carissa spinarum L.), leaf extracts were reserved for examining their possibility to prepare zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs). Zinc acetate is used as the source of zinc; deposition temperature and time were 80 degree Celsius and 60 minutes, respectively. The characterization study was done by UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and photoluminescence (PL). The surface plasmon resonance around 358 nm from the UV–Vis qualitative evaluation result represents the ZnO NPs formation. The crystalline shape of nanoparticles is disclosed inside the XRD result, morphology confirmed through SEM effects, and consequently, the ZnO NPs scale was predicted. We have given allotted the image-catalytic degradation of excitement dye at 365 nm in image reactor victimization ZnO NPs. This will be our preliminary strive at the Carissa spinarum L. extract on ZnO NPs guidance, and degradation reveals that ZnO NPs showcase clever image-catalytic belongings, and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were created to be operative against Bacillus and Staphylococcus.