Frequency Of Human Papillomavirus Infection Research Articles

Pathology of cervical epithelium in women with various forms of infertility

Failure to conceive in a couple, that does not prevent fertilization for 12 months or more, is defined as infertility. This diagnosis is special one both because of the social component and of the involvement of two persons in it, as well as because of polyetiological factors. Pathology of the cervical epithelium is a common problem among women of reproductive age. In patients with infertility, it has its own significance as a factor for fertility disorders. In addition, there is a possible influence of different methods of treatment of pathology of the cervical canal on the course of pregnancy that occurred after treatment.The objective: to study the prevalence of cervical pathology in patients with various types of infertility.Materials and methods. The results of liquid cytology and human papillomavirus (HPV) testing were analyzed in 416 women, who were divided into four groups: I group included 108 patients with infertility associated with anovulation, II group – 101 patients with infertility of tubal origin, III group – 102 women with a male infertility factor in marriage, IV group – 105 women who applied for a preventive examination.Results. The general frequency of early cervical lesions of severity various degrees was differed significantly in the groups of the examined persons – from the lowest 25.9% in the group of patients with infertility associated with anovulation, and 35.2% in the group of women who applied for a preventive examination, to 50.9 % among women with infertility of tubal origin and 52.4% – in the group with a male infertility factor.In the last two mentioned groups, the frequency of severe intraepithelial lesions (7.8% and 7.9%, respectively) was higher than in the other groups, where it was established at a level of no more than 1.5%. A higher rate of HPV infection was also established in the groups infertility of tubal origin – 68.6%, male infertility – 63.4%, while in the group of patients with anovulation infertility its prevalence was at the level of 35.1%, which does not exceed the rate of healthy women in control group – 25.7%.Conclusions. 1. Patients with infertility of tubal origin and male factor infertility have a higher frequency of early cervical changes (50.9% and 52.9%, respectively) than healthy women of reproductive age (35.2%). 2. In cases of tubal and male factor infertility, the frequency of HPV infection is higher than the rate of the cervical epithelium lesions detected by the cytological method (68.6% and 63.4%, respectively), which allows us to recommend the HPV test to include in the list of mandatory examinations during preparation for the program of assisted reproductive technologies.

Frequency of human papilomavirus and associated factors in gypsy and quilombola women

BackgroundThe prevalence of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection in the general population is widely known, however, there are still few studies related to this infection in minority groups, Thus, the objective is to analyze the frequency of human papillomavirus and associated factors in quilombola and gypsy women.MethodsCross-sectional research with 145 quilombola and gypsy women from Caxias, Maranhão. Two Pap smear collections were performed and a questionnaire with 46 questions was applied between January, 2020 and March, 2021. Descriptive analysis and Odds Ratio with 95% confidence interval were performed. The research was approved by the ethics committee.ResultsThere were 09 cases of atypia. The frequency of human papillomavirus was 41.37%, with a higher risk in quilombolas 55 (91.70%). Multiple infections were prevalent (53%) with high-risk genotypes 21 (35%). Types 16 and 18 together accounted for 42.85% of cases.ConclusionsThe frequency of human papillomavirus infection was higher than those recorded in the Northeast and Brazil, and therefore type 16 predominated. Due to limitations, the virus lineages and sublineages were not evaluated. Quilombola women had a higher rate of infection than gypsies.

Prevalence of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) among Females in the General Population of the Split and Dalmatia County and Its Association with Genital Microbiota and Infections: A Prospective Study.

We conducted a prospective study with the aim of determining HPV prevalence and type distribution in the general female population of Southern Croatia (SDC), and to detect the presence of other microorganisms in the lower part of the female reproductive system and their possible influence on the frequency of HPV infection. Data were collected during routine check-up exams. All participants were examined by a gynecologist, and cervico-vaginal scrapings/swabs were collected, for cytological (Pap smear) and microbiological (for bacterial growth, genital mycoplasmas, chlamydia, and HPV) analysis. Informed consent was obtained from all participants with accompanying questionnaire. A total of 1050 asymptomatic women living in SDC participated in the study during a one-year period, and 107 of them (10.2%) had HR-HPV infection. We found that the presence of some bacteria (Ureaplasma, Chlamydia, and Gardnerella) in the lower part of the female genital system has a positive correlation with the frequency of HPV infection and, consequently, a possible influence on faster progression to cervical dysplasia caused by HPV. We consider that inclusion of screening for sexually transmitted infections as monitoring in women with HPV infection could help to find women at risk of cervical cancer progression.

Low Frequency of Human Papillomavirus in Strictly Site-Coded Oral Squamous Cell Carcinomas, Using the Latest NHI/SEER-ICD Systems: A Pilot Observational Study and Critical Review.

Simple SummaryThe incidence of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (OPSCCs) has increased in the last decades, and this seems to be correlated to the infectious epidemiological trend of human papillomavirus (HPV). The prevalence of HPV-positive OPSCCs is approximately 70%, with involvement mainly of the tonsillar area. On the role of HPV in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), very few studies have investigated the prevalence of HPV in strictly site-codified OSCC, excluding the base of the tongue as distinct oropharyngeal entity. As a result, an inappropriate estimation of HPV infection in OSCC has been observed. We investigated HPV status, using a combination of detection methods, in a sample of 40 subjects with OSCC coded by the latest site classifications. Moreover, we performed a critical review of the studies with the same outcomes. The main finding of our investigation was a low frequency of HPV-positive OSCC, suggesting no significant HPV role in strictly oral carcinogenesis.The aim of this study was to evaluate HPV status in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), as coded by the latest classifications and applying a combination of detection methods used in clinical practice. Forty-two patients with suspect OSCC were consecutively recruited. Patients underwent an incisional biopsy for histological OSCC diagnosis and HPV identification by PCR DNA and p16 IHC. All lesions were coded by the latest ICD-0-3.2 site/histology classifications, as proposed for OSCC by the National Cancer Institute Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Programs. Moreover, a comparative analysis review, critically evaluated by the same site-coded systems and HPV detection methods, was performed. In 40 confirmed cases of OSCC, the frequency of HPV infection was 10% (4/40). Among positive patients, two cases were PCR DNA/p16 IHC positive (high-risk HPV 51, high-risk HPV 67), two cases were PCR DNA positive/p16 IHC negative (high-risk HPV 31 + 68, high-risk HPV 66). Applying the latest site coding systems for OSCC, the frequency of HPV infection in this study and in similar, reviewed investigations was low (from 3.3% to 12.5%). These results suggested no significant HPV role in oral carcinogenesis, particularly where an updated site-coded classification of OSCCs (categorically excluding the base of the tongue) had been performed.

Human Papillomavirus Infection Among HIV-positive Women in Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of the Congo

<i>Background</i>: Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the world, particularly affecting people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). A synergy between the two viruses is however described by several authors but very little is known in women living with HIV-HPV co-infection in Lubumbashi in the South of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). <i>Objective</i>: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of HPV infection in women living with HIV, to define the socio-demographic profile of HPV infection and to analyze certain clinical and paraclinical parameters. <i>Methodology</i>: A total of 77 women, including 58 HIV-infected women (group 1) and 19 HIV-free women (group 2), were included in a cross-sectional descriptive study that was conducted from November 01 to 30, 2019 at the HIV-AIDS Mother-Child Transmission Prevention Unit (MCTPU) of the Lubumbashi University Clinics (LUC). HPV was tested on cervical-vaginal secretions obtained either by self-sampling or by a sample taken by a previously trained examiner. HPV was investigated by the INNO-LIPA (PCR) method at the Microbiology, Bioorganic Chemistry and Macromolecular Unit laboratory of the Free University of Brussels in Belgium (FUB) while the diagnosis of HIV infection (PCR), viral load determination and CD4 level assay was performed in the LUC laboratory. <i>Results</i>: The overall frequency of HPV infection was 74.03%. It was significantly higher in HIV-infected women than in non-HIV-infected women (81.08% vs. 52.63%). The socio-demographic profile of the HPV-infected patient was made up of predominantly married, multi-parented women, aged on average 35, with a secondary education level and an average socio-economic level. Low monthly incomes and HIV infection were almost 4 times at risk for HPV infection (OR 4.2 [1,439-12,262] and OR 3.75 [1,269-11,080] respectively). Finally, HIV-positive patients infected with HPV had overall low levels of Lymphocyte T CD4 compared to those not infected with HPV. <i>Conclusion</i>: Our study shows that in Lubumbashi, HPV infection is present in both HIV-positive and negative women but its prevalence is distinctly higher in HIV-positive patients than those without HIV infection. It is interesting to determine in subsequent studies the different genotypes of HPV circulating in Lubumbashi and to define the proportion of genotypes at high carcinogenic risk.

Prevalence of Human Papilloma Virus in Patients With Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is considered as one of the most common carcinogenic viruses in humans throughout the world and is mostly associated with gynecologic malignancies. However, it is also one of the environmental factors that is involved in colorectal cancer (CRC). Objective: A meta-analysis was performed to investigate the prevalence of HPV infection in patients suffering from the CRC. Methods: The frequency of the HPV in patients with CRC was studied from 2001 to 2016. To this end, several databases were reviewed, including PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, Iranmedex, and the Scientific Information Database. Then, the analysis was done by Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (V2.0, Biostat) software. Considering heterogeneity between different studies, the random effect model was used and then the results were checked with Cochran’s Q-statistic. Results: The meta-analysis revealed that the frequency of HPV infection in patients with CRC was 33.7% (a 95% CI of 28.4-39.5). The additional stratified analysis also showed that HPV infection in CRC patients was more widespread in European countries compared to Asian and American countries. Conclusion: The high rate of HPV infection is a major concern in sexually transmitted diseases around the world, therefore, controlling high-risk behaviors, vaccination, screening, and HPV subtyping can be useful in managing HPV infections.

HPV infection screening using surface plasmon resonance in women from Kunming (Southwest China).

No study examined the frequency of human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) in Southwest China. This was a cross-sectional survey (The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, 10/2010 to 12/2011) in 150 patients who were hospitalized or volunteered for cervical cancer (CC) screening. A HPV typing kit was used to detect 24 types of HPV by the SPR technique. The HPV-positive rate was 34.8% in women with normal cytology and 92.9% in women with CC. The frequency of HPV16 increased from 9.4% for women with normal cytology to 28.9% for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)1, 41.4% for CIN2, 54.1% for CIN3, and 71.4% for CC (p < 0.001). The frequency of HPV18 increased from 0% for women with normal cytology to 2.6% for CIN1, 3.4% for CIN2, 5.4% for CIN3, and 21.4% for CC (p = 0.03). HPV40 was only found in one patient with CC (p = 0.04). There was no relation between HPV genotype and women’s age. In Kunming (Southwest China), the frequency of HPV infection was 74.0% among women who underwent CC screening. HPV16 and HPV18 were the two most frequent genotypes. SPR could be of value for the screening of HPV infection.

Distribution of human papilloma virus genotype prevalence in invasive cervical carcinomas and precancerous lesions in the Yangtze River Delta area, China

BackgroundThis study aimed to provide more information for cancer prevention strategies by determining the distribution of human papilloma virus (HPV) genotype prevalence in invasive cervical carcinoma (ICC) and precancerous lesion patients in the Yangtze River Delta area in China.MethodsThis multi-centre descriptive cross-sectional study involves four university hospitals in the Jiangzhehu area. Women with histologically confirmed cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 1, CIN2, CIN3 or ICC who were diagnosed and treated in the four selected hospitals between February 2012 and April 2014 were eligible for recruitment. The average age of the patients was 40.93 ± 11.87 years old, among whom the youngest was 17 years old and the oldest was 76 years old.Those with immunodeficiency diseases or a previous history of cancer or CIN were excluded. HPV genotyping was performed by a central laboratory. The distribution and age and disease specificity of the HPV genotype prevalence were analysed.ResultsOf the 2181 collected samples, 251 were ICC and 1930 were CIN. The mean age of cervical cancer and CIN patients was 40.93 ± 11.8 years (range, 17–76 years). The five most commonly identified HPV types in each lesion class were as follows: CIN1: 52, 58, 16, 33, and CP; CIN2: 16, 58, 52, 33, and 31; CIN3: 16, 58, 33, 52, and 31; and ICC: 16, 58, 18, 52, and 33. CIN1 had an earlier age of onset (30–40 years) than CIN2, CIN3, and cervical cancer. The age of onset of cervical cancer exhibited two peaks at 40–44 and 50–54 years of age. In all infected patients, the frequency of HPV infection with a single type was 62.9%, and with multiple types, it was 38.1%. There was no difference in the frequencies of multiple types amongst the different cervical lesions.ConclusionsThe most prevalent genotypes in the investigated area (52, 58, 16 and 18) justify the necessity of anti-HPV vaccination in teenagers and young girls under 24 years old in the Yangtze River Delta area in China. Infection with multiple high-risk HPV types versus single infection does not increase the risk for ≥ CIN2 in ICC development.

Frequency of human papillomavirus infection in patients with gastrointestinal cancer

Introduction and aimCancer is the result of the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. It has recently been related to viral infections, one of which is human papillomavirus. The aim of the present study was to describe the frequency of human papillomavirus infection in patients with digestive system cancers. Materials and methodsA prospective, multicenter, observational study was conducted on patients with gastrointestinal cancer at 2public healthcare institutes in Veracruz. Two tumor samples were taken, one for histologic study and the other for DNA determination of human papillomavirus and its genotypes. Anthropometric variables, risk factors, sexual habits, tumor location, and histologic type of the cancer were analyzed. Absolute and relative frequencies were determined using the SPSS version 24.0 program. ResultsFifty-three patients were studied. They had gastrointestinal cancer located in: the colon (62.26%), stomach (18.87%), esophagus (7.55%), rectum (7.55%), and small bowel (3.77%). Human papillomavirus was identified in 11.32% of the patients, 66.7% of which corresponded to squamous cell carcinoma and 33.3% to adenocarcinoma. Only genotype 18 was identified. Mean patient age was 61.8±15.2 years, 56.60% of the patients were men, and 43.40% were women. A total of 15.8% of the patients had a family history of cancer and 31.6% had a personal history of the disease, 38.6% were tobacco smokers, and 61.4% consumed alcohol. Regarding sex, 5.3% of the patients said they were homosexual, 3.5% were bisexual, 29.8% engaged in oral sex, and 24.6% in anal sex. ConclusionsOur study showed that human papillomavirus infection was a risk factor for the development of gastrointestinal cancer, especially of squamous cell origin.

The prevelance of human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes detected by PCR in women with normal and abnormal cervico-vaginal cytology.

Cervical cancer is the second most common type of cancer for women worldwide with a great proportion proved to be related to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. As infection with HPV is the strongest risk factor for cervical neoplasia, detection of HPV genotypes in cervical and vaginal specimens of women with normal and abnormal cytology seems to be of paramount importance in cervical cancer screening. The objective of the study is to evaluate the prevalence and HPV genotypes among women with normal or abnormal Pap smear tests. This retrospective study was conducted in a tertiary care university hospital in western Turkey. A total of 201 patients in whom both HPV typing and Pap test was performed between 2012 and 2016 in our obstetrics and gynecology department were enrolled in this study. Clinical and laboratory data were obtained for all participants. Cervical smears of the patients were classified by the Bethesda system and HPV analyses were done using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. This study included 201 women, 72 of whom had normal and 129 of whom had abnormal Pap smear results. HPV DNA was detected in 91 (45.2%) of the 201 investigated women. Out of 72 patients with normal cervico-vaginal cytology, HPV positivity was detected in 35 (49%) patients, whereas 33 (35%) patients out of 94 with ASCUS , 18 (62%) patients out of 29 with LSIL and 5 (83%) patients out of 6 with HSIL had HPV positivity. Out of 35 HPV positive women that had normal pap test results, 25 (75%) were found to have high risk HPV (HR-HPV) genotypes. In women with ASCUS, LSIL and HSIL, HR-HPV genotype rates were found to be 94%, 89% and 100% respectively. The most common identified HPV types were HPV58, HPV16, HPV31, HPV33, HPV11 and HPV35. The frequency of HPV infection was found to be higher in our study compared to previous reports. Moreover, although HR-HPV genotypes were also detected in patients with normal cervical cytology, a majority of patients with HR-HPV genotypes were associated with abnormal cervical smear cytology including high rates of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance, low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion.

Association of breast cancer with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in Northeast Brazil: molecular evidence

OBJECTIVE:The aim of this study is to investigate the presence of human papillomavirus DNA and genotypes in breast cancer and normal breast tissue samples obtained from women from the northeast region of Brazil.METHOD:One hundred three breast cancer samples and 95 normal breast samples, as the non-malignant controls, were studied. DNA extraction was verified by human beta-globin gene amplification, and polymerase chain reaction was conducted based on HPV L1-specific consensus primers MY09/MY11 and GP5+/GP6+, followed by nested multiplex polymerase chain reaction with type-specific primers for the E6/E7 consensus region.RESULTS:Human papillomavirus DNA was detected in 51 (49.5%) breast carcinoma samples and 15 (15.8%) normal breast samples (p<0.0001). Human papillomavirus genotypes 6 and 11 were identified in 15.2% of all samples.CONCLUSIONS:The high frequency of human papillomavirus infection in breast cancer samples indicates a potential role of this virus in breast carcinogenesis in the studied participants.

Prevalence of human papillomavirus infection among 71,435 women in Jiangxi Province, China.

Cervical cancer is the third most common cancer in women worldwide. Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been identified as an etiological factor for cervical cancer. Data on the prevalence and subtype distribution of HPV infection in Jiangxi Province are incomplete. In this study, we investigated HPV subtype distribution and prevalence in Jiangxi Province between August 1, 2010, and December 31, 2015. A total of 71,435 individuals ranging in age from 16 to 77 years were recruited. Cervicovaginal swabs were collected from each participant, and HPV screening was performed. Our results showed that the HPV prevalence was 22.49% in Jiangxi Province. Overall, 14.99% of individuals were positive for a single HPV type, and 7.49% were positive for multiple types. The most frequently detected low-risk genotypes were HPV-6, and high-risk genotypes were HPV-16, -18, -33, -52, and -58. The prevalence and type distribution of HPV infection exhibits regional and age differences; Yingtan had the highest incidence for high-risk HPV infection (32.00%), and peaks in the frequencies of HPV infections were seen for patients under 20 and over 60 years of age. In conclusion, we present data showing that the HPV prevalence varies significantly with age and regions in Jiangxi Province. These results can serve as valuable reference to guide Jiangxi cervical cancer screening and HPV vaccination programs.

Human papillomavirus genotypes 68 and 58 are the most prevalent genotypes in women from quilombo communities in the state of Maranhão, Brazil

To determine the frequency of human papillomavirus (HPV) types and behavioral characteristics related to cytological abnormalities in women descendants of slaves, who live in isolated communities known as quilombos in the state of Maranhão, Brazil. Cervicovaginal specimens of 353 women were analyzed by conventional cytology and genotyping. HPV detection and genotyping was performed using a linear array HPV genotyping test kit. Behavioral factors and their association with cytological abnormalities were analyzed, as well as the association between cytological abnormalities and HPV infection. The frequency of HPV infection was 13%, and infection with high-risk HPV types was more frequent than with low-risk types (10.2% vs. 2.8%). The most prevalent genotypes were HPV 68 (3.1%) and HPV 58 (2.6%). HPV-positive women were 6.5 times more likely than HPV-negative women to be diagnosed with cytological abnormalities. There was a significant association between HPV infection and the presence of cytological abnormalities in women 31-40 years of age and in women 51-60 years of age. A distinct profile of high-risk HPV genotypes was detected, with predominance of types 68 and 58. It is possible that the results of the present study are due to specific characteristics of the population, which is geographically isolated and maintains conservative sexual habits.

Infection with multiple types of human papillomavirus in sexually active young women

Study design: cross. Study objective: estimate the frequency and distribution types of human papillomavirus (HPV) in sexually active young women. Methods: samples of vaginal and endocervical canal of 158 women, aged between 18 and 35 years were collected through self-collection technique. The HPV DNA was extracted and amplified by PCR end point using the consensus primers PGMY09/11 and genotyping was performed by PCR specific type (TS-PCR) and by analysis of the fragments obtained from the use of restriction enzymes (RFLP). Results: HPV DNA was detected in 23% of participants, 92% were high-risk HPV genotypes (HR), being the prevalent HPV45, followed by HPV16 and 31 infections with multiple HPV types were detected in 35% of samples, indicating infection by more than two types in 22.2% of the genotyped. Higher frequency of HPV DNA was detected in women ≤ 25 old. Conclusion: this demonstrated a high frequency of HPV infection in sexually active young women, as well as a high prevalence of infection with multiple types of high oncogenic risk

Human papillomavirus and chlamydia trachomatis infections in rheumatoid arthritis under anti-TNF therapy: an observational study.

The objective of this study was to evaluate human papillomavirus (HPV) and Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infections in RA patients pre- and post-TNF blocker. Fifty female RA patients (ACR criteria), who were eligible to anti-TNF therapy [n = 50 at baseline (BL) and n = 45 after 6 months of treatment (6 M)], and 50 age-matched healthy controls were prospectively enrolled. They were assessed for demographic data, gynecologic, sexual, cervical cytology and histological evaluations, disease parameters and current treatment. HPV DNA and CT DNA testing in cervical specimens were done using Hybrid Capture II assays. At BL, the median current age of RA patients and controls was 49 (18-74) versus 49 (18-74) years, p = 1.0. A trend of lower frequency of HPV infection was observed in AR patients pre-anti-TNF compared with controls (14 vs. 30%, p = 0.054). Further evaluation of AR patients with and without HPV infection before anti-TNF therapy showed that the former group had higher frequency of sexual intercourses (100 vs. 48%, p = 0.014), higher median number of sexual partners [1 (1-1) vs. 0 (0-1), p = 0.032] and higher frequency of abnormal cervical cytology (43 vs. 7%, p = 0.029). Current age, disease duration, disease parameters and treatments were alike in both groups (p > 0.05). At 6 M after TNF blockage, HPV infection remained unchanged in five patients, whereas two became negative and one additional patient turned out to be positive (p = 1.0). CT infection was uniformly negative in RA patients pre- and post-TNF blockage and in controls. Anti-TNF does not seem to increase short-term risk of exacerbation and/or progression of HPV and CT infections in RA patients.

Frequency of Human Papillomavirus infection in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx

Background Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx is a public health issue, with over 200,000 new cases worldwide each year [1]. Studies show that the incidence is higher in male individuals, aged between 40 and 55 years. The consumption of tobacco and alcohol are wellestablished risk factors for developing head and neck cancer, and studies have been shown synergism between these substances, which contributes to the increased risk [4]. Recently, persistent infection with high risk Human Papillomavirus (HPV) has been identified as a potential risk factor for the development of these tumors [2]. HPV is a DNA virus that features tropism to epithelial cells. The high risk HPV types, such as types 16 and 18 have the ability to integrate their DNA into the host cell DNA, immortalizing keratinocytes, with great possibilities of causing a cancer by infecting cells [3]. This study aims to evaluate the frequency of HPV infection, smoking and alcohol consumption related to the development of squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity and oropharynx.

934P - Human Papillomavirus Infection and Herpesvirus Infection in Vulvar Cancer Patients

ABSTRACT Aim: The purpose of the study was to detect frequency of Human papillomavirus infection (HPV) and herpes viruses in vulvar cancer patients. Methods: Samples of formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tumor tissues of 148 patients aged from 14 to 85 years were studied. DNA of high-risk and low-risk HPV, herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 (HSV-1,2), cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) were determined. DNA amplification with its posterior detection was performed using PCR. Results: DNA of low-risk HPV and HSV-1,2 were not detected. 70 of 148 patients (47,29%) had DNA of different viruses. The most frequent were DNAs of HPV of various types – in 44 (29,7%) patients, at that 32 patients had only one type while in 12 patients it was in association with DNA of other viruses; EBV was found in 24 (16,2%) patients, in 10 of them – in association with other viruses; HHV-6 was found in 12 (16,2%) patients, in 8 of them – in association; cytomegalovirus was found in 4 (2,7%) patients, in 2 of them – in association. Thus, the most frequent was HPV, EBV was lesser frequent and HHV-6 and cytomegalovirus were the least frequent. Of all genotypes of HPV alone, type 16 was in 54,5% of the cases, 56 type in 4 (9,09%) cases and 45 and 52 types in 2 cases. In all 12 cases of HPV in association it was type 16 combined with type 18 (4 cases) and types 39, 31 or EBV and HHV-6 (2 cases). Thus, high-risk HPV-16 was the dominant both alone (54,5%) and in association with other genotypes and viruses. 36 (81,1%) of 44 patients had HPV-16, from 2 to 4 patients had genotypes 45, 52 or 56 alone, and only 2 patients had HPV-18, 31 or 39 plus HPV-16. Besides, EBV, cytomegalovirus and HHV-6 were detected in patients. Of 24 (16,2%) patients having EBV, 14 (58,3%) had it alone and 10 (41,7%) – in association with HPV-16, 31, HHV-6 and cytomegalovirus. HHV-6 was found in 12 (8,1%) cases, in 8 (67%) of them – in association with types 16, 31 and EBV. Cytomegalovirus was detected in 4 (2,7%) patients, in 2 of them – in association with EBV. Conclusions: Vulvar cancer patients are often infected with not only HPV of different genotypes but also EBV, HHV-6 and cytomegalovirus. Thus, presence of different viral agents in vulvar cancer patients should be taken into account as it underlies one of vulvar cancer pathogenesis variants, which requires further study. Disclosure: All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.

Human papillomavirus detection in women with and without human immunodeficiency virus infection in Colombia.

BackgroundHIV infection leads to a decreasing immune response, thereby facilitating the appearance of other infections, one of the most important ones being HPV. However, studies are needed for determining associations between immunodeficiency caused by HIV and/or the presence of HPV during the course of cervical lesions and their degree of malignancy. This study describes the cytological findings revealed by the Papanicolaou test, laboratory characteristics and HPV molecular profile in women with and without HIV infection.MethodsA total of 216 HIV-positive and 1,159 HIV-negative women were invited to participate in the study; PCR was used for the molecular detection of HPV in cervical samples. Statistical analysis (such as percentages, Chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test when applicable) determined human papillomavirus (HPV) infection frequency (single and multiple) and the distribution of six types of high-risk-HPV in women with and without HIV infection. Likewise, a logistic regression model was run to evaluate the relationship between HIV-HPV infection and different risk factors.ResultsAn association was found between the frequency of HPV infection and infection involving 2 or more HPV types (also known as multiple HPV infection) in HIV-positive women (69.0% and 54.2%, respectively); such frequency was greater than that found in HIV-negative women (44.3% and 22.7%, respectively). Statistically significant differences were observed between both groups (p = 0.001) regarding HPV presence (both in infection and multiple HPV infection). HPV-16 was the most prevalent type in the population being studied (p = 0.001); other viral types had variable distribution in both groups (HIV-positive and HIV-negative). HPV detection was associated with <500 cell/mm3 CD4-count (p = 0.004) and higher HIV-viral-load (p = 0.001). HPV-DNA detection, <200 cell/mm3 CD4-count (p = 0.001), and higher HIV-viral-load (p = 0.001) were associated with abnormal cytological findings.ConclusionsThe HIV-1 positive population in this study had high multiple HPV infection prevalence. The results for this population group also suggested a greater association between HPV-DNA presence and cytological findings. HPV detection, together with low CD4 count, could represent useful tools for identifying HIV-positive women at risk of developing cervical lesions.

Value of human papillomavirus typing for detection of anal cytological abnormalities

Purpose:The objective of this study was to evaluate anal cytology and human papillomavirus (HPV) typing in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection.Materials and Methods:Anal samples were collected from 61 patients (44 men and 17 women) and analyzed by PapilloCheck test and conventional cytology.Results:Of all anal samples, 37.7% had cytological abnormalities, 47.54% were negative and 14.75% were unsatisfactory. High-risk HPV, multiple high-risk HPV and HPV 16 infection was detected in 91.13%, 78.26% and 47.82% of the samples with cytological abnormalities and in 47.54%, 6.89% and 3.44% of the negative samples, respectively. High-risk HPV infection was significantly more frequent in anal samples with cytological abnormalities than in negative samples (P = 0.0005, Fisher's test), particularly multiple high-risk HPV infection (P < 0.0001) and HPV 16 infection (P = 0.0002).Conclusions:High-risk HPV, multiple high-risk HPV and HPV 16 infections are significantly associated with anal cytological abnormalities. Furthermore, the frequency of HPV infection in anal cytological samples suggests that high-risk HPV detection has high sensitivity, but low specificity for detection of anal cytological abnormalities, but multiple high-risk HPV typing and HPV 16 typing have a lower sensitivity and high specificity. Results suggest that HPV typing may be useful as an adjunct to cytology to screen patients for high-resolution anoscopy and biopsy.

Value of human papillomavirus typing for detection of anal cytological abnormalities.

The objective of this study was to evaluate anal cytology and human papillomavirus (HPV) typing in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Anal samples were collected from 61 patients (44 men and 17 women) and analyzed by PapilloCheck test and conventional cytology. Of all anal samples, 37.7% had cytological abnormalities, 47.54% were negative and 14.75% were unsatisfactory. High-risk HPV, multiple high-risk HPV and HPV 16 infection was detected in 91.13%, 78.26% and 47.82% of the samples with cytological abnormalities and in 47.54%, 6.89% and 3.44% of the negative samples, respectively. High-risk HPV infection was significantly more frequent in anal samples with cytological abnormalities than in negative samples (P = 0.0005, Fisher's test), particularly multiple high-risk HPV infection (P < 0.0001) and HPV 16 infection (P = 0.0002). High-risk HPV, multiple high-risk HPV and HPV 16 infections are significantly associated with anal cytological abnormalities. Furthermore, the frequency of HPV infection in anal cytological samples suggests that high-risk HPV detection has high sensitivity, but low specificity for detection of anal cytological abnormalities, but multiple high-risk HPV typing and HPV 16 typing have a lower sensitivity and high specificity. Results suggest that HPV typing may be useful as an adjunct to cytology to screen patients for high-resolution anoscopy and biopsy.