Frequent Conflicts Research Articles

SUN-091 ARE YOU SURE? MEASURING DECISIONAL CONFLICT AROUND DIALYSIS TREATMENT CHOICE IN PATIENTS WITH END STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE

Patients with end stage kidney disease who have a planned dialysis start receive education about renal replacement therapies. However, they may still feel uncertain about their choice of dialysis when they start treatment. The SURE questionnaire is a 4 item checklist which screens for decisional conflict. SURE stands for: sure of myself; understand information; risk-benefit ratio; encouragement. (1). We used the SURE questionnaire to understand how frequent decisional conflict is when a patient starts dialysis (Table 1).

The policy implementation costs and occurring mechanisms of bargaining among different levels of the Chinese governmental hierarchy: A case analysis of the prohibition of grazing in Sidong County

Bargaining is a significant form of interaction between different levels of the Chinese government. Therefore, the mechanism of bargaining is suggested as a representative operational model for understanding the behaviors of local governments in the hierarchical system of government. This paper describes in detail several rounds of bargaining between superior and subordinate government officials in the process of implementing a policy prohibiting grazing in Sidong County. The policy was made at the county level. Township-level governments chose to bargain with their superior due to the difficulty of implementation in the early stages but failed. Strict implementation then led to frequent conflicts between local government and farmers. The township level of government instantly turned to bargaining with the county level and used a confrontational strategy to successfully obtain more freedom for implementation. This paper uses the theoretical framework of implementation costs analysis to illustrate the functioning mechanism of bargaining behavior. The different combinations of implementation costs cause township-level governments to choose or adjust to different methods. The high cost of implementation processes allows the township-level government to use bargaining as the only reasonable method of implementation. The process of bargaining indicates that township-level governments improve bargaining ability relative to strict requirements for implementation of policy and intensifying social conflicts. The essential features of bargaining in policy implementation among different levels of the Chinese governmental hierarchy are: no deadlock implementation; agreement point swings from side to side; and alternating occurrences between short-run equilibrium and bargaining.

Relationships with Grandparents and Grandchildren’s Well-being after Parental Divorce

AbstractGrandparents are often considered as providing important resources in times of family crisis. Little is known, however, about the influence of grandparents on the well-being of grandchildren after parental divorce. This article investigates the association between the quality of relationships with grandparents and grandchildren’s subjective well-being. Using data from the study ‘Divorce in Flanders’, the authors compare 567 grandchildren with divorced and 238 with married parents regarding four indicators of subjective well-being (life satisfaction, self-esteem, mastery, and depressive feelings) and also examine variation within the group with divorced parents. Results show that the strength of grandchild–grandparent relationships is positively associated with grandchildren’s subjective well-being and that having a very good relationship with a grandparent matters even more for grandchildren whose parents have divorced. Moreover, grandchildren who experience frequent conflicts between divorced parents seem to benefit most from close grandparent relationships.

Nation‐dyadic history and cross‐border corporate deals: Role of conflict, trade, generational distance, and professional education

Abstract Research SummaryThis paper explores why and how nation‐dyadic history impacts aggregated firm decisions involving cross‐border activities (acquisitions, joint ventures, and alliances). We contextualize history and illustrate the negative effect of historical conflict on cross‐border deals. Nation‐dyads with historical conflict incorporate negative sentiments into their social and collective memories and national identities. Members of society assume the socially constructed national identity via primary and secondary socialization. National identities incorporate sentiments towards other nations and condition individuals' preferences, culminating in a preference‐biased search for or preference‐supporting evaluation of information concerning cross‐border deals. An increased generational distance from prior conflict and a higher percentage of graduates with common professional identities constructed by higher education in the social sciences, law, and business dampen the negative influence of historical conflict. Managerial SummaryThere is a reciprocal relationship between international trade and conflict across two nations: as the potential for conflict increases, trade levels fall, and as trade levels increase, the potential for conflict rises. We disentangle this relationship and determine the implications of historical conflict between two nations for cross‐border corporate deals (i.e., acquisitions/joint ventures/alliances). We show that, controlling for other factors, more frequent historical conflict discourages cross‐border corporate deals. We see this finding as a result of biased decision making based on preferences which reflect sentiments formed by national identities. Two mechanisms dampen the negative relationship between binational conflict and cross‐border deals: a higher percentage of business/law/social sciences graduates and a higher number of generations passed since the last conflict.

Assessing right-turning vehicle-pedestrian conflicts at intersections using an integrated microscopic simulation model

Frequent vehicle-pedestrian conflicts deserve special attention for safety assessment at intersections. This study helps verify how the simulation as an innovative approach can be utilized for right-turning vehicle-pedestrian conflict assessment at intersection crosswalks prior to implementation. Various behavior models such as vehicle turning path, turning speed, gap acceptance model and pedestrian behavior model, have been established. Through integrating the calibrated models into one simulation platform, the stochastic behavior of vehicles and pedestrians under different geometric layouts and operational conditions can be reproduced. Based on the field data collected by an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) at two urban intersections in Beijing, China, it was demonstrated through validation of surrogate safety measures (SSMs), i.e., Post Encroachment Time (PET) and vehicle passing speed at conflict points, that the simulation model can reasonably represent the frequency and severity of conflict occurrence at signalized crosswalks. The sensitivity analysis results indicated that large dimensions and turning angles of intersections tend to result in undesirable safety performance.

An Empirical Study on The Socio-Economic Conditions of the Plantation Workers in the Tea Industry of Darjeeling

Tea cultivation occupies a place of pride in the Darjeeling hills. The development of the district has been driven by the growth of the tea industry. Nevertheless, this industry is presently in the grip of a mounting crisis. The Darjeeling tea industry has been passing through a period of stagnation. The existing tea estates experience frequent labour conflicts, and some have been locked out for considerable periods. As the tea workers are dependent solely on their wage earnings, the sufferings of workers have increased driving some of them even to suicide. This gives us a clear picture about the grim situation that confronts workers in the Darjeeling tea estates. The dimension of the structural readjustment that is needed within the tea industry to cope with them needs to be analysed immediately in protecting the rights of plantation workers and in equipping them for work and struggle through new livelihood strategies. Hence, the empirical study on the socio-economic conditions of the workers on the tea plantations would help us to understand their problems, while protecting their interests and provide an immediate help to seek better lookout for the condition of tea plantation workers in the hills before their inefficiency may turn into stagnation of the Tea Industry in Darjeeling.

국제기구를 통한 우리나라의 식량지원(Food Assistance) 사업 사례와 성과관리를 위한 정책적 제안

Korea has officially joined the Food Assistance Convention (FAC) in 2018. Four countries (Yemen, Ethiopia, Kenya, and Uganda) that have been suffering from a food crisis due to frequent wars, conflicts, and natural disasters caused by climate change are selected for food assistance projects. The purpose of this article is to analyse a case of food aid project supported by Korea through the World Food Program (WFP), an international organization specialized in agriculture and food relief projects. It analyses the current state of food security and WFP strategy of the targeted countries, and aims to suggest policy on project performance management in terms of monitoring and performance evaluation. In the context of humanitarian assistance, food aid activities aim to end hunger and improve nutrition, but as a grant aid project, rigorous plans are needed to manage the performance of the project.

Cooperative, Compromising, Conflictual, and Uninvolved Coparenting Among Teenaged Parents

Adolescent parents often maintain a coparenting relationship that is characterized by frequent conflict and unhealthy communication. However, in relationships with less conflict and more cooperation, adolescent mothers display well-being and greater self-acceptance, while young fathers are more likely to be involved with their children. Based on human, financial, and social capital theory that reinforces the influence of parents’ investments on family processes and well-being, we examined how capital was related to coparenting behaviors, and how coparenting related to parental functioning. We examined data from 125 adolescent mothers who attended a program for pregnant/parenting teens. Using a latent profile analysis, we (1) identified patterns of coparenting; (2) examined social, financial and human capital resources; and (3) evaluated between-group differences in parental functioning. Results indicated four unique patterns of coparenting based on adolescent mothers’ reports, which were associated with indicators of social, financial, and human capital and between-group differences in parental functioning.

Democracia, instituições de controle e justiça sob a ótica do pluralismo estatal

O Brasil tem experimentado extraordinária expansão de órgãos de controle e de promoção do acesso à justiça. A atuação desses órgãos suscita, contudo, dúvidas sobre os efeitos provocados no funcionamento da democracia. Este artigo analisa, comparativamente, o desenvolvimento de três instituições do campo da justiça – Ministério Público, Polícia Federal e Defensoria Pública – sob a abordagem teórica do pluralismo estatal, enfatizando que agentes públicos atuam em função de interesses próprios de afirmação institucional, lançando-se na esfera pública e em arenas políticas em busca de prerrogativas, funções e autonomia. O resultado, não sem frequentes embates entre esses atores, é a pluralização no interior do Estado, com a proliferação de órgãos que espelham suas próprias ambições. Essa abordagem contribui para compreender o atual cenário, marcado pela controversa interferência de instituições de controle na dinâmica política e democrática.

Numerical Simulation of the Static and Dynamic Aerodynamics of a UAV under Wake Flows

Frequent flight conflicts will be observed as the number of aircrafts increases, and such conflicts will cause unprecedented challenges in flight safety; thus, the flight characteristics of small aircrafts under the wake flow of a large airliner should be thoroughly analyzed. Combined with the sliding mesh technique, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method is proposed in this paper to simulate three wake flow patterns, i.e., wingtip vortex, jet flow, and propeller slipstream, and then, the static and dynamic derivatives that represent the stability of the fly wing under the wake flow are identified by using the least squares method. The results demonstrate that both the steady and unsteady aerodynamics of the fly wing are affected by wake flows: wingtip vortices increase the lift-to-drag ratio and considerably change the dynamic damping; jet flow reduces both the static and dynamic damping; and propeller slipstream leads to slow variations in the dynamic damping and decreases in the lift-to-drag ratio.

GIS-Based Multi-Criteria Assessment and Seasonal Impact on Plantation Forest Landscape Visual Sensitivity

Visual sensitivity assessments identify the location of the high-sensitivity areas in terms of visual change. Studying the visual sensitivity of plantation forest landscapes and their seasonal changes can help resolve increasingly frequent conflicts between tourism and forest management activities, in the context of the multi-functional management of plantation forests. In this study, we used the geographic information system (GIS) and multi-criteria evaluation (MCE) methods combined with the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to perform a visual sensitivity evaluation. Nine map-based criteria were selected, and the visual sensitivity of summer and autumn values were calculated, using data from sources including inventory data for forest management planning and design, digital elevation model (DEM), and aerial photographs. Vegetation uniformity (VU) and color diversity (CD) indices were constructed using three patch-level-based landscape indices, including area (AREA), fractal dimension index (FRAC), and proximity (PROX), to visualize the summer and autumn vegetation characteristics of a plantation forest landscape. We conducted a case study on the Saihanba Mechanical Forest Plantation, China’s largest forest plantation. The results were evaluated by experts, confirming the method to be reliable. This study provides an accurate, objective, and visualized evaluation method for the visual sensitivity of plantations for forest management units at the landscape scale. In analyzing the visual sensitivity of plantation forest landscapes, appropriate criteria, e.g., uniformity or diversity should be selected based on forest vegetation characteristics. When identifying high-sensitivity regions, it is necessary to simultaneously analyze areas with high visual sensitivity in different seasons and then superimpose the results.

Abstract P354: Work-Family Conflict and Ideal Cardiovascular Health Score in ELSA-Brasil Baseline Assessment

Introduction: Perceived stress (including work-related stress) is associated with cardiovascular health. We studied the association between work-family conflict and AHA’s ideal cardiovascular health (ICH) score at the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) baseline. Hypothesis: Individuals with more frequent work-family conflict have worse ICH scores. Methods: We analyzed data from 11,351 active workers, aged 35-74 years. ICH scores were calculated based on the four lifestyle (diet, physical activity, smoking and body-mass index) and three health (blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose and total cholesterol) metrics proposed by the AHA. Work-family conflict was assessed as time and strain-based work interference with family; family interference with work and lack of time for personal care and leisure. We used quasi-Poisson regression models to analyze the association between work-family conflict and ICH scores, with positive relative predicted score differences (rPSD) indicating higher predicted ICH scores. Results: Subjects with frequent lack of time for personal care and leisure had lower global (rPSD: -2.9%; p=0.01) and lifestyle (rPSD: -8.2%; p<0.01) ICH scores but higher health ones (rPSD: +4.8%; p=0.02). After stratifying by sex, the negative association between lack of time for personal care and leisure and global ICH scores remained significant only in women. In addition, women had a negative association between lifestyle ICH scores and both frequent strain-based work interference with family (rPSD: -5.1%; p<0.01) and family interference with work (rPSD: -8.6%; p<0.01). Conclusions: We found significant associations between work-family conflict and ICH scores in this large multicenter sample. Associations between work-family conflict and ICH score (especially lifestyle metrics) were more intense in women.

Determinants of Food Insecurity in Pastoral and Agro-Pastoral Households of Ethiopia

Food insecurity is one of the prime challenges of Sub-Sahara African countries in general and pastoral and semi-pastoral households of Ethiopia in particular. Many researches has been investigated on food insecurity, however the problem remains still continuing especially during unfavorable climatic season. Different research findings pointed out that pastoral areas mainly characterized by unpredictable and unstable climatic conditions, as well as ecologically fragile environment. Pastoral areas are also characterized by frequent draught, conflict, flood and food insecurity as well as inadequate facilities and infrastructure. Low human development features, manifested by very low primary & secondary schools gross enrollment rate. The paper went ahead to discuss on the vulnerability of pastoral communities to food insecurity, the causes of food insecurity was reviewed from different literatures. Determinants of food insecurity in pastoral and agro-pastoral households of Ethiopia and finally indicted some policy implications. Keywords : food insecurity, pastoral DOI : 10.7176/FSQM/85-06 Publication date :March 31 st 2019

Boundary conditions for the influence of spatial proximity on context-specific attentional settings.

Flexibility of cognitive control is illustrated by the context-specific proportion compatibility (CSPC) effect, the now well-documented pattern showing that compatibility effects are reduced in mostly incompatible relative to mostly compatible locations. The episodic-retrieval account attributes the CSPC effect to location-specific representations that include the attentional settings formed via experience within a given location (e.g., a "focused" attentional setting becomes bound to a location with frequent conflict, whereas a "relaxed" setting becomes bound to one with infrequent conflict). However, Diede and Bugg (Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 78, 1255-1266, 2016) demonstrated that the attentional setting associated with a given location can be based on experiences that accumulate across multiple "grouped" locations-namely, those that are proximal to each other, relative to other (distal) locations. This spatial grouping effect supported the relative-proximity hypothesis, which we further tested in the present study. Experiment 1 replicated the spatial grouping effect and showed that it could be disrupted by a horizontal line dividing the otherwise grouped locations. Experiments 2 through 4 suggested that grouping might be a form of "chunking"-that is, the spatial grouping effect did not occur when the proximal locations were few enough in number (two) to represent independently, but it did occur when there were six locations. When there were eight proximal locations (and ten locations overall), the CSPC effect disappeared entirely. These findings suggest important boundary conditions for the relative-proximity hypothesis and inform our understanding of how past experiences with conflict are organized in the form of episodic representations that enable on-the-fly adjustments in cognitive control.

ATTITUDE TO PREVENTION OF HEART DISEASES AND STRESS IN THE FAMILY IN THE OPEN CITY POPULATION: PREVALENCE AND INTERRELATIONS

Objective: to determine the associations of attitudes towards their health and family stress in men and women of an open urban population.Material and Methods. To carry out a one-stage epidemiological study on an open urban population using the “random numbers” method, a representative sample of the population was drawn from the electoral lists of citizens of the Central Administrative District of Tyumen in the number of 2000 people, 250 people in each sex-age group (25–34, 35–44, 45–54, 55–64 years). The study was conducted with a response rate of 77.7% (85.0% among men and 70.3% among women) according to rigidly standardized epidemiological methods. As part of the cardiological screening for the WHO MONICAMOPSY program algorithms, a survey was conducted on the “Knowledge and Attitude to Your Health” questionnaire, and some parameters of the population’s attitude to their health and family stress were analyzed.Results.In general, in the Tyumen population, women demonstrated a more responsible attitude towards their health. In the presence of stress in the family, readiness for urgent measures in case of pain or discomfort in the heart area was ambiguous: higher among women in an emergency situation (with one or frequent conflicts in the family during the last 12 months, and also in the absence of conditions for home recreation ), and vice versa, in the situation of recurring conflicts (with several conflicts in the family during the last 12 months), the tendency to regular visits to the doctor under stress was observed among men.Conclusion. Analysis of the factors of chronic social stress in relation to the attitude towards the prevention of heart disease in the open population showed that the program of primary prevention of CVD, in addition to information technologies, should include correction of factors of chronic social stress, in particular, stress in the family among men and women of working age.

“Bargaining with Patriarchy” and “Bad Girl Femininity”: Relationship and Behaviors among Chicago Girl Gangs, 1959–62

AbstractThis study uses observational, social network, and self-report survey data from a large study of male gangs in Chicago, 1959–62, to examine intragroup relationships and behaviors among their female auxiliaries, particularly the Vice Ladies and Cobraettes. Unlike descriptions of the female gang as forming a cohesive “sisterhood,” our findings revealed frequent intragroup conflict and loosely connected friendship networks. Consistent with the bulk of contemporary literature, the Chicago gang girls appeared to maintain ties with one another less for affective reasons than for the benefits they provided in the streets (e.g., peer backup). Regarding their behaviors, the Chicago gang girls engaged in both socio-sexual and stereotypically male activities, including strong-arm robbery and purse-snatching. Although sex sometimes was used to gain favor with boys, we found no evidence of it being valued and rewarded with prestige among homegirls. Instead, the most sexually active girls tended to be the least popular in the gang. The implications of these findings are discussed in the context of “bad girl femininity” performed by gang girls and gang involvement as a resource for “bargaining with patriarchy.”

The Instability of Political and Administrative Institutions in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

This article uses a historical approach to identify and analyze the factors leading to the instability of political and administrative institutions of the Democratic Republic of Congo from independence to the year 2017. There are multiple factors related to institutional instability in the DRC. Key among them includes the inadequate constitutional provisions, the difficulties caused by the non-application of democratic principles, the heterogeneity of the populace and frequent conflicts. Other contributors to the institutional instability experienced in the DRC include the politicization of the administration, the prevailing social-economic situation, poor governance, the non-observance of the laws, the poor distribution of the national wealth, foreign pressures and macroeconomic influences. The challenges due to institutional and political instability in the DRC provide opportunities for the Congolese state and its populace to re-invent itself to be a truly democratic space where the ambitions to develop and improve the living conditions of the people can be improved through stabilized and functional institutions.

Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of conduct disorder.

Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of conduct disorder.

Accommodation Policy of Jesuit Missionaries and Du Halde’s Kingdom of Corea

본고에서는 뒤 알드의 『조선전(Kingdom of Corea)』(1735)의 집필 배경과 내용을 살펴보았다. 『조선전』은 18세기초 중국에서 선교활동을 하던 프랑스 예수회원들에 의해 작성된 『중화제국전지(中華帝國全志)』의 일부로, 당시 유럽에 조선을 알린 소수의 자료 중 하나이다. 『조선전』의 저자인 예수회원들은 16세기 스페인에서 창립된 이래 기독교의 해외 선교 사업을 주도하였는데, 예수회는 지역별로 다른 선교방식을 택하였으며, 문화, 경제, 정치적 수준이 높았던 중국 및 주변 지역에서는 적응주의 방식을 따랐다. 문화와 학문적 교류를 통하여 선교 대상 지역민들의 동조를 얻는 방식으로 이루어진 적응주의는 동서양의 문화 교류의 주요한 계기가 되었다. 『조선전』은 기자조선설, 중국과 조선의 잦은 분쟁, 임진왜란 등을 상세하게 다루고 있다. 이는 당시 중국과 조선의 안정적인 관계가 선교 활동에 영향을 미치는 상황이었던 점, 임진왜란으로 인해 중국 내에서 외국인에 대한 경계심이 높아진 점 등에 영향을 받았다고 할 수 있다. 『조선전』은 이후 볼테르의 문학작품에서처럼 유럽에서 조선에 관한 주요 저서로 인용되며 한반도에 대한 이미지를 형성시켰다.This paper examined the circumstances and characteristics of Du Halde’s Kingdom of Corea published in 1735. Kingdom of Corea is a portion of The General History of China written by French Jesuits stayed in China during the early 18th century, and one of the rare materials containing the contents on the Korean Peninsula. The Jesuits who devoted to overseas missionaries were great investigators as well as writers on so called “the New World.” They adopted the strategy of accommodation on China and her neighbors which were assessed as culturally, economically and politically advanced countries. The accommodation strategy which respected the native society and culture became the impetus of cultural exchanges between Europe and China. The contents of Kingdom of Corea are composed of ‘Chosun originated by Kija,’ frequent conflicts between China and Joseon, and Japanese invasions of the Korean Peninsula from 1592 to 1598. Although the stable relationships between China and Joseon were crucial in that the Jesuits purported to come into the Peninsula through China, the foreign phobia in China caused by Japanese invasions of Joseon worsened the situation. As in the writings of Voltaire, Kingdom of Corea had effects on creating the European’ image of the Korean Peninsula.

Conflict between human and wild Sumatran Elephant (Elephas maximus sumatranus Temminck, 1847) in Aceh Province, Indonesia

Qomariah IN, Rahmi T, Said Z, Wijaya A. 2019. Conflict between human and wild Sumatran Elephant (Elephas maximus sumatranus Temminck, 1847) in Aceh Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 77-84. Aceh Province has the largest habitat for Sumatran elephant. However, the elephant population in the province keeps decreasing due to frequent conflict with humans. This study aimed to observe the trend and pattern of Human-elephant Conflict (HEC) in Aceh, as well as the main causes driving the conflict. To collect information, we carried out desk study, secondary data collection, and interviews with relevant actors in Aceh Jaya, Pidie, and Aceh Timur District. We collected data of HEC during the 2012-2017 period in 16 districts across Aceh. The result shows that during the six years, there were 262 HEC cases occurred in Aceh, where Aceh Timur and Aceh Jaya contributed the highest number of HEC incidence, with 47 and 44 cases respectively. Maximum Entropy analysis shows that the main factor causing the conflict is “Distance from the human settlement” with 84.7% contribution, followed by “Primary forest loss” (14.1% contribution). From the findings, we suggest reforestation in areas that becomes elephant home range and creation of barriers within the conservation forest boundaries. Moreover, HEC mitigation action should also be incorporated in provincial spatial planning (Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah - Provinsi) to minimize further economic loss and wildlife extinction.