Fresh Algae Research Articles

Larval ecology of the fluted giant clam, Tridacna squamosa, and its potential effects on dispersal models

Biophysical models are increasingly being used to visualise and predict dispersal and connectivity of marine larvae, providing the opportunity to examine spatial and temporal patterns that are difficult to assess in the field. The quality of the biology component of these models, however, often lags behind that of the physical data. Hence, quantifying and parameterising species-specific autecological information are critical steps in advancing the reliability of larval transport simulations. Here we quantify three hitherto untested aspects of the larval ecology of the fluted giant clam, Tridacna squamosa: 1) fertilisation success in relation to gamete age, 2) larval swimming speeds, and 3) settlement competency, and discuss how these factors may affect model predictions of giant clam larval dispersal and recruitment. Through laboratory experiments, we found that T. squamosa gametes were fertilisable for up to 8h, but viability reduced with age. As giant clams are synchronistic spawners, this reduced gamete viability can impede fertilisation success if individuals are too distant from spawning neighbours. We also determined that ciliated T. squamosa larvae are not strong swimmers (104.0 to 1010.6μms−1), but appear able to alter their depth distribution and actively select settlement sites. Average swimming speed peaked 6days post-spawning, and subsequent reduction in speeds suggests ‘readiness’ for settlement. Trials indicated that the settlement competency period in T. squamosa is 14days. No gregarious settlement was observed amongst conspecifics but settlement-competent larvae responded positively to associative cues from fresh crustose coralline algae. All three of these T. squamosa larval traits have the potential to influence the outcomes and interpretations of model simulations.

Effects of Algae Feeding on Mouse Metabolome

Algae are a rich source of macronutrients and micronutrients, but metabolic impact of algae feeding on animals is not well defined. In this study, 3 groups of mice were fed AIN93G substituted with 0, 5% or 20% dried powder of a fresh water green algae (Scenedemus spp.). Serum, urine, fecal and tissue samples were collected at the end of 4-week treatments. Metabolic changes were evaluated by growth performance, blood chemistry and untargeted metabolomics. Compared with control diet, feeding 5% algae increased daily weight gain and feed intake (P < 0.01) while 20% algae decreased both parameters (P < 0.01). Serum glucose, triglyceride, and blood urea nitrogen levels were not affected by algae feeding, except serum cholesterol level was reduced by feeding 20% algae (P < 0.01). Metabolomic analysis identified diverse metabolic changes after algae feeding. The metabolites affected by 5% and 20% algae feeding include porphyrin pigments and bile acid metabolites in feces, free threonine and lysine in serum, glycine conjugates of medium-chain fatty acids and bacterial metabolites in urine. In addition, 20% algae also increased the levels of water-soluble vitamins in urine and long-chain fatty acids in feces, while decreased the levels of free aspartate, glutamate and taurine in serum and triglycerides in liver. Those observations suggest that feeding algae leads to dose-dependent changes in amino acid, lipid and bacterial metabolism, which could be the causes or the consequences of observed changes in growth and feed intake.

Influence of high-oil algae biomass as a feed intake and growth-performance enhancer in feedlot cattle during period of high ambient temperature

Sixty calf-fed Holstein steers (290 ± 2 kg) were used in a 90-d trial to evaluate the influence of fresh high-oil algae biomass as a feed intake and growth-performance enhancer in feedlot cattle. Steers were grouped into 5 weight blocks, and randomly assigned within blocks to 15 pens (4 steers per pen, 4 pens per treatment). All steers were fed the same steam-flaked corn-based basal growing-finishing diet. Three treatments were evaluated (1) basal diet, (2) basal diet plus 60 g/head water or (3) basal diet plus 60 g/head high-oil algae biomass. On an as-fed basis, the algae biomass contained: 78.4% moisture, 2.15% ash, 0.21% N, 0.07% starch, 0.50% neutral detergent fiber and 17.2% ether extract. Steers were fed once daily. Water and algae biomass treatments were top-dressed onto the basal diet at time of feeding. On a dry matter basis, algae biomass application accounted for 0.14% of average daily feed intake. Top-dressing the basal diet with water did not affect (P > 0.20) cattle growth performance or dietary net energy (NE). In contrast, top-dressing feed with algae biomass increased average daily gain (7.8%, P = 0.02), and tended to increase gain efficiency (5.7%, P = 0.08) and estimated dietary NE (3.7%, P = 0.09). We conclude that application of low levels of high-oil algae biomass may enhance daily weight gain of feedlot cattle during period of high ambient temperature. This effect is due in part to an apparent increase in efficiency utilization and in part to an increased dry matter intake.

FRESH-WATER GREEN ALGAE (CHLOROPHYTA) AS A NATURAL PIGMENT FOR MOJOSARI DUCKS

An experiment in a completely randomize design was undertaken to study the use of fresh-watergreen algae as a yolk coloring agent in Mojosari ducks during a laying period on productiveperformance and egg quality from 36 to 44 wk of age. A total of 80 thirty-six wk–old laying ducks weredivided into four dietary treatments and each of four replicates with 5 birds. Diets were formulated witha commercial concentrate, rice bran and yellow corn (2:4:4) according to a commercial standard diet asa control, and three other dietary treatments with 2, 4 or 8% of green algae were included. Fresh watergreen algae had a significant effect on the feed uptake, egg production, and feed conversion ratio (FCR)(p 0.05) except eggyolk color. The yolk color increased within 7 days after feeding with the test diets. The present studyindicated that fresh-water green algae could be used as a natural coloring agent in laying ducks and at8% of green algae showed the highest score of (Roche Yellow Color-15).

Evidence of a Quaternary dammed Lake in the Mawat–Chwarta area, Western Zagros, Kurdistan Region, NE-Iraq

The Mawat–Chwarta valley is located north of the Sulaimania City at Northern Iraq and is surrounded by high mountains on all sides. White laminated sediments with annual varves on a millimetre scale have been recorded at eight localities on the valley gentle slopes. Sedimentological, palaeontological and geomorphological data of these sediments suggest that a lake occupied the valley during the Quaternary. The sediments are of two types, purely fine-grained and fine-grained with coarse interbeds, the two types occur at an elevation difference of about 62m. The two types are interpreted as representing deep (abyssal) and shoreline deposits, respectively, and indicate the approximate depth of the lake. The sediments contain the fresh water green algae of the genus Botryococcus in addition to a few leaves, scattered plant debris and some pollen grains mainly of herbaceous plants. Contrary to the general south-western drainage pattern in Northern Iraq the Mawat–Chwarta valley is drained to the north, where the Mawat River passes now through deep and narrow gorges along which rock slides and debris plugs are known to have occurred in the past. These mass wasting events are considered here to have blogged the runoff of the valley in the past and eventually led to the formation of a large dammed lake. Numerical chronology work failed, which requires further investigation in the future.

Performance of five food regimes on Anopheles gambiae senso stricto larval rearing to adult emergence in insectary.

BackgroundRearing of Anopheles gambiae s.s mosquitoes in insectary with quality cheap food sources is of paramount importance for better and healthy colony. This study evaluated larval survival and the development rate of aquatic stages of An.gambiae s.s under five food regimes; tetramin fish food (a standard insectary larval food), maize pollen, Cerelac, green filamentous algae and dry powdered filamentous algae.MethodsFood materials were obtained from different sources, cerelac was made locally, fresh filamentous algae was taken from water bodies, dry filamentous algae was ground to powder after it was dried under shade, and maize pollen was collected from the flowering maize. Each food source type was used to feed three densities of mosquito larvae 20, 60, and 100 in six replicates each. Larval age structure was monitored daily until pupation and subsequently adult emergence. Tetramin was used and taken as a standard food source for An. gambiae s.s. larvae feeding in Insectary.ResultsLarval survivorship using maize pollen and Tetramin fish food was statistically insignificant (P = 0.564). However when compared to other food regime survivorship was significantly different with Tetramin fish food performing better than cerelac (P<0.001), dry algae (P<0.001) and fresh algae (P<0.001). The pupation rates and sex ratio of emerging adults had significant differences among the food regimes.ConclusionThe findings of this study have shown that maize pollen had closely similar nutritional value for larval survivorship to tetramin fish food, a standard larvae food in insectary. Further studies are required to assess the effect of food sources on various life traits of the emerged adults.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using fresh water green alga Pithophora oedogonia (Mont.) Wittrock and evaluation of their antibacterial activity

In the present study, we report the aqueous extract of Pithophora oedogonia to produce silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by reduction of silver nitrate. It was noted that synthesis process was considerably rapid and silver nanoparticles were generated within few minutes of silver ions coming in contact with the algal extract. A peak at 445 nm corresponding to the plasmon absorbance of AgNPs was noted in the UV–vis spectrum of the aqueous medium that contained silver ions. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) and dynamic light scattering analysis of colloidal AgNPs indicated the size of 34.03 nm. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy revealed strong signals in the silver region and confirmed of the AgNPs. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis of the nanoparticles indicated the presence of protein which was regarding a capping agent surrounding the AgNPs. Moreover, the antibacterial activity of synthesized nanoparticles exhibited potential inhibitory activity against seven tested pathogenic bacteria.

Cationic inulin: A plant based natural biopolymer for algal biomass harvesting

The synthesis of cationic inulin (CI) and its application in algal biomass harvesting have been investigated. (3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl) trimethylammonium chloride (CHPTAC) was used as the etherifying reagent to introduce quaternary amine groups onto the backbone of the biopolymer. The resulting cationized adduct was characterized by various physicochemical techniques such as intrinsic viscosity measurement, elemental analysis (C, H, N and O), FTIR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies. The algal flocculation efficacy of the synthesized product was studied through standard jar test procedure. High removal efficiency of 88.61% within 15min was achieved at the optimal flocculant dosage (60mg/L), for fresh water green algae, viz., Botryococcus sp.

Pretreatment of Scenedesmus sp. Biomass as a Potential Anaerobic Digestion Substrate

<abstract><title><italic>Abstract.</italic></title> Algal biomass can be a potential substrate for anaerobic digestion. However, raw algae cells show a resistance to biological degradation, resulting in a slower methane production rate. Varying thermal and chemical pretreatments of algal biomass were investigated in an attempt to increase soluble organic matter (SOM) yield, which would result in enhanced methane production during subsequent anaerobic digestion. Scenedesmus sp. was harvested using three different procedures: with flocculation, with flocculation and drying, and without flocculation or drying. For all pretreatments and algae types, fluorescence micrographs were obtained to visually confirm the degradation of the algal cell walls. A complete 2×3×4 factorial design was applied for the algal biomass pretreatment study, including two heating temperatures (50°C or 90°C), three heating durations (10, 30, or 60 min), and four NaOH concentrations (0%, 3%, 6%, or 12% g NaOH g^-1 DW of algae). For algae cells with no flocculant addition, SOM yield increased by 15% with a moderate pretreatment of heating at 50°C in 3% NaOH for 60 min. For dried algae, the baseline SOM yield was higher than in the other algae, such that there was only a noticeable increase with the more severe pretreatments. For flocculated algae, the most severe pretreatment increased SOM yield by 17.2%, but overall the SOM increase was less than with fresh algae. Flocculation appears to inhibit cell wall disruption, but thermal chemical treatment can hydrolyze some flocculant polymers, which eases the flocculation and facilitates cell destruction.

Deposit‐feeder diets in the Bering Sea: potential effects of climatic loss of sea ice‐related microalgal blooms

Climate warming in seasonally ice-covered seas is expected to reduce the extent and duration of annual sea ice. Resulting changes in sea ice related blooms of ice algae or phytoplankton may in turn alter the timing, magnitude, or quality of organic matter inputs to the sea floor. If benthic taxa rely differently on direct consumption of settling fresh microalgae for growth and reproduction, altered blooms may lead to reorganization of deposit-feeding assemblages. To assess the potential for such changes, we examined the diets of five abundant deposit-feeders (three infaunal bivalves, a polychaete, and a brittle star) with different feeding modes over the course of the spring bloom in May–June 2007 in the north-central Bering Sea (30–90 m depth). Short-term data from gut contents reflected feeding modes, with the bivalves Macoma calcarea, Ennucula tenuis, and Nuculana radiata, and the brittle star Ophiura sarsi, responding more quickly to deposition of fresh algae than did the head-down polychaete Pectinaria hyperborea. Fatty acid biomarkers also indicated rapid ingestion of settling algae by the bivalves (especially Macoma) and the brittle star, while Pectinaria continued to ingest mainly bacteria. Fatty acid biomarkers did not indicate any unique dietary importance of ice algae released from melting ice. Longer-term inference from stable isotopes suggested that fresh microalgae contributed little to overall carbon assimilated by any of these species. Instead, deposit-feeders appeared to select a consistent fraction from the pool of sediment organic matter, probably heterotrophic microbes, microbial products, and reworked phytodetritus that form a longer-term sediment “food bank.” Redistribution of settled organic matter via scouring and accumulation by currents, as well as the multi-year life spans of macroinvertebrates, may further overwhelm effects of short-term variations in the timing, magnitude, and dispersion of blooms in the water column. More diet data are needed from midsummer to account for any lag in assimilation of fresh microalgae at these cold temperatures. Nevertheless, our results suggest that if annual sea ice cover is reduced, increased production of phytoplankton during longer ice-free periods could replace inputs of ice-associated microalgae to the sediment food bank used by deposit-feeders.

Resolution of Lipid Content from Algal Growth in Carbon Sequestration Studies

Green microalgae species was collected from Bhavani Lake of Erode in Erode District, Tamilnadu State, India. The Morphological studies were examined by utilizing Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Microscope studies, Scanning Electron Microscopic studies and isolated and identified by PCR studies and by these studies that the collected specimen is to be Chlorella sp. In this study to check growth behavior and tolerance of fresh water green algae chlorella sp, under different pH,Temperature ,different concentrations of sodium bicarbonate salt, carbon dioxide gas and under different levels of sodium chloride salt.. From the study it is clear that optimum levels of proper carbon source and salinity is very much essential for growing Chorella sp., as they influences its growth rate, biomass and lipid productivity. The experiment aims to analyze the biomass productivity and total lipid content of the microalgae strain under various growth conditions. All the cultures were grown for a period of 10 days. For the growth study reveals that, pH range 4-7, Temperature 26-40, sodium bicarbonate salt concentrations 50-60 mg/l, sodium chloride concentration 0.02, maximum growth rate was observed, when CO2 gas was supplied at 40% concentration, maximum growth and maximum lipid yield of 15 in %dry cell weight were recorded. A highest total lipid content of 20 % was obtained.

Notable decomposition products of senescing Lake Michigan Cladophora glomerata

Massive accumulations of Cladophora, a ubiquitous, filamentous green alga, have been increasingly reported along Great Lakes shorelines, negatively affecting beach aesthetics, recreational activities, public health and beachfront property values. Previously, the decomposition byproducts of decaying algae have not been thoroughly examined. To better understand the negative consequences and potential merit of the stranded Cladophora, a three month mesocosm study of the dynamic chemical environment of the alga was conducted using fresh samples collected from southern Lake Michigan beaches. Typical fermentation products, such as organic acids, sulfide compounds, and alcohols were detected in the oxygen–deprived algae. Short chain carboxylic acids peaked on day seven, in correspondence with the lowest pH value. Most low molecular mass carbon compounds were eventually consumed, but 4-methylphenol, indole, and 3-methylindole were detected throughout the incubation period. Natural oils were detected in fresh and decomposing algae, indicating the stable nature of these compounds. The mesocosm experiment was validated by directly sampling the fluid within decomposing Cladophora mats in the field; many of the same compounds were found. This study suggests that the problematic Cladophora accumulations may be harvested for useful byproducts, thereby reducing the odiferous and potentially harmful mats stranded along the shorelines.

Selective monoamine oxidase B inhibition by an Aphanizomenon flos-aquae extract and by its constitutive active principles phycocyanin and mycosporine-like amino acids

Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (AFA) is a fresh water unicellular blue-green alga that has been traditionally used for over 25 years for its health-enhancing properties. Recent studies have shown the ability of a proprietary AFA extract (Klamin®) to improve mood, counteract anxiety, and enhance attention and learning. Aim of this study was to test the monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibition activity of the same AFA extract and of its constituents phycocyanin (AFA-PC) and mycosporine-like aminoacids (AFA-MAAs). All compounds showed a dose-dependent selective inhibition of MAO-B activity as compared to MAO-A. The IC50 values of the AFA extract (concentration 10mg/ml), AFA-PC and AFA-MAAs were 6.4μl/ml, 1.33μM and 1.98μM, respectively, evidencing a mixed-type of inhibition for the AFA extract (Ki 0.99μl/ml), a non-competitive inhibition for AFA-PC (Ki 1.06μM) and a competitive inhibition for AFA-MAAs (Ki 0.585μM). These results are important to explain the neuromodulating properties of the AFA extract Klamin®, which is rich in phenylethylamine, a general neuromodulator, that would nevertheless rapidly destroyed by MAO-B enzymes without the inhibitory activity of the synergic active principles AFA-PC and AFA-MAAs. The present investigation thus proposes the extract as potentially relevant in clinical areas such as mood disorders and neurodegenerative diseases.

Enhancement of Taihu blue algae anaerobic digestion efficiency by natural storage

Taihu blue algae after different storage time from 0 to 60 d were anaerobic fermented to evaluate their digestibility and process stability. Results showed that anaerobic digestion (AD) of blue algae under 15 d natural storage led to the highest CH4 production of 287.6 mL g(-1) VS at inoculum substrate ratio 2.0, demonstrating 36.69% improvement comparing with that from fresh algae. Storage of blue algae led to cell death, microcystins (MCs) release and VS reduction by spontaneous fermentation. However, it also played an important role in removing algal cell wall barrier, pre-hydrolysis and pre-acidification, leading to the improvement in CH4 yield. Closer examination of volatile fatty acids (VFA) variation, VS removal rates and key enzymes change during AD proved short storage time (≤ 15 d) of blue algae had higher efficiencies in biodegradation and methanation. Furthermore, AD presented significant biodegradation potential for MCs released from Taihu blue algae.

Cytotoxicity of TiO2 nanoparticles and their detoxification in a freshwater system

In the current study, two aspects concerning (i) the cytotoxicity potential of TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) toward freshwater algal isolate Scenedesmus obliquus and (ii) the potential detoxification of NPs by the microalgae were assessed under light (UV-illumination) and dark conditions at low exposure levels (≤1μg/mL), using sterile freshwater as the test medium. The statistically significant reduction in cell viability, increase in reactive oxygen species production and membrane permeability (light vs. dark) suggested photo-induced toxicity of TiO2 NPs. The electron micrographs demonstrated adsorption of the NPs onto the cell surface and substantiated their internalization/uptake. The fluorescence micrographs and the confocal laser scanning (CLSM) images suggested the absence of a definite/intact nucleus in the light treated cells pointing toward the probable genotoxic effects of NPs. In a separate three cycle experiment, a continuous decrease in the cytotoxicity was observed, whereas, at the end of each cycle only fresh algae were added to the supernatant containing NPs from the previous cycle. The decreasing concentrations of the NPs in the subsequent cycles owing to agglomeration–sedimentation processes exacerbated by the algal interactions played a crucial role in the detoxification. In addition, the exo-polymeric substances produced by the cells could have rendered the available NPs less reactive, thereby, enhancing the detoxification effects.

Eco-environmental implications of elemental and carbon isotope distributions in ornithogenic sediments from the Ross Sea region, Antarctica

Seabirds have substantial influence on geochemical circulation of elements, serving as a link for substance exchange between their foraging area and colonies. In this study, we investigated the elemental and carbon isotopic composition of five penguin-affected sediment profiles excavated from Ross Island and Beaufort Island in the Ross Sea region, Antarctica. Among the three main constituents of the sediments (including weathered bedrock, guano and algae), guano was the main source of organic matter and nutrients, causing selective enrichment of several elements in each of the sediment profiles. In the 22 measured elements, As, Cd, Cu, P, S, Se and Zn were identified as penguin bio-elements in the Ross Sea region through statistical analysis and comparison with local end-member environmental media such as weathered bedrock, fresh guano and fresh algae. Carbon isotopic composition in the ornithogenic sediments showed a mixing feature of guano and algae. Using a two-member isotope mixing equation, we were able to reconstruct the historical change of guano input and algal bio-mass. Compared with research in other parts of Antarctic, Arctic, and South China Sea, we found apparent overlap of avian bio-elements including As, Cd, Cu, P, Se, and Zn. Information on the composition and behavior of bio-elements in seabird guano on a global scale, and the role that bio-vectors play in the geochemical circulation between land and sea, will facilitate future research on avian ecology and paleoclimatic reconstruction.

COMPARATIVE STUDY ON AZOLLA AND BLUE-GREEN ALGAE DUAL CULTURE WITH RICE

ABSTRACT Rice fields were inoculated with four isolates of Azolla pinnata R. Br. from Thailand, Bangladesh, Vietnam, and India as well as with fresh or dry blue-green algae (BGA). Increments in biomass and N yield of Azolla and BGA were compared, and their effects on rice yields and yield components were studied. Inoculation of Azolla (500 kg fresh weight/ha) 10 days after rice transplanting (DAT) and of BGA (10 kg/ha dry and 100 kg/ha fresh) 3 DAT yielded maximum biofertilizer biomass at 30 and 80 DAT, respectively. The establishment of BGA in the rice field was faster and the biomass and N yield were initially higher in the case of the fresh than in that of the dry inoculum. At the flowering stage (80 DAT), however, these parameters were similar with both inocula. Azolla isolates grew more rapidly than BGA and produced a mat on the water surface 30 DAT. The relative growth rates of the Thailand and Vietnam Azolla isolates were higher than those of the Bangladesh and Indian isolates. Significant increase...

Characterization of gamma radiation inducible thioredoxin h from Spirogyra varians

In this study, thioredoxin h (Trxh) was isolated and characterized from the fresh water green alga Spirogyra varians, which was one amongst the pool of proteins induced upon gamma radiation treatment. cDNA clones encoding S. varians thioredoxin h were isolated from a pre-constructed S. varians cDNA library. Trxh had a molecular mass of 13.5kDa and contained the canonical WCGPC active site. Recombinant Trxh showed the disulfide reduction activity, and exhibited insulin reduction activity. Also, Trxh had higher 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) reduction activity with Arabidopsis thioredoxin reductase (TR) than with Escherichia coli TR. Specific expression of the Trxh gene was further analyzed at mRNA and protein levels and was found to increase by gamma irradiation upto the absorbed dose of 3kGy, suggesting that Trxh may have potential functions in protection of biomolecules from gamma irradiation.

Using Gin Adsorption Model for Assessing the Influence of Algal Powder Bleach Process in Cu(II) Adsorption

The Cladophora and Spirogyra algae examined in this study belong to the Chlorophyta division. Macro filamentous algae, which are widespread in fresh water worldwide, have high potential to be developed as biological materials because of their large biomass and availability. In this study, we collected fresh algae from where they grew and produced bleached and unbleached algae powder using to adsorb Cu(II) ion solution. After the biosorption process, we noted the following four significant findings: (i) The functional groups and binding sites in the produced algae powder were affected, causing variations in the amount of copper adsorbed. The variations resulted from differences in the cell structure, the cell wall thickness of Cladophora and Spirogyra algae, cell composition, and the types and amount of epiphytic algae. (ii) Common bleaching procedures using glacial acetic acid influenced the binding sites of the functional groups and the biomass of the produced powder. Because of the bleaching, the amount of copper adsorbed by the Cladophora powder declined by 14.2%, and by 15.7% for Spirogyra powder. (iii) The carbonyl and hydroxyl groups of unbleached powder were the main elements affected during the bleaching procedures. Examining whether the biosorption experiment results fit Gin’s biosorption model, we found that the biosorption amount and equilibrium reaction of the two bleached algae powders were inferior to that of the unbleached algae powders. (iv) The bleaching procedure using glacial acetic acid was not suitable for producing algae powder to use as an adsorbent for metal ions.

Isolation And Identification Of Some Chemical Constituents In Two Different Types Of Fresh Water Macro Algae In Bestansur Village In Suleiman City Kurdistan Region (North Iraq) By Hplc Technique

In the present work HPLC analysis for two genus of green algae were collected locally and identified from Bestansur village fresh water in Sulaimani city in north Iraq in October 2011,shows that contain different alkaloid components such as Chara sp. Contain (Kaemfertin 57.0831µgm/ml ,isoquinoline 74.8601µ gm/ml ,corilagin 109.3617µ gm/ml and colocynthitin 57.3929 µ gm/ml) while Spirogyra contain (Gallic acid 77.2055 µ gm/ml ,Kaempfertin 67.8407 µ gm/ml ,isoquinoline 69.6164 µ gm/ml , corilagin 105.8581 µ gm/ml and colocynthitin 85.9098 µ gm/ml). Divert compounds of steroids composition were also analyzed by HPLC technique in two types of macro algae five steroid compounds were detected (stigmasterol 69.9213 µ gm/ml , 73.102 µ gm/ml , campsterol 98.8401 µ gm /ml ,157.8413 µ gm/ml , β-sitosterol 127.8065 µ gm/ml,37.1229 µ gm/ml ,avenasterol 43.15194 µ gm/ml ,72.400 µ gm/ml and clerosterol 89.6958 µ gm/ml ,84.50799 µ gm/ml respectively). In this study HPLC analysis for Chara show that contain( α-tocopherol 334.53417 µ gm/ml , β- tocopherol 175.13087 µ gm/ml and γ-tocopherol 71.7641 µ gm /ml) . In the end of this study ICP analysis for two genus macroalgae shows that contain this element s (Mn,V,Se, Ca,Mg, Cr,As,Pb,Co,Cd and Ni).