Milking Frequency Research Articles

Nutritional Anemia in a Rural Community in Tamil Nadu

Background: The prevalence of anemia in India is moderately high, leading to a thrust toward iron fortification of commonly used dietary cereals. We undertook a study to determine the prevalence of anemia in a rural population in Tamil Nadu and to evaluate its association with social, cultural, and dietary practices. Methods: Four hundred and twenty-three adults living in 39 villages comprising the Kattankulathur block of Kancheepuram district in Tamil Nadu were recruited for this study. Data regarding social, cultural, and dietary practices were recorded and hemoglobin estimated using capillary blood samples. Anemia was classified according to the criteria specified by the World Health Organization. Results: Anemia was found in 91 of 244 (37.3%) female respondents and in 17 of 179 (9.5%) male respondents. In univariate analysis, anemia exhibited associations with marital status, level of education, occupation, and socioeconomic status. The prevalence of anemia was higher in diabetics, and in those who had no awareness of anemia. Anemia was less prevalent in those who frequently consumed milk, fish, beef, or dates. In multivariate analysis, when gender was eliminated, consumption of dates, socioeconomic class, frequent milk consumption, and alcohol consumption were independently associated with anemia. Conclusions: Socioeconomic class and dietary practices were the strongest determinants of anemia in a rural South Indian community and should inform interventions in the community.

Effect of Temperature-Humidity-Index on Milk Performances of Local Born Holstein Dairy Cows Under Saharan Climate

AbstractThe objective is to study the effect of heat stress on milk yield (MY) relative to milking records (n=18178) of native Holsteins (n=187), in the region of Ghardaia, according to periods of HS, using the temperature-humidity index (THI). With THI >72 during 07 months in the study area, which significantly (P<0.001) decrease the MY (-15.5% corresponding to 21.73 kg). Also, calving periods led to a significant drop (P < 0.001) in overall MY (7030.35 kg) of the order of (-14.6%), and over the lactation length (353.43 d), which explains 41% of the variations in MY. In addition, the non-significant effect (P=0.212) of the lactation range on the increase in MY, moreover, the lactation length shows a non-significant (P = 0.108) decrease (-4.68%) during heat stress (HS). Furthermore, the significant effect (P <0.001) of the interaction (Milking frequency × THI) on MY, when THI variates from < 74 to > 84, with regression of (-16.82% and -08.82%) of the MF (2X and 3X), respectively. Again, the NH cow is less sensitive to hyperthermia, so THI explains only 2% of the variation in MY levels. Thus, NH in arid regions have the ability to acclimatize to Saharan environmental conditions.

Milk fat as a source of bioactive compounds

Milk fat as a source of bioactive compounds

Reducing milking frequency from twice to once daily as an adjunct treatment for ketosis in lactating dairy cows—A randomized controlled trial

This randomized controlled trial investigated the effects of temporarily reducing milking frequency (MF) on the resolution of ketosis and milk production in dairy cows in early lactation. To detect ketosis [blood β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) ≥1.2 mmol/L], Holstein cows were screened daily from 3 to 16 d in milk using a cow-side meter. Cows diagnosed with ketosis (n = 104) were randomly assigned to twice-daily milking (TDM) or reduced to once-daily milking (ODM) for 2 wk, then returned to twice-daily milking. Both treatment groups received a 5-d treatment of an oral propylene glycol drench (PG; 300 g) beginning on the afternoon of the diagnosis; cows received additional 5-d PG treatments if they had a ketotic test result (blood BHB ≥1.2 mmol/L) at least 4 d after finishing the first PG treatment. Blood BHB tests were conducted for the first 3 d after ketosis diagnosis, and then once every 3 d for 21 d of trial (DOT). Milk and milk component data were collected weekly for 15 wk following trial enrollment. The ODM group showed rapidly and markedly decreased blood BHB concentrations (primiparous cows: 1 DOT, 0.92 ODM vs. 1.22 TDM, 15 DOT, 0.55 vs. 0.81 mmol/L; multiparous cows: 1 DOT, 1.01 vs. 1.40, 15 DOT, 0.78 vs. 1.65 mmol/L). In addition, a logistic regression model indicated that ODM cows were less likely to have blood BHB concentrations ≥1.2 mmol/L [primiparous cows: 3 DOT: ODM 1% (95% confidence interval: 0-10%) vs. TDM 43% (30-58%), 15 DOT ODM 0% (0-0.2%) vs. TDM 22% (13-36%); multiparous cows: 3 DOT: ODM 33% (24-44%) vs. TDM 59% (48-69%), 15 DOT ODM 20.9% (13-31%) vs. TDM 64% (53-74%)]. The proportion of ODM cows that required additional treatments of PG were substantially lower than the TDM group (ODM: 39%; TDM: 64%) than the TDM cows during the initial 21-d period. However, during the 2-wk treatment period, cows in the ODM group produced 26% less milk and 25% less energy-corrected milk than the TDM cows. During wk 3 to 15, when all cows were milked twice daily, ODM cows produced less milk (-14%) and energy-corrected milk (-12%) compared with the TDM group. Milk protein percentage was greater, and milk fat percentage and linear score tended to be greater in the ODM group over 15 wk. In conclusion, a 2-wk reduction of MF in ketotic cows from twice to once daily with treatment with PG resolved ketosis and decreased blood BHB concentrations more effectively than treating TDM cows with PG alone. However, the 2-wk MF reduction had immediate and long-term (up to 13 wk after cessation of MF reduction) negative effects on milk production.

Effect of milk replacer feeding rate and frequency of preweaning dairy calves in the southeastern United States: Glucose metabolism

The objective of this experiment was to examine the effect of milk replacer (MR) feeding rate (FR) and frequency (FF) on glucose metabolism before and after weaning during summer and winter in the subtropical climate of the southeastern United States. Holstein calves (n = 48/season) were enrolled at 8 d of age (DOA) in the summer (June to August, body weight = 40.6 ± 0.7 kg) and winter (November to January, body weight = 41.9 ± 0.8 kg). In each season, calves were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement including 2 FR [0.65 (low) or 0.76 kg of solids/d (high) of a 26% CP and 17% fat MR] and 2 FF [2× (0700 and 1600 h) or 3× (0700, 1600, and 2200 h)]. Calves were managed similarly and housed in polyethylene hutches bedded with sand. Milk replacer (12.5%) was fed based on treatments until 42 DOA when FR was reduced by half and offered 1×/d (0700 h) for 7 d. Plasma was collected weekly at 1400 h for analyses of glucose and insulin concentrations in all calves. Pre- and postprandial glucose and insulin concentrations of a subset of calves (n = 10/treatment per season) were measured on 20 DOA. A subset of calves (n = 8/treatment per season) was subjected to an intravenous glucose tolerance test (GTT) on 27 and 57 DOA and insulin challenge on 28 and 58 DOA at 1030 h. Average ambient temperature was 26.1 ± 2.2°C in summer and 12.9 ± 5.4°C in winter. During the preweaning period in both seasons, feeding high increased plasma glucose concentrations compared with low, and increasing FF reduced basal insulin concentrations. Compared with 2×, feeding 3× did not affect postprandial glucose but lowered insulin in the summer, whereas in the winter, increased glucose from 30 to 180 min but lowered insulin from 240 to 420 min after MR feeding. Following GTT before weaning in both seasons, 3× reduced insulin increment and area under the curve compared with 2× without affecting glucose disposal. After weaning, treatment did not affect glucose disposal or insulin responses after GTT during winter, but calves fed 3× had faster glucose disposal and stronger insulin responses than 2× during summer. In both summer and winter, preweaned calves fed 3× had greater decrement and area under the curve of plasma glucose after insulin challenge, suggesting enhanced peripheral tissue insulin response compared with 2×. This effect persisted after weaning only during summer. Increasing FR had no effect on metabolic responses in both seasons. In conclusion, increasing MR FF from 2 to 3 times per day reduced insulin secretion but enhanced insulin response on peripheral tissues of preweaned calves regardless of season.

Promoting Human Milk and Breastfeeding for the Very Low Birth Weight Infant.

Provision of mother's own milk for hospitalized very low birth weight (VLBW) (≤1500 g) infants in the NICU provides short- and long-term health benefits. Mother's own milk, appropriately fortified, is the optimal nutrition source for VLBW infants. Every mother should receive information about the critical importance of mother's own milk to the health of a VLBW infant. Pasteurized human donor milk is recommended when mother's own milk is not available or sufficient. Neonatal health care providers can support lactation in the NICU and potentially reduce disparities in the provision of mother's own milk by providing institutional supports for early and frequent milk expression and by promoting skin-to-skin contact and direct breastfeeding, when appropriate. Promotion of human milk and breastfeeding for VLBW infants requires multidisciplinary and system-wide adoption of lactation support practices.

Farm-level factors associated with lameness prevalence, productivity, and milk quality in farms with automated milking systems

Impaired locomotion (lameness) may negatively affect the ability and desire of cows to milk voluntarily, which is a key factor in success of automated milking systems (AMS). The objective of this study was to identify factors associated with herd-level lameness prevalence and associations of lameness and other farm-level factors with milking activity, milk yield, and milk quality in herds with AMS. From April to September 2019, 75 herds with AMS in Ontario, Canada, were visited, and data on barn design and farm management practices were collected. Data from AMS were collected, along with milk recording data, for the 6-mo period before farm visits. Farms averaged 98 ± 71 lactating cows, 2.3 ± 1.5 robot units/farm, 43.6 ± 9.4 cows/robot, 36.4 ± 4.9 kg/d of milk, a milking frequency of 3.01 ± 0.33 milkings/d, and a herd average geometric mean SCC of 179.3 ± 74.6 (× 1,000) cells/mL. Thirty percent of cows/farm (minimum of 30 cows/farm) were scored for body condition (1 = underconditioned to 5 = over conditioned) and locomotion (1 = sound to 5 = lame; clinically lame ≥3 out of 5 = 28.3 ± 11.7%, and severely lame ≥4 out of 5 = 3.0 ± 3.2%). Clinical lameness (locomotion score ≥3) was less prevalent on farms with sand bedding, with increased feed bunk space per cow, and on farms with non-Holstein breeds versus Holsteins, and tended to be less prevalent with lesser proportion of underconditioned cows (with body condition score ≤2.5). Severe lameness occurrence (farms with any cows with locomotion score ≥4) was associated with a greater proportion of underconditioned cows and in farms with stalls with greater curb heights. Herd average milk yield/cow per day increased with lesser prevalence of clinical lameness (each 10-percentage-point decrease in clinical lameness prevalence was associated with 2.0 kg/cow per day greater milk yield) and greater milking visit frequency per day, and tended to be greater with increased feed push-up frequency. Lesser herd average somatic cell count was associated with lesser clinical lameness prevalence, herd average days in milk, and proportion of overconditioned cows, and somatic cell count tended to be lesser for farms with sand bedding versus those with organic bedding substrates. The results highlight the importance of minimizing lameness prevalence, using of sand bedding, ensuring adequate feed access and feed bunk space, and maintaining proper cow body condition to optimize herd-level productivity and milk quality in AMS herds.

Milk consumption and gastrointestinal symptoms in preschool girls with different lactase genotypes

AIM: To analyze the frequency of milk consumption and subjective symptoms of intolerance to dairy products in the population of three- to six-year-old girls (born and resident in Samara) based on the genotype of the lactase gene.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: We included 103 preschool girls ranging three to six years of age. Parents were questioned about the frequency of milk consumption by the child (per week), as well as the presence of gastrointestinal symptoms in their children (abdominal pain, bloating, flatulence and diarrhea) and the suspected association of symptoms with milk consumption (according to the parents). Buccal samples were taken from all girls to determine the polymorphism of the lactase genes (determination of C/T-13910 variant of the MCM6 gene).
 RESULTS: A significant relationship between the frequency of milk consumption and the variant of the polymorphic locus of the lactase gene, MCM6 [C 13910T; which affects the expression of the lactase gene (LCT)] has not been established. There is no correlation in the enlarged gradation of frequent milk consumption (47 times a week) and rare milk consumption (23 times a week or less): of 53 girls with the CC genotype 27 (51%) often drink milk, 26 (49%) rarely drink milk; of 39 girls with CT genotype 23 (59%) often consume milk, 16 (41%) rarely consume milk; of 11 girls with the TT genotype, 8 (73%) often consume milk, 3 (27%) rarely consume milk (c2 1.94, p = 0.379). There was no significant relationship between the frequency of milk consumption, subjective symptoms of lactose intolerance (abdominal pain, bloating, flatulence and diarrhea) and the genotype; these symptoms were found only in four girls carrying the C allele (CC and CT genotypes) though not detected in girls with TT genotype.
 CONCLUSION: In girls of 36 years old, there is no relationship between the frequency of milk consumption, subjective symptoms of lactose intolerance and genotype of lactase gene.

Effects of dietary and health factors on nutritional status of children in pastoral settings in Borana, southern Ethiopia, August\u2013October 2015

BackgroundChildhood undernourishment is a major public health problem globally, and being responsible for higher mortalities in children and enormous health costs in sub-Saharan Africa. However, scarcity of data on the magnitude of malnutrition and its underlying causes, especially in the pastoral system, limits the effectiveness of potential interventions. This study addresses the nutritional status and factors associated with malnutrition among children in Borana pastoral system, southern Ethiopia.MethodsA community based cross-sectional study, using multistage cluster sampling, was conducted from August to October 2015. Dietary diversity score (DDS), milk and meal frequencies, anthropometric measurements, and socio-economic variables were recorded for 538 children aged 6–59 months. Multivariable generalized linear model (GLM) with log link function was applied to ascertain determinants of malnutrition. The strength of association was assessed based on prevalence ratio (PR).ResultsPrevalence of underweight, stunting, and wasting were 28.3 % (95 % CI: 24.4–32.1), 41.1 % (95 % CI: 36.7–45.1), and 9.8 % (95 % CI: 7.3, 12.4), respectively. Children who consumed more diverse foods were at a lower risk of being underweight (PR = 0.72, 95 % CL: 0.59–0.88), stunted (PR = 0.80, 95 % CL: 0.68–0.93) and wasted (PR = 0.42, 95 % CL: 0.27–0.66). Intake of increased milk frequency was also associated with lower risk of underweight (PR = 0.86, 95 %CL: 0.76–0.97), stunting (PR = 0.83, 95 %CL: 0.75–0.91) and wasting (PR = 0.73, 95 %CL: 0.56–0.96). The risk of underweight (PR = 1.02, 95 %CL: 1.01–1.03), stunting (PR = 1.01, 95 %CL: 1.00–1.02) and wasting (PR = 1.01, 95 %CL: 1.00–1.04) had increased with age, and no difference was observed between boys and girls. Children who lived far away from health care facilities were 1.2 and 2.4 times more likely to be stunted and wasted, respectively than those residing near a health care facility. Ownership of toilet and living close to market were associated with reduced stunting, whereas illness was associated with increased risk of underweight.ConclusionsThe high prevalence of stunting among pastoral children is a serious public health concern and calls for urgent action. Association of nutritional status of children with dietary intake, and health status, access to health services and toilet availability underlines the need for improved nutrition practices, health care facilities and sanitary conditions in the study area.

Relationships between milk protein concentrations at different phases of first to fourth lactation and subsequent calving intervals in Holstein cows

So far, no study has been conducted on the effect of milk protein concentrations (MP%) in different time periods of lactation on subsequent calving intervals (CI). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between MP% at different stages of the first to fourth lactations and subsequent calving intervals in primiparous and multiparous Holstein dairy cows. Test day records (3X milking frequency) of milk yield measured on primiparous (n = 503793) and multiparous (n = 389237, 257347, 156035 and 87750 for parity 2, 3 and 4, and 5 respectively) Holstein dairy cows collected during 1984–2019 were obtained from Animal Breeding Center of Iran. To investigate the relationship between MP% at different time intervals of lactation and subsequent calving intervals (up to fifth parity), each lactation was divided into four time periods (≤50d, 50 < d ≤ 100, 100 < d ≤ 200 and 200 < d ≤ 305). At each period, protein concentrations were also divided into three classes: 1–3%, 3–5%, 5–7%. There was a negative relationship between MP% in the first 50 days of first lactation in primiparous and multiparous dairy cows and subsequent calving intervals in a way that calving intervals decreased as MP% increased and the shortest calving intervals were observed for the third class of milk protein concentrations. After the first 50 days of first lactation, the shortest subsequent calving intervals were detected for the second class of MP% and the CI increased non-significantly when MP% increased to 5–7. In general, due to the significant relationship between MP% and subsequent CI, this relationship can be further considered in breeding programs in dairy cattle.

Early breast expression for very low birth infants admitted to neonatal intensive care unit: the challenges of cesarean deliveries

Aim of the study In preterm infants, the use of human milk is associated with unique benefits. However, successful breast feeding rates and prolonged breastfeeding duration is often reduced in preterm infants. Nevertheless, early initiation of breast expression after birth is believed to be one of the major variables that should improve the odds of successful breastfeeding. Hence, we aimed to assess correlation between timing of milk expression initiation and volume produced in regards to mode-of-delivery. Materials and methods Prospective, observational study. Mothers delivering infants weighing < 1500 g measured 24-h milk volumes on days 1–7, 14, and 21. Results Mothers delivering vaginally (N = 11) expressed milk sooner (3.82 ± 5.03 h) than mothers in the cesarean group (N = 42; 11.5 ± 9.1 h). There were no significant differences in daily number of expressions (i.e. day 1 3.6 ± 1.6 versus 2.5 ± 2.1, p = .125) or daily volume (i.e. day 1 – 7.5 ± 6.1 ml versus 11.6 ± 22.9 ml, p = .563), until day 6 from which, both were lower in the cesarean group (i.e. day 21 – number − 6.0 ± 1.3 versus 4.6 ± 1.7, p = .029; volume – 796 ± 465ml versus 435 ± 368ml, p = .018). Expressed volume initially did not correlate with earlier expression, however, latter expressed volume inversely correlated with earlier expression. In multivariate-analysis, mode of delivery, gestational age, and daily number of expressions were correlated with volumes on day 21 (p = .001). Conclusions Earlier human-milk expression is related to volumes on the second and the third week of lactation. This is overwhelmed by delivery mode, and by frequent milk expression from day 2. When early milk expression is not possible, more frequent milk expression might help increasing volumes.

Factors related to dietary habits, energy drink consumption, and physical activity in marginalized Palestinian schools: A cross-sectional study.

Background: The current study assessed different dietary habits, energy drinks intake, body mass index (BMI) and physical activity and associated factors among Palestinian adolescents attending marginalized schools. Methods: A cross-sectional study targeted a random sample of 1480 students in the sixth andninth grades attending 20 marginalized public schools in the West Bank area of the occupied Palestinian Territories (oPt). Students were interviewed in-person by trained senior dental students about their dietary habits, physical activity, fathers’ employment and mothers’ level of education. Weight and height were measured, and BMI percentile was calculated. Descriptive statistics were generated for the study’s main variables and the dependent variables were compared by grade, gender, mothers’ level of education and father’s employment. Results: A total of 1282 students (98% response) completed the questionnaire. Of them, 6% were ‘underweight’ (fifth percentile or under) and 34% were ‘overweight’ or ‘obese’ (85thpercentile or over). Ninth graders had more added sugar than 6th graders (P=0.002), less frequent milk consumption (P<0.001), more frequent energy drink consumption (P=0.001),and less physical activity (P<0.0001). Frequency of carbonated and sweetened drink consumption was associated with being overweight or obese (P=0.016, P=0.001). Frequency of carbonated drinks consumption was higher among children of mothers with a high school level of education or less (P<0.001). In addition, children of mothers educated to high school level or below were associated with being underweight (P=0.05). Conclusion: Dietary habits and physical activity get worse between the ages of 12 and 15. Mothers’ level of education is an important factor in being overweight or underweight. Energy drink consumption among boys and milk consumption among girls are two challenges that need to be addressed urgently and adequately.

Effect of the Milking Frequency on the Concentrations of Ammonia and Greenhouse Gases within an Open Dairy Barn in Hot Climate Conditions

Knowledge of how different management strategies affect gas production from livestock buildings can be helpful for emission predicting purposes and for defining mitigation strategies. The objective of this study was to statistically assess whether and how measured concentrations of ammonia (NH3), methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) were influenced by milking frequency. Concentrations of gases were measured continuously by using infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy in the breeding environment of an open dairy barn located in Sicily in hot climate conditions. Data were acquired by specific in-field experiments carried out in 2016 and 2018, when milking sessions occurred twice a day (2MSs) and three times a day (3MSs), respectively. The number of the milking cows was 64 in both 2MSs and 3MSs. The results showed that concentrations of NH3, CH4 and CO2 were statistically influenced by the number of milking sessions. From 2MSs to 3MSs, NH3 concentrations were enhanced (p &lt; 0.001) due to the higher cow’s activity. Conversely, gas concentrations of CH4 and CO2 were lower for 3MSs compared to those for 2MSs due to the effect of the different feeding frequency. Overall, the milking frequency influenced barn management and cow behaviour by modifying the level of gas concentrations in the barn environment.

Milk Consumption and Bone Mineral Density in Adults: Using Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008-2011.

BackgroundMilk consumption is associated with bone mineral density (BMD), but reports are limited in terms of participant age, sex, and number of study subjects. We investigated the association between milk consumption and BMD in South Korean adults (≥20 years).MethodsWe analyzed men and women aged ≥20 years who participated in the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2008–2011. We used linear regression to calculate the mean BMD and 95% confidence interval (CI) based on the frequency of milk consumption. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CI for T-scores ≤-2.5 (osteoporosis) in both men aged ≥50 years and postmenopausal women.ResultsIn total 8,539 subjects were studied. Drinking milk more than once a day was associated with higher BMD in the total femur and femoral neck in men aged <50 years and lumbar spine in men aged ≥50 years, compared to less than once a week. It was also associated with lower ORs for osteoporosis of the femoral neck and lumbar spine in men aged ≥50 years (OR, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.125–0.979 and OR, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.143–0.804, respectively). In postmenopausal women who consumed milk 2–6 times weekly, higher BMD and lower OR for osteoporosis were observed in the total femur (OR, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.055–0.958).ConclusionThis study suggests that frequent milk consumption could potentially reduce osteoporosis incidence in South Korean adults. Further prospective study is necessary to elucidate the effect of milk consumption on BMD.

Effects of feeding level, milking frequency, and single injection of cabergoline on feed intake, milk yield, milk leakage, and clinical udder characteristics during dry-off in dairy cows

Abrupt and gradual dry-off strategies by reducing feeding level (normal vs. reduced energy density), reducing milking frequency (twice vs. once daily), and administration of a dopamine agonist after last milking (i.m. saline vs. cabergoline injection) were investigated (2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement) for their effects on feed intake, milk yield, energy balance, milk leakage, and clinical udder characteristics in 119 Holstein cows. In the last week before dry-off, cows were assigned to 1 of 4 combinations of feeding level and milking frequency. Within 3 h after last milking, cows were injected with either saline or a dopamine agonist (cabergoline; Velactis, Ceva Santé Animale; labeled for use only with abrupt dry-off, i.e., no preceding reduction in feeding level or milking frequency before last milking). After dry-off, all cows were fed the same diet for dry cows, and data collection continued for a week. Dry matter intake (DMI) was recorded in automated feed bins and milk yield in an automatic milking system where additional concentrate was fed. Clinical udder characteristics and milk leakage were scored 10 times during the week before and the week after dry-off. Before dry-off, total DMI decreased with reduced feeding level compared with normal feeding level, but did not differ between milking frequencies. The combined effect of reduced DMI and diet energy concentration resulted in a 47% lower net energy intake with reduced feeding level compared with normal feeding level during the week before dry-off. Milk yield was approximately 30% lower during the week before dry-off when either feeding level or milking frequency was reduced compared with no change in feeding level or milking frequency, whereas milk yield was 45% lower when both feeding level and milking frequency were reduced. The net energy balance during the week before dry-off was negative with reduced feeding level and more negative when combined with twice-daily milking. After dry-off, udder engorgement was reduced in the 3 gradual dry-off treatments compared with abrupt dry-off. Cabergoline injection after last milking resulted in least udder engorgement and signs of milk leakage for 48 h, but also resulted in abrupt reduction of DMI lasting approximately 24 h irrespective of treatment before dry-off. In conclusion, gradual cessation of lactation by reducing milking frequency to once daily without reducing the feeding level decreased milk yield before dry-off in high-yielding dairy cows and reduced udder engorgement after dry-off without inducing negative energy balance during the period of dry-off. In contrast, reduced feeding level induced negative energy balance, which may compromise welfare due to metabolic stress and hunger. No clear differences in risk of milk leakage after dry-off were observed between abrupt and gradual dry-off management strategies. Use of cabergoline led to fewer signs of milk leakage and reduced udder engorgement during the first days after dry-off, which may positively affect welfare at dry-off. However, the mechanism behind and the welfare consequences of the concomitant abrupt decrease in DMI lasting approximately 24 h needs further investigation to complete our understanding of dopamine agonist use for dry-off.

COMPARISON OF BREASTMILK PRODUCTION FROM MOTHERS OF PREMATURE AND MATURE BABIES DURING THE FIRST WEEK IN NICU SILOAM HOSPITALS KEBON JERUK

Background: The principal goal for infants especially preterm is the provision of the mother’s own milk (MOM), but on the other hand it is difficult to get MOM for preterm babies due to delayed of lactogenesis II and mother’s stress. Milk production and adequacy, for mothers of both healthy breastfeeding term infants and non-nursing preterm infants, have been shown to have a significant relationship with milk production 4-6 days after birth. This research aim to describe the comparison of milk production between mothers of premature and mature babies during the first week in NICU SHKJ. Methods: This is an observational descriptive with comparative study of mother’s milk production of preterm (&lt;37 weeks) and term (&gt;37 weeks) babies during the first week of life in NICU Siloam Hospitals Kebon Jeruk from 1st January until 31st December 2018. We documented the milk production from mothers breastmilk expression every 3-4 hours since 4-6 hours after delivery until day 7. Results: From 181 babies during 2018, we got 31 preterm and 77 term babies that we could documented from birth until day 7. The average breastmilk production of the preterm vs term mothers in each expression from day 1-7 were 0,81 vs 1,61 ml; 3 vs 3,65 ml; 6,66 vs 6,94 ml;21,5 vs 26,6 ml; 34,1 vs 46,4 ml; 45,92 vs 46 ml; 48,88 vs 50,4 ml/x expression.Conclusions: Expressing milk for a preterm or unwell baby requires commitment by the mother and effective support from staff. Commence breast milk expression as soon as possible after birth, at least within the first six hours, followed by frequent, regular and effective breast milk expression to stimulate adequate breast milk production may provide MOM for babies even for preterm babies in NICU with almost similar amount.

P75 Disaggregating Nutrition Education Evaluation Data to Assess Racial Equity in Program Outcomes

<h3>Background</h3> A legacy of structural discrimination has contributed to increased rates of poverty, food insecurity, and obesity among African American Americans compared to White Americans. Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program - Education (SNAP-Ed) is intended to ameliorate food insecurity and obesity and must consider whether it meets the needs of African Americans at increased risk of those conditions. <h3>Objective</h3> To assess whether educational outcomes from participation in the Louisiana State University SNAP-Ed program were equivalent for African American participants compared to White participants. <h3>Study Design, Settings, Participants</h3> Change in eating behaviors following SNAP-Ed participation were evaluated with pre/post surveys. Outcomes measured included change in frequency of consuming fruits, vegetables, whole grain and dairy products, and sugar sweetened beverages after SNAP-Ed participation. Data from 2 prior evaluations were combined and stratified by race (n = 434, 66% African American). Paired <i>t</i> tests for change in dietary behaviors were conducted across race categories using Stata 16.1. <h3>Results</h3> Outcomes did not differ between African American and White participants for most behaviors. However, frequency of fruit juice consumption increased significantly among African Americans (mean increase 0.27 on a Likert scale of 1-5, <i>P</i> = 0.005), but not among White participants (0.12 increase, <i>P</i> = 0.191). Frequency of low-fat milk (0.24, <i>P</i> = 0.053) and whole grain pasta consumption (0.33, <i>P</i> = 0.001) increased among White participants with marginal significance, but not among African American participants (mean increase 0.11, <i>P</i> = 0.247 and 0.16, <i>P</i> = 0.102, respectively). <h3>Conclusion</h3> SNAP-Ed must consider whether it adequately serves African Americans given the historical structural discrimination they have faced. Though most outcomes from LSU SNAP-Ed participation were not significantly different between African American and White participants, the consumption of fruit juice, low fat milk, and whole grain pasta changed differently in African American participants. This study serves as an example for future equity-focused evaluations. Further research should assess what may contribute to racial differences in behavior change outcomes of SNAP-Ed participation.

Genetic Parameters Estimation of Milking Traits in Polish Holstein-Friesians Based on Automatic Milking System Data.

Simple SummaryThe automatic milking system provides a large amount of information characterizing the course of each cow milking, which is not available in the conventional system. From a breeding point of view, it is interesting to establish the genetic variability of these traits, as well as to establish the relationship between them. The aim of our study was to estimate heritability and genetic correlations for milk yield (MY), milking frequency (MF), and speed (MS) for 1713 Polish Holstein-Friesian primiparous cows milked in barns with an automatic milking system. Our study conclusively indicated that it is possible to carry out effective selection for milking speed, which provides an opportunity to increase the number of cows per milking robot, and thus increase the profitability of production in the herd. We proved that selection for milk yield and daily milking frequency is also feasible. Our research showed a high, positive genetic correlation between milking frequency and milk yield, which allows us to conclude that preferring breeding cows with a natural tendency to frequent visits to the milking robot should indirectly improve the genetic basis of milking.The automatic milking system (AMS) provides a large amount of information characterizing the course of each milking cow, which is not available in the conventional system. The aim of our study was to estimate heritability and genetic correlations for milk yield (MY), milking frequency (MF), and speed (MS) for 1713 Polish Holstein-Friesian primiparous cows milked in barns with an AMS. Daily heritability indicators estimated using second-order Legendre polynomials and Random Regression Models showed high variation during lactation, ranging 0.131–0.345 for MY, 0.153–0.322 for MF, and 0.336–0.493 for MS. The rates of genetic correlation between traits ranged: 0.561–0.929 for MY-MF, (−0.255)−0.090 for MF-MS, (−0.174)−0.020 for MY-MS. It is possible to carry out effective selection for milking speed, which provides an opportunity to increase the number of cows per milking robot, and thus increase the profitability of production in the herd. The results proved that selection for milk yield and daily milking frequency is also feasible. The research showed a high, positive genetic correlation between milking frequency and milk yield, which allows us to conclude that preferring breeding cows with a natural tendency to frequent visits to the milking robot should indirectly improve the genetic basis of milking.

Iodine monitoring models contribute to avoid adverse birth outcomes related more than adequate iodine intake

BackgroundIodine plays an important role in pregnancy. How to maintain adequate iodine intake amongst pregnant women in each trimester of pregnancy to prevent adverse birth outcomes in central China is a challenge for clinical practice.Methods870 pregnant women and their infants were enrolled in the study. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was measured using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Maternal and newborn information were obtained during follow-up. Multinomial logistic regression models were established.ResultsMedian UIC of pregnant women was 172 ± 135 μg/L which is currently considered to be sufficient. Multivitamin supplements containing iodine, iodized salt intake and frequent milk intake were significantly associated with higher UIC. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that multivitamin supplements containing iodine and milk consumption were risk factors for more than adequate iodine (UIC ≥ 250 μg/L). Iodine-rich diet was significantly related to heavier birthweight, larger head circumference and longer femur length of the newborns while more than adequate iodine intake (UIC ≥ 250 μg/L) was a risk factor for macrosomia. Logistic regression models based on potential risk factors involving iodine containing supplements and iodine-rich diet were established to predict and screen pregnant women with high risk of more than adequate iodine intake among local pregnant women in different trimesters and guide them to supplement iodine reasonably to prevent the risk.ConclusionsMultivitamin supplements containing iodine and milk consumption were risk factors for maternal UIC ≥ 250 μg/L which was a risk factor for macrosomia. Iodine monitoring models were established to provide guidance for pregnant women to reduce the risk of more than adequate iodine intake, thereby contributing to reduce the risk of having a macrosomia.

Characterization of the liver proteome in dairy cows experiencing negative energy balance at early lactation

Negative energy balance (NEB) is associated with metabolic disorders in early lactation dairy cows. Therefore, our objective was to characterize the liver proteome in cows experiencing either NEB or positive energy balance (PEB). Forty-two multiparous Holstein dairy cows were milked either 2 or 3 times daily for the first 30 days in milk (DIM) to alter EB, and were classified retrospectively as NEB (n = 18) or PEB (n = 22). Liver biopsies were collected from 10 cows (n = 5 from each milking frequency) at 17 ± 3 DIM (NEB, n = 6; PEB, n = 4). The liver proteome was characterized using label-free quantitative shotgun proteomics and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis used to identify key affected canonical pathways. Overall, 2741 proteins were identified, and 68 of those were differentially abundant (P ≤ 0.05 and FC ± 1.5). ENO3 (FC = 10.3, P < 0.01) and FABP5 (FC = -12.5, P = 0.045) were the most dramatically upregulated and downregulated proteins, respectively, in NEB cows. Numerous mitochondrial proteins (NDUFA5, NDUFS3, NDUFA6, COX7A2L, COX6C, and COA5) were differentially abundant. Canonical pathways associated with NEB were LPS/IL-1 mediated inhibition of RXR function, oxidative phosphorylation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Additionally, cows experiencing NEB had less hepatic IL10 transcript abundance than PEB. Together, NEB was associated with altered hepatic inflammatory status, likely due to oxidative stress from mitochondrial dysfunction. SignificanceOur manuscript describes the associations of negative energy balance with the liver proteome in early lactation dairy cows, when metabolic stress and the incidence of diseases is increased. Specifically, we found associations of negative energy balance with shifts in hepatic protein abundance involved in fatty acid uptake, impaired anti-inflammatory responses, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Moving forward, differentially abundant proteins found in this study may be useful as either biological markers for disease or therapeutic targets to improve metabolic adaptations to lactation in postpartum dairy cattle.