Output Frequency Research Articles

Optimizing the Location of Frequency Regulation Energy Storage Systems for Improved Frequency Stability

The installation of battery energy storage systems (BESSs) with various shapes and capacities is increasing due to the continuously rising demand for renewable energy. To prepare for potential accidents, a study was conducted to select the optimal location for installing an input BESS in terms of frequency stability when the index assumes the backup input of the BESS. This study builds on the premise that installing a BESS on a bus in an area where active power absorption and transmission are the most active can significantly contribute to increasing the frequency recovery of the power system. Based on this premise, the magnitude of the active power flow and the proportional characteristics of the phase difference between buses were mathematically confirmed. This study also calculated the effective power sensitivity index of a bus with 13 FR-ESSs installed in a domestic system and reviewed the frequency output by establishing a table for each failure scenario. The results indicated that the effect of frequency rise can be estimated at the level of tidal current calculation. Thus, the study suggested a direction for subsequent studies to improve the sensitivity index.

Interactions Between Slopes of Residual Hearing and Frequency Maps in Simulated Bimodal and Electric-Acoustic Stimulation Hearing.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of residual hearing slopes and cochlear implant frequency map settings on bimodal and electric-acoustic stimulation (EAS) benefits in speech perception. Adults with normal hearing were recruited for simulated bimodal and EAS hearing. Sentence perception was measured unilaterally and bilaterally. For the acoustic stimulation, three slopes of high-frequency hearing loss were created using low-pass filters with a cutoff frequency of 500 Hz: steep (96 dB/octave), medium (48 dB/octave), and shallow (24 dB/octave). For the electric stimulation, an eight-channel sinewave vocoder was used with an output frequency range (1000-7938 Hz) with three input frequency ranges to create frequency maps, overlap (188-7938 Hz), meet (500-7938 Hz), and gap (750-7938 Hz), relative to the cutoff frequency in the acoustic stimulation. The largest bimodal/EAS benefit occurred with the shallow slope, and the smallest occurred with the steep slope. The effects of the slopes on bimodal/EAS benefit were greatest with the meet or gap map and the least with the overlap map. EAS benefit was greater than bimodal benefit at higher signal-to-noise ratios regardless of frequency map. The results indicate that correlation between bimodal/EAS benefit and residual hearing could potentially improve if slopes were considered. The optimal frequency map differed with different slopes, suggesting that the slopes of residual hearing should be carefully considered in fitting bimodal and EAS hearing. EAS hearing provided greater benefit over bimodal hearing, suggesting that spectrotemporal integration was better within one ear (i.e., EAS) than across ears (i.e., bimodal).

An Asynchronous Parallel I/O Framework for Mass Conservation Ocean Model

I/O is often a performance bottleneck in global ocean circulation models with fine spatial resolution. In this paper, we present an asynchronous parallel I/O framework and demonstrate its efficacy in the Mass Conservation Ocean Model (MaCOM) as a case study. By largely reducing I/O operations in computing processes and overlapping output in I/O processes with computation in computing processes, this framework significantly improves the performance of the MaCOM. Through both reordering output data for maintaining data continuity and combining file access for reducing file operations, the I/O optimizing algorithms are provided to improve output bandwidth. In the case study of the MaCOM, the cost of output in I/O processes can be overlapped by up to 99% with computation in computing processes as decreasing output frequency. The 1D data output bandwidth with these I/O optimizing algorithms is 3.1 times faster than before optimization at 16 I/O worker processes. Compared to the synchronous parallel I/O framework, the overall performance of MaCOM is improved by 38.8% at 1024 computing processes for a 7-day global ocean forecast with 1 output every 2 h through the asynchronous parallel I/O framework presented in this paper.

A complete physical 3D model from first principles of vibrational-powered electromagnetic generators

The dynamic behavior of a vibrational electromagnetic generator using a magnetic levitation architecture was theoretically and experimentally studied in great detail, when operating under a wide range of three-dimensional excitations. We developed a complete rigorous physical model from first principles based on the theory of electrodynamics of continua, centered on the laws of electrodynamics and balance of mass, linear momentum, angular momentum, energy and entropy. Local electromagnetic and gravitational body forces, couples and powers were considered, and the surface tractions were divided into constraint and friction components, as well as those due to external mechanical energy sources. The balance of linear momentum, angular momentum and circuit equations resulted in up to 13 non-linear differential equations describing the dynamics of the levitating-magnet and container, relating input forces and torques with output displacement, constraint forces and voltage. The balance of energy yielded a consistent equivalence between the time rate of change of the internal kinetic and potential energies of the generator and the output power, associated with the external circuit, Ohmic losses and friction losses, as well as the input mechanical power being supplied to the system by the environment. Both the input and output powers were proven to tend to increase equally when operating the generator under resonant conditions. The levitating generator was shown to be sensitive to axial translational and centrifugal inertial forces, each one effectively resulting in a uni-stable or bi-stable system. The dynamical response yielded multiple initial conditions dependent steady-states, hysteretic frequency output and chaotic characteristics. Relevant guidelines to optimize the energy conversion efficiency of energy harvesters are provided. This model was validated by experimental tests, including general 3D motions combining translations and rotations: cross-correlations exceeding 90% were achieved. Such Newtonian and Langrangian modelling approaches hold great potential to be easily adapted to a wide range of other electromagnetic generators, with multiple degrees-of-freedom and operating under various environments, such that significant advances in energy technologies can be supported.

Demonstration of a Frequency Doubler Using a Tunnel Field-Effect Transistor with Dual Pocket Doping

In this study, a frequency doubler that consists of a tunnel field-effect transistor (TFET) with dual pocket doping is proposed, and its operation is verified using technology computer-aided design (TCAD) simulations. The frequency-doubling operation is important to having symmetrical current characteristics, which eliminate odd harmonics and the need for extra filter circuitry. The proposed TFET has intrinsically bidirectional and controllable currents that can be implemented by pocket doping, which is located at the junction between the source/drain (S/D) and the channel region, to modify tunneling probabilities. The source-to-channel (ISC) and channel-to-drain currents (ICD) can be independently changed by managing each pocket doping concentration on the source and drain sides (NS,POC and ND,POC). After that, the current matching process was investigated through NS,POC and ND,POC splits, respectively. However, it was found that the optimized doping condition achieved at the device level (namely, a transistor evaluation) is not suitable for a frequency doubler operation because the voltage drop generated by a load resistor in the frequency doubler circuit configuration causes the currents to be unbalanced between ISC and ICD. Therefore, after symmetrical current matching was performed by optimizing NS,POC and ND,POC at the circuit level, it was clearly seen that the output frequency was doubled in comparison to the input sinusoidal signal. In addition, the effects of the S/D and pocket doping variations that can occur during process integration were investigated to determine how much frequency multiplications are affected, and these variations have the immunity of S/D doping and pocket doping length changes. Furthermore, the impact of device scaling with gate length (LG) variations was evaluated. Based on these findings, the proposed frequency doubler is anticipated to offer benefits for circuit design and low-power applications compared to the conventional one.

Design of Ka-band Frequency Source Based on PLL

In communication，radar and electronic measuring instruments and other fields, the high demanding of frequency source need wider band, lower phase noise and spurs, and small frequency step. In order to meet the demand of system calibration，a low phase noise and spurs, small frequency step frequency source is developed. The advantages and disadvantages of various frequency source signals are analyzed, using the phase discriminator(PD:HMC704) and the voltage controlled oscillator(VCO:HMC531) of ADI Company and optimal design, a ka-band Frequency Source is designed successfully, a sign is output based PLL, frequency multiplication and filter, the phase noise are simulated，and the factors affecting the spurious dispersion and the solutions are discussed. The test results show that the output frequency range of the frequency source is 26～28.4GHz, the phase noise is -86.05dBc / Hz@10kHz，step-by-step is 1MHz，which achieves a higher level than similar products.

Fault diagnosis of rotor systems with breathing slant cracks based on nonlinear output frequency response functions

When it comes to practical engineering, there is a high likelihood of shafts developing slant cracks due to torque transmission. These cracks exhibit breathing characteristics, repeatedly opening and closing under gravity and radial forces. To diagnose rotor systems with breathing slant cracks, the nonlinear output frequency response functions (NOFRFs) method is introduced. Firstly, a dynamic model of rotor systems with breathing slant cracks is established, and the system's frequency spectra are obtained by solving the model with different crack angles, depths, and positions. Secondly, the NOFRFs values at different orders are derived based on the NOFRFs theory. The simulation results display increased nonlinear characteristics with crack angle and depth. The system's nonlinear characteristics are stronger when cracks are closer to the disk. The G 3 ( j ω F ) ¯ value for the first-order is sensitive to crack angles, the G 4 ( j 2 ω F ) ¯ value for the second-order is sensitive to crack depths, and the G 4 ( j 4 ω F ) ¯ value for the fourth-order is sensitive to crack positions. As a result, the NOFRFs response at different orders can detect variations in angles, depths, and positions of the breathing slant crack. Finally, experiments are conducted on a rotor system with breathing slant cracks, and the results match those of the simulation, indicating that the NOFRFs method is feasible for identifying breathing slant cracks.

Simulation design and analysis 9-level H-bridge single phase stepdown cyclo inverter

This DC-to-AC voltage converter is designed for output frequency controlled by a 9-level cascade H-bridge cyclo inverter with pulse width adjustment. The aim of the study was to determine the pattern and format of the voltage, output frequency, and Total Harmonic Distortion index of a 9-level IGBT cyclo inverter. The method used is to build a unidirectional power converter design modeling into 9 alternating levels with cyclo converter-controlled frequency settings using the Simulink MATLAB tool. The cyclo converter section is constructed with two P and N converters in a parallel arrangement. The frequency and trigger pulse width of both converters control the output voltage and frequency format of the cyclo inverter. The test results show a series of ladder waves with an output frequency, of (1/2f, 1/3f, 1/4f, 1/5f, 1/6f, 1/7f, 1/8f, 1/9f, and 1/10f). The simulation results show that the nth input frequency divider waveform is characterized by the emergence of a number of step pulses of n positive half cycles and negative half cycles. The Total Harmonic Distortion Index gets bigger when the system circuit is designed at a low frequency. This modeling can be implemented into a prototype that is used for variable-speed DC motor drivers.

Fine-Feature Additively Dry Printed Passive Wireless Sensor Tag

Wireless passive sensors have many applications, from precision agriculture to structural health monitoring. A simple but useful wireless passive sensor tag consists of a planar inductor coupled with a planar interdigitated electrode capacitor, forming an inductor-capacitor (LC) loop. Either the planar inductor or the planar interdigitated electrode capacitor can be used as the sensor. For example, the inductor could be used for proximity detection with an external ferrous object, or the capacitor could be used to measure the relative humidity of the surrounding air. The planar inductor, however, is also used to inductively couple the sensor tag to a base station feedback oscillator. As a result, the LC loop on the sensor tag tunes the base station oscillator’s output frequency accordingly. In this work, the planar inductor and the planar interdigitated electrode capacitor were printed on a polyimide substrate using a novel laser-based additive nanomanufacturing (ANM) and dry printing technology. With this fabrication process, approximately 2 micron thick silver traces were printed to realize a 34 loop planar inductor and a 69 tooth interdigitated electrode capacitor, with a nominal trace and space width of 6 mils (152.4 microns). This recently developed laser-based ANM technique allows for much finer trace and space widths, as well as a much larger variety of electronic materials, to be printed, compared to more traditional ink-based printed electronics manufacturing techniques.

Design of a wide bandwidth achromatic metalens based on phase change material GST with aperture sharing

This paper proposes the use of aperture sharing synergistic operation in the structure of the metalens, together with the rational selection of the scattering unit size according to the linear relationship between the output phase and frequency of the scattering unit, and the selection of the slope of the phase variation with frequency, combined with the modulation of the phase change material Ge2Sb2Te5 crystallization rate m value, in the set wavelength band, for different wavelengths of incident light through the metasurface can produce a uniform phase distribution. The method is used to achieve a polarization-insensitive achromatic metalens in the 9.5-13 μm continuous wavelength band by adjusting the m value of the phase transition material Ge2Sb2Te5 crystallization rate and producing a phase distribution with a uniform focal length for different wavelengths of incident light passing through the metasurface. The simulation results show that the focal length of the achromatic metasurface varies by 3.57 μm in the working band, with an error of about 4.3% from the set focal length, and the full width of the half-peak of the focal point at all wavelengths of incidence reaches the diffraction limit, and the focusing efficiency exceeds 60%. The achromatic metalens proposed in this paper provides a new idea for the design of achromatic metasurfaces and promotes the research of phase change materials in broadband achromatic metasurfaces.

The revolution of matrix converter: moving towards decarbonization technology

The matrix converter is a power electronic device that can be used to control the flow of electricity in various industrial and commercial applications. In recent years, the matrix converter has become increasingly popular as a means of decarbonizing energy production. One of the primary benefits of the matrix converter is its ability to efficiently convert AC power to DC power, and vice versa. This is critical in renewable energy systems that rely on DC power, such as solar panels and wind turbines. Therefore, this paper presents the revolution of the matrix converter, which focuses on the single-phase topology, and its applications, especially for renewable energy and battery storage. The operations of a matrix converter to convert DC power from solar panels and wind turbine sources to AC power suitable for use on the power grid are presented as well as the appropriate switching algorithms. To achieve this, the SPMC can be designed to handle multiple input voltages and frequencies and to generate multiple output voltages and frequencies. This can be done by using a combination of modulation techniques, such as carrier based PWM, along with appropriate switching patterns. Therefore, a multi-input multi-output converter (MIMO) using matrix converter is a power electronics converter that can handle multiple inputs and multiple outputs voltages and frequencies using only one circuit topology. Thus, the topology can offer several advantages over traditional power converters such as reduced size and cost, high efficiency, improved power quality and flexibility. This is crucial for a decarbonized energy system because it makes renewable energy sources more effective. Its ability to efficiently convert power, regulate power flows, and operate reliably makes it an important tool in the transition to a decarbonized energy system.

Optimization algorithms for steady state analysis of self excited induction generator

The current publication is directed to evaluate the steady state performance of three-phase self-excited induction generator (SEIG) utilizing particle swarm optimization (PSO), grey wolf optimization (GWO), wale optimization algorithm (WOA), genetic algorithm (GA), and three MATLAB optimization functions (<em><span lang="EN-US">fminimax</span></em><span lang="EN-US">, </span><em><span lang="EN-US">fmincon</span></em><span lang="EN-US">, </span><em><span lang="EN-US">fminunc</span></em><span lang="EN-US">). The behavior of the output voltage and frequency under a vast range of variation in the load, rotational speed and excitation capacitance is examined for each optimizer. A comparison made shows that the most accurate results are obtained with GA followed by GWO. Consequently, GA optimizer can be categorized as the best choice to analyze the generator under various conditions.</span>

Control Strategy of Three-level Active Neutral Point Clamped Grid Connected Inverters in Unbalanced Power Grid

Traditional phase-locked loops in three-level active neutral point-clamped inverter grid-connected systems for photovoltaic power generation exhibit a deficiency in the decoupling of positive and negative sequences under unbalanced power grid conditions. To address this issue, this study proposes the implementation of the fourth-order generalized integrator into the phase-locked loop to facilitate positive and negative sequence decoupling. Initially, a 3L-ANPC inverter grid connection system is established. However, under unbalanced grid voltage conditions, the PLL effect of the Decoupled Double Synchronous Reference Frame Phase-Locked Loop is found to be suboptimal, leading to considerable fluctuations and distortions in the output frequency signal. To address these complications, we propose an optimized phase-locked loop structure. In this improved design, the PLL first utilizes the FOGI to filter out multiple harmonics in the grid voltage prior to decoupling the positive and negative sequence voltage. This process effectively mitigates the effect on the PLL, thereby enabling rapid and precise tracking of the grid voltage. Simulation analysis is conducted by using Matlab/Simulink to substantiate the effectiveness of the proposed PLL, demonstrating its ability to reliably lock onto the frequency and phase of the fundamental voltage under conditions of unbalanced power grid voltage.

Research on DL-TDOA Positioning Performance Optimization in Tunnel Scenarios

High-precision vehicle positioning is a necessary condition for realizing intelligent transportation and autonomous driving, and positioning information is one of the basic elements to ensure the security of the Internet of Vehicles business. Aiming at the high-precision positioning requirements of tunnel scenarios, the DL-TDOA technology is analysed and optimized in this paper. First, the non-line-of-sight (NLOS) error suppression algorithm is optimized, then the influence of the deployment vertical and horizontal distance ratio of base station nodes on the positioning accuracy in the actual deployment is analysed, and finally, the clock accuracy and output frequency of the device are improved. Through the optimization above, the positioning accuracy of DL-TDOA technology in the tunnel environment can be enhanced, and the application effect can be improved.

Highly Efficient Dual-Buck Structured Buck–Boost AC–AC Converter With Versatile Identical Inverting/Noninverting Operations

Single-phase dual-buck ac-ac (DBAC) converters are gaining attention due to their intrinsic protection from shoot-through and open-circuit problems of conventional ac-ac converters. However, researches on DBAC converters are mainly concentrated around unipolar topologies. In a few developed bipolar topologies till date, the inverting buck-boost operations (for series voltage injection and step-variable frequency outputs) are inefficient and burdened by large voltage and current stresses ( <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">v_in + v_o</i> and <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">i_in</i> + <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">i_o</i> ) of switching devices and ripples of passive elements. In this article, an efficient dual-buck structured buck-boost ac-ac converter is proposed, with the following features: no voltage source shoot-through and inductor open-circuit problems, natural attainment of safe-commutation without additional protection circuitry or complex control, no need of PWM dead-times, and elimination of high-frequency conduction of MOSFET's body diodes and related slow reverse recovery issues. The proposed converter provides distinct type efficient inverting and non-inverting buck (EINIBu) and boost (EINIBo) operations, with smaller switch voltage/current stresses ( <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">v_in</i> / <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">v_o</i> and <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">i_in</i> / <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">i_o</i> ) and passive component ripples. Combined inverting and non-inverting buck-boost (CINIBB) operations are also proposed with separate tuning of buck and boost voltage transfer ratios. A simple adaptable switching strategy provides the switch control pulses for all circuit operations by modulating the buck and boost control reference signals. The proposed converter provides sustained input/output currents and performs well with non-resistive loads. Extensive theoretical analysis is presented followed by practical verifications on a 400-VA laboratory circuit.

Tool Condition Monitoring Based on Nonlinear Output Frequency Response Functions and Multivariate Control Chart

Tool condition monitoring (TCM) is a key technology for intelligent manufacturing. The objective is to monitor the tool operation status and detect tool breakage so that the tool can be changed in time to avoid significant damage to workpieces and reduce manufacturing costs. Recently, an innovative TCM approach based on sensor data modelling and model frequency analysis has been proposed. Different from traditional signal feature-based monitoring, the data from sensors are utilized to build a dynamic process model. Then the nonlinear output frequency response functions, a concept which extends the linear system frequency response function to the nonlinear case, over the frequency range of the tooth passing frequency of the machining process are extracted to reveal tool health conditions. In order to extend the novel sensor data modelling and model frequency analysis to unsupervised condition monitoring of cutting tools, in the present study, a multivariate control chart is proposed for TCM based on the frequency-domain properties of machining processes derived from the innovative sensor data modelling and model frequency analysis. The feature dimension is reduced by principal component analysis first. Then the moving average strategy is exploited to generate monitoring variables and overcome the effects of noises. The milling experiments of titanium alloys are conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach in detecting excessive flank wears of solid carbide end mills. The results demonstrate the advantages of the new approach over conventional TCM techniques and its potential in industrial applications.

A novel generalized multi input boosting multi-level inverter (MIB-MLI) for high-frequency AC (HFAC) power distribution

The simplified topology for the high-frequency ac (HFAC) power distribution method with a multi-level inverter (MLI) hybrid switched capacitor (SC) is introduced. Capacitors, switches, diodes, and DC sources are among the components that are reduced in the designed MIB-MLI (Multi Input Boosting Multi-level Inverter). Where asymmetric dc voltage sources are available, such as in renewable energy farm-based ac microgrids and current electric vehicle, this architecture is advantageous. The proposed inverter has the feature of self-balancing the capacitor voltages and voltage boosting by using the series-parallel conversion scheme. The quality of output power is increased when a dc source array is connected with the unidirectional switched converter. Moreover, if a major phase variation betwixt the output current along with the voltage is no more mandatory, multiple alive switches may be recouped with diodes. In the switched capacitor group ripple volatge is reciprocal to the output frequency, so the MIB-MLI is favorable for HFAC implementations. Also, this paper clarifies the operating theory of the complete network and switching condition covered by the sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) technique. Mathematical equation related to power loss and capacitor voltages are provided. The modeling and simulation results of the proposed seventeen-level (17-L) inverter are depicted in this paper. The findings have shown that the proposed inverter is superior at HFAC along with the power efficiency of the inverter is adequate with SPWM technique.

13…67 GHz Frequency Mixer

Introduction. The requirements for the performance of measuring devices, including their operating frequency, are constantly becoming stricter. This encourages the creation of wide-band microcircuits for application in microwave blocks of devices, such as vector network analyzers (VNA) and spectrum analyzers (SA). One of such microcircuits, used in the receiver system, is a frequency mixer. The operating range of the mixer determines the operating range of the measuring instrument. Aim. Research and development of an ultra-wideband integrated circuit for a 13…67 GHz frequency mixer based on the GaAs QSBD technology by Micran JSC. Materials and methods. An analysis of existing classic and modified circuit transformers used in mixers was conducted. A modification of the transformer circuit, which allowed a frequency range of 10…70 GHz to be achieved,was proposed. Based on the obtained transformer and GaAs diode technology of Micran JSC, a complete mixer topology was developed and produced. An electrodynamic analysis of the integrated circuit was carried out; measurements were performed using a VNA up to 67 GHz. Results. A wideband mixer with a frequency range of 10…67 GHz is developed. A circuit design is proposed based on a balanced circuit with modified transformers and an intermediate frequency output circuit. The calculated dependences and measurement results of the integrated circuit of the mixer are presented. The mixer exhibits a conversion loss of less than 10 dB in the range of 10…67 GHz. Conclusion. A new broadband transformer with a range of operating frequencies from 10 to 70 GHz was developed. On its basis, a mixer microcircuit was simulated and manufactured. This microcircuit can be used in the receiving and transmitting units of modern measuring instruments. In terms of its characteristics, the proposed microcircuit is an analog of the Marki Mikrowave MM1-1467L mixer.

Application of fractional-order nonlinear equations in coordinated control of multi-agent systems

Abstract In order to solve the coordinated operation of voltage and frequency of microgrids and achieve effective distribution of output power, we propose the application of fractional-order nonlinear equations in coordination. This method designs a distributed impulse coordinated control strategy, to achieve the coordinated operation of the system. The distributed coordinated control structure and mathematical model are established, and the distributed two-level coordinated control strategy of the microgrid system is adopted. Aiming at the secondary control problem of microgrids, a distributed coordinated control protocol is designed. The results showed that after adding the distributed second-level coordination control of frequency at 3 s, the output active power of the four distributed power sources in the microgrid model is maintained to an evenly divided state after about 1 s. The output voltage and frequency utilizing the microgrid’s decentralized power supply quickly reach the ideal reference value, within the allowable error range, the output of the system can achieve coordinated control, and the active power can be distributed proportionally.

A fast-locking low-reference spur cascaded PLL with gate-diffusion input-based phase detector and pulse width amplifier

ABSTRACT This paper presents a newly proposed high-order cascaded phase-locked loop using a type-I phase-locked loop in the second stage. The type-I phase-locked loop includes a gate-diffusion-input-based phase detector and pulse width amplifier that leads to breaking the trade-off between reference spur and locking time. Moreover, a type-I phase-locked loop deploys a pulse width amplifier after a gate-diffusion-input-based phase detector with variable gain to amplify the phase error between the reference clock and the output of the voltage-controlled oscillator. The proposed architecture has been implemented in a 180-nm semiconductor laboratory CMOS technology. The proposed fifth-order cascaded phase-locked loop achieves the reference spur of −77 dBc, while the conventional first-stage charge-pump-based phase-locked loop achieves −59.7 dBc. It measures the 1.2 s settling time, whereas conventional first stage charge-pump-based phase-locked loop measures 2.4 s settling time. The cascaded phase-locked loop operates at 2.4 GHz output frequency, and the simulated phase noise at 1 MHz offset frequency is −105.4 dBc/Hz. It consumes 5.8 mW from a 1.8 V power supply.