Fresh Beans Research Articles

Genetic diversity of pinto and fresh bean (Phaseolusvulgaris L.) germplasm collected from Erzincan province of Turkey by inter-primer binding site (iPBS) retrotransposon markers

In this study, genetic diversity among 71 bean genotypes (41 pinto beans and 30 fresh bean genotypes) and 4 commercial cultivars (Aleyna, Gina, Perolar, and Serra) commonly grown at Erzincan province in Turkey were investigated. The iPBS (inter-primer binding site) markers were used to investigate the genetic diversity of the genotypes. Polymorphism ratio was identified as 100% in all primers. Twenty-seven primers were studied and number of alleles in primers varied between 13?69 (with an average value of 37.14). According to cluster analysis based on iPBS data, genotypes were divided into 2 groups. Polymorphic information content (PIC) values varied between 0.19 (iPBS 2077) and 0.42 (iPBS 2381, iPBS 2385, and iPBS 2389) with an average PIC value of 0.33. According to genetic structure analysis, genotypes were divided into 2 subpopulations. Majority of the genotypes of the regions from where beans were collected were placed in the same groups.

Lovastatin Production by Aspergillus sclerotiorum Using Agricultural Waste.

SUMMARYResearch backgroundLovastatin is a well-known drug used to reduce hypercholesterolaemia. However, the cost of lovastatin production is still high. Therefore, alternative low-cost carbon sources for the production of lovastatin are desirable.Experimental approachFour different agricultural wastes, namely corn trunks, rice husks, wild sugarcane, and soya bean sludge, were tested separately as substrates to produce lovastatin using a new fungal strain, Aspergillus sclerotiorum PSU-RSPG 178, under both submerged and solid-state fermentation (SSF).Results and conclusionsOf these substrates and cultivation systems, soya bean sludge gave the highest lovastatin yield on dry mass basis of 0.04 mg/g after 14 days of SSF at 25 °C. Therefore, the soya bean sludge was separately supplemented with glucose, wheat flour, trace elements, palm oil, urea and molasses. The addition of the palm oil enhanced the lovastatin yield to 0.99 mg/g. In addition, the optimum conditions, which gave a lovastatin yield of (20±2) mg/g after 18 days of SSF, were soya bean sludge containing 80% moisture (dry basis) at a ratio of soya bean sludge (g) to mycelial agar plugs of 1:4, and a ratio of soya bean sludge (g) to palm oil (mL) of 1:2. Besides, the lovastatin yields obtained from SSF using fresh or dry soya bean sludge were not significantly different.Novelty and scientific contributionWe conclude that A. sclerotiorum PSU-RSPG 178 has a good potential as an alternative strain for producing lovastatin using soya bean sludge supplemented with palm oil as a carbon source.

Comparison of Thiamine Contain in Mung Beans (Vigna radiata L.) and Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Mer.) with Fresh and Boiled Treatment

Mung beans (Vigna radiata L.) and soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Mer.) are species of nuts that contain good nutrients for health, such as thiamine or vitamin B1. Thiamine can increase appetite and important in nervous system. Both species of beans can be processed into consumable sprouts, both fresh and boiled. The research aims to compare the concentrations of thiamine in mung beans sprouts and soybeans sprouts in fresh and boiled conditions. The research procedure began with prepared fresh and boiled samples. Boiled samples were prepared by boiled sprouts for 3 minutes at 100°C. Thiamine was extracted from samples used 0,1 N HCl by heated on a water bath at 100°C for 30 minutes. The extracts of fresh and boiled sprouts were analyzed qualitatively used chemical reagents and quantitatively used spectrophotometer UV-Vis. Qualitative analysis showed that both fresh and boiled mung beans sprouts and soybeans sprouts contain thiamine. Quantitative test results for boiled and fresh mung beans sprouts were 0,26% and 0,15%, while soybeans were 0,64% and 0,44%, respectively. The thiamine content in soybeans sprouts is higher than in mung beans sprouts. Decrease of thiamine concentration in mung beans sprouts was higher at 42,31%, for boiled sample than soybeansbenas sprouts at 31,25%. The results of statistical tests used the t test showed a significant difference in thiamine concentration between fresh and boiled beans, both mung beans and soybeans.

UENF PARAPOANA: A NEW SNAP BEAN CULTIVAR FOR NORTHERN AND NORTHWESTERN RIO DE JANEIRO STATE

The UENF Parapoana line was obtained after the F6 generation by the single-seed descent (SSD) breeding method. With a grain yield of 3.71 t.ha-1 and an average of 57.78 pods per plant, this line is recommended for the north and northwest regions of Rio de Janeiro State to used to fresh snap bean or dry grain.

Seleksi 21 Galur Kecipir (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus L.) Berdasarkan Karakter Kualitas Polong Segar yang Diinginkan Konsumen

Winged bean ( Psophocarpus tertragonolobus L.) belongs to the Fabaceae family with many benefits (multifunctional). Winged bean pods have a lot of nutrients that are good enough for the body. The utilization of fresh winged bean pods is still very low by the community. This can be caused by several factors, one of which is the quality attributes and economic value possessed by winged bean commodities which are still relatively low when compared to other vegetables. In the agricultural industry, improving quality is very necessary because it will affect consumer decisions in choosing and buying. This study aims to determine the characteristics of the pods favored by consumers so that potential lines can be developed based on consumer preferences. The study was conducted in November 2017 to September 2018 with two methods, namely a field trial conducted in Dadaprejo Village, Junrejo District, Batu City, Malang, East Java and a market survey conducted in Malang City. Field experiments were carried out using a Randomized Block Design (RBD). Observation variables were divided into two, namely quantitative variables consisting of pod length and increased pod hardness, and qualitative variables consisting of pod shape, color, taste, and hardness. The results showed that there were lines that had the potential to be developed based on the preferences of consumers, these lines were PTL 2.1. Other lines of these lines, other lines that are close to similar potential are lines of UB 1.1, DJB 2, DJB 1, NSM 2.1 and MDM 1.2.

Mempelajari Karakteristik Berbagai Grade Buncis (Phaseolus Vulgaris L) Varietas Lokal selama Penyimpanan Dingin 7 Hari

Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) is one type of Indonesian vegetable which is classified into non-climacteric vegetables and is very popular, in its consumption generally processed into soup. Storage of fresh beans in polyethylene plastic bags (PE) in cold temperatures is expected to prevent damage to beans during the market. However, the quality of beans after harvest varies according to grade level (diameter size), these differences can each lead to different characteristics of beans. In this study, it will be studied how the characteristics of various levels of beans when stored in cold temperatures (approximately 10oC) for 7 days storage. The purpose of this study is to get the right grade of beans (diameter size) so that during cold storage, its characteristics can be maintained. This research was conducted at the Laboratory of Food Technology at the Faculty of Agriculture, Ma’soem University. The bean varieties used are the local variety "Beunter Leuleus" from farmers in Lembang District, West Bandung Regency. Observation of the characteristics of water content, total dissolved solids, total acid content, color and texture of beans at various grade levels is done after the beans are stored for 7 days at cold temperatures (approximately 10oC). The results showed that beans with grade 0 (diameter ? 4.8mm) and grade 1 (diameter> 4.8 - 5.8) when stored in cold temperatures (10oC) for 7 days still had the preferred color and texture characteristics with water content ranged from 90.15- 90.38%, total dissolved solids were 8.70 obrix and total acid was 0.31%.

Development of solar and gas hybrid energy bed dryer with implementing multivariable expert system controls

This study aims to develop a bed dryer prototype with optimum use of energy sources (solar and Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) hybrid). The material used in this study was fresh cocoa beans (Sulawesi 2 clones) purchased directly from Pattalassang Village, Tompobulu Subdistrict, Bantaeng Regency. The energy sources used were solar energy panels combined with an LPG burner. The tests conducted consisted of: a) control system test, b) drying test, and c) energy consumption test. In the drying test, the setting point was 60°C and two methods of energy supply were (1) Solar and LPG hybrid energy, (2) LPG energy only. The test results show that the control system works well, and the flame of the burner can be set automatically at low, medium, and high along with the temperature in the drying chamber and the collector. The temperature of the dryer was very stable, and no overshoot, The settling time is quite short, which is only 5 minutes. Hybrid furnace operation was more efficient (gas usage was about 64.8% compared to non-hybrid). Hybrid furnace operation consumed only 0.116 kg/hour of gas while non-hybrid operation consumed LPG of about 0.179 kg/hour.

Economically Optimal Plant Density for Machine-harvested Edamame

Consumer demand for edamame [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], the vegetable version of soybean (Glycine max), has grown during the past decade in North America. Domestic production of edamame is on the rise; however, research to guide fundamental crop production practices, including knowledge useful for developing appropriate recommendations for crop seeding rate, is lacking. Field experiments near Urbana, IL, were used to quantify edamame response to plant density and determine the economically optimal plant density (EOPD) of machine-harvested edamame. Crop growth and yield responses to a range of plant densities (24,700 to 395,100 plants/ha) were quantified in four edamame cultivars (AGS 292, BeSweet 292, Gardensoy 42, and Midori Giant) across 2 years. Plots were harvested with the Oxbo BH100, a fresh market bean harvester. In general, as plant density increased, branch number and the ratio of pod mass to vegetative mass decreased, while plant height and leaf area index increased. Recovery, the percent of marketable pods in the machine-harvested sample, varied among cultivars from 86% to 95%. Results identified the EOPD for machine-harvested edamame ranged from 87,000 to 120,000 plants/ha. When considering the effect of plant density on plant morphology, as well as seeding cost, harvester efficiency, recovery, and marketable pod yield, edamame EOPDs are considerably lower than seeding rates of up to 344,200 seeds/ha recommended in recent publications.

English

The experiment was conducted by using seven released coffee varieties at three locations in southern Ethiopia, Halaba, Loka Abaya and Dilla, to select coffee varieties with higher yield and tolerant to low soil moisture stress. It was arranged in RCBD having three replications. The result indicated that the varieties showed significant difference on main stem diameter, plant height at harvesting, plant height up to the first branch, number of primary branches, number of secondary branches, number of tertiary branches, number of main stems, fruiting nodes per branch (FNPB), number of beans per cherry (NBPC), canopy diameter, leaf area, number of leaves per branch, number of leaves per tree (NLPT), hundred bean weight (HBW), weight of fresh husk (WHF), weight of dried husk (WHD), weight of fresh husked bean (WHBF), and weight of dried husked bean (WHBD). Stand count at harvest (STCNT), leaf length (LL), leaf width (LW), bean thickness (BTH), bean length (BL), bean yield per tree (YPT), bean yield per plot (YPP), bean yield per hectare (YPHA) and weight of husked clean coffee (WHCC) were not statistically significant. Location specific significant variations were observed on some of the variables such as stand count, leaf length, and leaf width at Halaba; yield per tree, yield per plot, yield per hectare and weight of husked clean coffee were significant at all the three locations despite their non-significant value while combined. The coffee variety Catimor J-19 performed best at all location with respect to fresh bean yield and dried clean coffee followed by Angafa. Thus they can be promoted for larger commercial production at tested locations and locations with similar agro-ecological conditions. Key words: Coffea arabica, husked coffee, clean coffee, agroecology.

Biofortification of green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) with iodine in a plant-calcareous sandy soil system irrigated with water containing KI

Uptake and translocation of iodine by green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) were investigated in a calcareous sandy soil-plant system. These plants were cultivated in calcareous sandy soil in presence of irrigation water with the iodine concentrations of 0.10, 0.25 and 0.50 mg/L. The growth of these plants was stimulated at the two lower iodine concentrations of 0.10 and 0.25 mg/L, but hampered at 0.50 mg/L. In lettuce the highest iodine dosage resulted in smaller leaf surface and higher number of leaves, nearly with the same biomass production. In the edible parts of green bean and lettuce plants irrigated with 0.25 mg/L iodine containing water, the iodine concentration levels amounted to 0.6 and 5.2 mg/kg dry weight (DW), respectively. In lettuce, the uptake and translocation of selected essential elements (P, Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, B) were also stimulated (20-260%) by iodine treatment; however, in fresh bean pods this phenomenon was negligible. Considering the iodine level and moisture content of the fresh lettuce leaves and fresh bean pods, the consumption of 100 g fresh vegetable covers about 66%, 3% of the recommended dietary allowance (150 μg).

HEATING EFFECT ON PHYTOCHEMICAL AND PROXIMATE CONTENTS OF COOKED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF PHASEOLUS VULGARIS (KIDNEY BEANS)

Plant chemicals and nutrients abound in different parts of plants and in different compositions. P. vulgaris (kidney beans) is a nourishing leguminous food commonly eaten by both human beings and animals in the world due to its health benefits and risk reduction of diseases. It is however, indispensible for plants’ food stuff to retain their phytonutrients for maximum benefits. This study therefore investigated the effect of heat on the phytochemicals and proximate contents in cooked P. vulgaris (kidney beans). Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis and proximate (nutrient contents) analysis were determined on fresh kidney bean (FKB) and cooked kidney bean (CKB). Results of phytochemical quantification revealed a significant (p˂0.05) increase of alkaloids and saponins in FKB than those in CKB, significant (p˂0.05) increase of flavonoids, glycosides and tannins in CKB than those in FKB. While proximate analysis of cooked sample (CKB) showed significant (p˂0.05) increase in protein content, crude ash content and carbohydrate content FKB. While moisture content, crude fibre and crude fat of FKB were significantly (p˂0.05) higher than those in CKB of Phaseolus vulgaris. Obviously, the increased concentrations of phytochemicals in fresh Phaseolus vulgaris may be due to the absence of heat action and the heating effect on cooked P. vulgaris could unleash the high rich nutrients value and could supply its antioxidants roles, thereby improving healthy life when eaten cooked.
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Quality attributes of fresh common bean during storage as postharvest treatment with 1-MCP

ABSTRACT Fresh common beans were treated with 1-MCP at 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 μL L−1 for 20 h at 25°C in an airtight chamber along with a control sample to evaluate the effect of 1-MCP concentration on the quality of fresh common bean during storage. The result showed that postharvest treatment with 0.5 μL L−11-MCP significantly suppressed the increase of peroxidase (POD), cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), phenylalnine ammonialyase (PAL), and cellulase (CEL) activity in fresh common bean, inhibited the transport of reducing sugar and increase in cellulose, delayed the increase in the length of pod tendon and electrolyte leakage, and retarded the decrease in the relative thickness of pods and firmness, and maintained the quality of fresh common beans. Our finding that postharvest 0.5 μL L−11-MCP could be used to maintain the quality of the fresh common bean.

Diet enrichment and the reproductive season of captive Sunda Porcupine (Hystrix javanica F. Cuvier 1823)

This study aimed to extend our current knowledge of Sunda porcupine reproductive biology with emphasis on environmental enrichment and the reproductive season. Tomato and bean sprout feeding able to increase sperm quantity, sperm motility, and viability, as well as increase FSH and estrogen hormone levels. Four pairs of captive Sunda porcupine were used. Two pairs (fed with fresh tomato and bean sprout, enrichment group) and two pairs as control. The birth rate of enrichment group higher (with twin litter per year) than that in control (only one litter per year). It indicated that tomato and bean sprout feeding affect the birth rate in Sunda porcupine. The recent study showed that captive Sunda porcupine births occurred throughout the year, with no more than 1-2 litter per year and are have no interbirth-interval. The birth peak of captive Sunda porcupine occurs between April to August. Biparental activities during birth occurred. However, the female spent 50% of the time with the newborn. There was no courtship behaviour throughout the first two or three months of life of the cub.

Investigation of formulation preparation of some plant extracts and determination of the effectiveness on Tetranychus urticae Koch (Arachnida: Tetranychidae)

In this study, plant extracts of Xanthium strumarium L., Tanacetum parthenium L. and Achillea wilhelmsii C. (Asteraceae) were prepared. Then formulation studies of these extracts were carried out with several inert ingredients. Obtained preparations were subjected to quality control tests in the laboratory. As a result of these tests, preparations which were found successfully were separated/chosen for effectiveness studies on Tetranychus urticae Koch. (Arachnida: Tetranychidae). Then the acaricidal effect of the formulations/preparates were tested on T. urticae by using the method of bioassay under laboratory conditions. The effects of prepared formulations at three different concentrations (5, 7, 10 mL L( 1)) were determined on T. urticae again by using leaf dipping. T. urticae was reared in insectary using green beans. For dipping bioassay experiments fresh green bean leaves of 3 cm diameter were used. According to the results of laboratory studies, the highest dose was found to be effective and their two upper doses (10, 15, 20 mL L( 1)) were taken to examine the effect on mites in greenhouse conditions. The trial was established as randomized block design and 5 times in greenhouse. Each plot consists of 10 plants. When the density of mite population 3 live individuals leaf( 1, the plants were sprayed. Counts were carried out before application of formulations and after application 1, 3 and 7 days. Neem Azal T/S was applied as standard in greenhouse trials. As a result, laboratory experiments, all preparations/ formulations showed the highest effect at 10 mL L( 1) concentrations. In this concentration the highest effect was formulation of T. parthenium (89.62%). Also in the greenhouse results, it was determined that the formulations of X. strumarium and T. parthenium caused phytotoxicity at concentration 20 mL L( 1). It was revealed that the formulations of A. wilhelmsii had effect on 83.45% at this concentration. The effects were X. strumarium, T. parthenium, 84.04 and 80.43%, respectively, at concentration of 15 mL L( 1). Neem Azal T/S showed the highest effect (94.38%).

The folic acid and folates content in fortified fruit juices

AbstractIntroductionFolates are water-soluble vitamins of the great nutritional importance. Their deficiencyin the diet is common worldwide. Most people do not obtain sufficient folate amount in their diet by eating fresh vegetables, fruit, beans or whole grains. More and more products available on the market are fortified with the synthetic folic acid. Since the consequences of an excessive intake of this vitamin for the organism are not fully explained, there is a need to know its real contents in fortified products. Fruit juices fortified with folic acid can also be a good source of naturally occurring derivatives, folates. Folates, however, as a very unstable nutrient, may be degraded during the production process and storing to the form which has no biological function. Thus, it is crucial to have an appropriate information on the stability of folic acid and folates in fortified products and their retention during storage.ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to quantify the total folic acid and folates content in fruit juices affected by the time of storage at room temperature. This will help to better understand the potential health value of fortified fruit juices.Material and MethodsFive fortified fruit juices with the declared on the packaging folic acid content in the amount of 30 μg / 100 ml, were purchased at local supermarkets. Folic acid and folates were extracted in the 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH = 7.0), followed by deconjugation with conjugase (rat plasma) and separated by HPLC after clean-up using SAX SPE cartridges.ResultsFolic acid content (90–140 μg/100 ml) significantly exceeded the value declared by the manufacturer. The 5CH3FH4 form in juices was found at the trace amounts. In two tested juices this content was 3.46 and 3.41 μg/100 ml. After seven months of storage folic acid content significantly decreased even 2–3 times (38–67 μg/100 ml) but these values were still higher than the value declared by the manufacturers. The 5CH3FH4 form content after storing was determined at a trace amounts.The conducted research allowed to confirm that producers deliberately use “technological surpluses” for juices in order to minimize possible losses that may occur during the production process as well as during storage. Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that the tested fruit juices can be a valuable source of folic acid. However, it should be considered whether their excessive amount will not have negative effects, instead of contributing to the prevention of many diseases.

Assessment of Good Agricultural Practices on Cocoa and Coffee Farms in Northern Haiti

Haiti is the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere and presents a unique scenario for the food and agriculture industry, because there is no food safety legislation. The application of Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs) leads to improvements of quality, safety and sustainability of agricultural products. The purpose of the study was to assess the status of Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs) in cocoa and coffee farms in Northern Haiti. A general survey captured information about the farmer and the farm, and an audit checklist was used to assess compliance to GAPs. A total of 11 farms (n = 11) were audited, of which 7 were cocoa farms (64%) and 4 were coffee farms (34%) in the regions of Dondon, Limonade and Milot. Average overall audit scores for coffee farms (73%) were higher than for cocoa farms (55%). Farms affiliated with a cooperative scored higher (78%) than those that were not part of a cooperative (55%). The sections of the survey on “Practices related to premises and production site”, and the “use of agricultural inputs and chemicals” received the lowest scores but were confined to the cocoa farms. “Record keeping” plus “distribution, transportation, and traceability” were cause for concern with both the cocoa and coffee farms. Critical non-conformances included the access of livestock animals and domestic pets to processing and storage areas, the lack of control in the application of agricultural chemicals, a lack of safeguards on equipment and elevated surfaces, and washing of fresh cocoa beans to remove the mucilage with water that had not been treated or tested for potability. The root cause of the non-conformances, regardless of the commodity, was either related to poor physical and organizational infrastructures, or to a lack of technical training.

Susceptibility of Euschistus heros and Dichelops furcatus (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) to Selected Insecticides in Brazil.

Euschistus heros (Fabricius, 1798) and Dichelops furcatus (Fabricius, 1775) are key pests of agricultural crops in Brazil. Chemical insecticides are the main control tactic used against these species. Here, we investigated the susceptibility of E. heros and D. furcatus from distinct regions to the mains insecticides used to stink bugs control in Brazil. Field populations of these species were collected throughout the 2017-2019 crop seasons and insects were exposed to insecticides in dip-test bioassays using fresh green bean pods. Populations of E. heros exhibited low variation in the susceptibility to acephate (LC50 = 172.2 to 1,008 µg a.i. per ml), and thiamethoxam (LC50 = 28.8 to 433.9 µg a.i. per ml); resistance ratios were less than 5.9- and 15.1-fold, respectively. In contrast, these populations had higher variation in the susceptibility to bifenthrin (LC50 = 26.7 to 636.1 µg a.i. per ml) and lambda-cyhalothrin (LC50 = 10.0 to 636.1 µg a.i. per ml); resistance ratios reaching 23.8- and 63.6-fold, respectively. Susceptibility monitoring data indicated a higher susceptibility of E. heros to the manufacturers field-recommended rates of acephate, lambda-cyhalothrin + thiamethoxam, and bifenthrin + acetamiprid than lambda-cyhalothrin. Populations of D. furcatus exhibited low variation in the susceptibility to acephate (LC50 = 219.2 to 614.1 µg a.i. per ml), bifenthrin (LC50 = 62.8 to 197.4 µg a.i. per ml), and lambda-cyhalothrin (LC50 = 189.5 to 2,538 µg a.i. per ml); resistance ratios were less than 13.4-fold. In summary, populations of E. heros are less susceptible to pyrethroids, while populations of D. furcatus have similar susceptibility to the insecticides evaluated.

PERUBAHAN SIFAT FISIKO-KIMIAWI SELAMA PROSES FERMENTASI BIJI KAKAO SEGAR

Cocoa is a plantation commodity that requires fermentation to improve the quality of flavor and aroma. Research on changes in physical and chemical properties during the spontaneous fermentation process of fresh cocoa beans for weight scales of 20, 40 and 60 kg have been carried out. This study aims to obtain information as an indicator of the success rate of the fermentation process of fresh cocoa beans, both on a small and large scale. The fermentation process lasts for 6 days with stirring starting on the second day until the sixth day, with an interval of 24 hours. The study design uses a randomized block design method (RBD) with two factors, namely the weight scale of seeds per box and fermentation time with three replications. The data obtained were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. Based on the observed parameter indicators, namely temperature, pH and total acid, there was no significant difference in the profile of the physico-chemical properties during the fermentation process between the three weight scale levels. The physico-chemical condition shows a straight relationship with the quality of fermented cocoa beans, in accordance with the results of the cut test.

An LCA of French beans from Kenya for decision-makers

Although challenging, private and public decision-makers increasingly demand for quantitative assessments of the environmental performance of value chains in South contexts. This paper presents and critically analyzes a complete LCA study performed with Endpoint indicators for a public decision-maker for the fresh French bean (FB) value chain of Kenya. A cradle-to-market-gate LCA study was done including five main stages: agricultural production, transport by road before pack-house, pack-house, transport by road after pack-house, intercontinental transport by air-freight and using 1 kg of raw French bean processed as functional unit. Supported by local experts, primary data were collected for all inputs and outputs for 33 farms over 5 counties and 2 pack-houses. An expert-based typology defined four farm types: large-farm, medium-farm, small-holder farm (SHF) contracted and small-holder farm scattered. Best available methods for field emissions were used and adapted when possible to local conditions (e.g. P losses). At market-gate, air-freight was identified as main hot-spot pleading for the design of stabilized FB products that could be sea-freighted. At farm-gate, large differences were observed between farm types and fertilizer, water and land use were the key-drivers of their eco-efficiency. Impacts due to pesticides applications were small at Endpoint level but were incomplete. These results should be validated with a greater sample of stakeholders and the scope of the LCA should be extended to the consumption stage. Research is also needed to provide LCA practitionners with operational and reliable tools for a better inclusion of pesticides’ impacts and uncertainty.

Effect of Blanching and Drying Temperatures on Various Physico-chemical Characteristics of Green Beans

Fresh green bean samples (un-blanched and blanched) were dried at 50, 60 and 70 °C, followed by studying the effect of blanching treatment and drying temperature in various characteristics and storage study in HDPE and LDPE packaging material. The blanched dried green bean samples showed lower ash content but higher rehydration ratio, chlorophyll content and carbohydrate content than un-blanched dried green bean samples. No significant change in moisture, protein, fat and fibre content was observed after blanching. The green beans were dried up to the moisture content of 14±0.5 from an initial moisture content of > 90 %. The increase in the drying temperature reduced the drying time. Blanching treatment enhanced the drying rate, the kinetics parameter showed that the value of ‘k’ ranged from 0.008-0.013 and 0.009-0.015 /min in un-blanched and blanched samples respectively. The drying temperature caused decrease in color parameters, chlorophyll content, however RR was observed to increase with the drying temperature. The moisture, chlorophyll content, color values (L* a* b*) and rehydration ratio was observed to decrease with the storage. The better desirable quality attributes of green beans were retained in HDPE as compared to LDPE. In conclusion it was suggested that drying temperature effects the quality attributes of the green beans and also the packaging material also influence the storage stability of the dried green beans.