Frequency Of Chromosomal Aberrations Research Articles

Environmental implications of combustion of rice husk at high temperatures and for an extended period for energy generation.

The most common alternative for the management and valorization of rice processing waste is the combustion of rice husk (RH) for energy generation. The environmental risk assessment of the ash generated during the combustion of the RH to obtain energy has remained understudied. Disposal of rice husk ash (RHA) on agricultural land is the most common outcome, which could pose a risk to both natural ecosystems and human health. The objective of this study was to characterize the physicochemical composition and the phytotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity of RHA obtained from three distinct combustion processes. The evaluation processes were 800-900 °C in up to 5 min (I), 800-900 °C in 15-20 min (II), and 600-700 °C in 15-20 min (III). Furthermore, the content, pH, and concentrations of Al, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, and Ti present in the ashes were determined. The germination index for two vegetable seeds was subsequently evaluated. By measuring the mitotic index and frequency of chromosomal aberrations, the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity were determined. It was observed that RHA produced by combustion of RH at higher combustion temperatures for an extended period exhibited different physicochemical properties, in addition to higher levels of phytotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity.

Cytogenetic studies in reproductive function disorders: a retrospective analysis

Aim. Fertility disorders are one of the most common problems of reproductive medicine. Chromosomal abnormalities play a crucial role in reproductive failure. The main purpose of our study was to determine the types and frequency of chromosomal aberrations in couples with history of infertility. Methods. Karyotyping was performed in 652 couples with reproductive failure between 2004 and 2022, including 203 couples with primary infertility (PI), 240 couples with recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) and 209 – with sporadic pregnancy loss (SPL). Results. Numerical and structural karyotype abnormalities were detected in 37 (2.84 %) of 1304 individuals with infertility, most frequently in group with PI – 3.4 % and RPL – 3.3 %. Chromosomal abnormalities were detected in 3.1 % woman and 2.6 % men. The most common cytogenetic abnormalities (26 cases of 37; 2 %) are translocations, reciprocal – 18 cases (1.4 %) and Robertsonian – 8 cases (0.6 %). Numerical and structural gonosomal abnormalities were detected in 9 individuals (0.7 %), supernumerary marker chromosome – in 2 (0.14 %). Conclusions. Karyotype abnormalities are most common in individuals with PI and RPL and a occur with the same frequency among women and men. Numerical gonosomal abnormalities were detected only as mosaic form.

Analysis of chromosome aberrations in peripheral blood lymphocyte of medical radiation workers in a tertiary hospital

Objective: To analyze the level of chromosome aberration in lymphocytes of medical radiation workers and its influencing factors. Methods: From July to September 2020, 252 medical workers in a tertiary hospital were selected as the study subjects and 107 preserviceworkers were selected as the control group. The Chromosomal aberrations of peripheral blood lymphocytes were measured using conventional cytogenetic analysis method, and the differences were analyzed. Results: The frequencies of dicentric puls centric ring, total chromosome-type aberrations, and abnormal detection rate in the radiation group were significantly higher than those in the control group (Z=2.59, 3.74, 9.99, P<0.05). There was significant difference in the frequencies of dicentric plus centric ring and total chromosome-type aberrations among different types of work (χ(2)=8.59, 8.17, 11.39, P<0.05), and the frequencies of dicentric plus centric ring were significantly higher in the interventional radiology group than those in diagnostic radiology (χ(2)=2.90, P<0.05), While the rates of acentric fragment and total chromosome-type aberrations were significantly higher in the nuclear medicine group than those in diagnostic radiology (χ(2)=2.81, 3.19, P<0.05). The difference in the abnormal detection rate of chromosome aberrations between different types of work was statistically significant (P<0.05), and the rate in the interventional radiology group was significantly higher than that in the diagnostic radiology group (χ(2)=7.66, P<0.05). There was no significant difference in chromosome aberration level and abnormal detection rate among different working ages (P>0.05). Poisson regression analysis indicated that the type of work is a risk factor for chromosomal aberration [IRR=2.31 (nuclear medicine group), 1.66 (Radiation therapy), and 1.78 (interventional group) ; P<0.05]. Conclusion: Ionizing radiation causes certain radiation damage to medical radiology workers, and the frequencies of chromosome aberration in the radiation workers of nuclear medicine and interventional radiology groups are relatively high, so radiation protection should be strengthened to ensure the health of relevant workers.

Assessment of Low-Doses Doxorubicin Effects in Mice Using Chromosomal Aberration Assay

"The cytogenetic aberrations induced by doxorubicin (DOX) may be influenced by diet. Investigation regarding effects of low doses of DOX on chromosomal aberrations frequency in mice bone marrow. The study explored a possible relationship between diet, follow-up period, and cytostatic doses. Four mice groups received normal or high-fat (pork) diet. At the beginning of the 8th day mice from each group received a single intraperitoneal injection with DOX (dose range: 1.7-7.7 mg/kg b.w.) or isotonic saline solution (0.02 mL/g control mice). In the 10th (groups I, II) and 14th (groups III, IV) days from the beginning of the experiment, the mice were euthanized and chromosome aberrations were tested in bone marrow cells. The body weight of all mice who received DOX decreases, especially at higher doses. In the first three days post-injection, weight loss percentage was significantly influenced by DOX doses and/or type of diet (p&lt;0.003). The interaction between the type of diet and DOX doses was not statistically significant in the follow-up period (p interactions &gt;0.05). DOX doses were able to increase the frequency of chromosomal aberrations. DOX acts as a potent inductor of cytogenetic aberrations in bone marrow cells, regardless of the type of diet."

Genotype-mutagenic interaction in the cytogenetic variability of winter wheat for a new ecogenetic factor

The study of cytogenetic parameters of the activity of new mutagenic factors aims to reliably establish the possibilities of these factors in terms of variability depending on the subject of mutagenic action, the optimal use of certain factor sizes, the combination of the selected protocol with optimization of the yield of mutant forms in the future. Seeds of eight varieties of winter wheat (Balaton, Borovytsia, Zeleny Gai, Zoloto Ukrainy, Kalancha, Niva Odeska, Polyanka, Pochayna) were treated by SA (sodium azide) at concentrations of 0.010%, 0.025%, 0.05%, 0.10%. They were soaked in water solution for 24 hours. Cytogenetic activity was evaluated by pollen sterility, evaluation of general rates and indicators of spectra of chromosomal abnormalities at medium phases of cell mitosis according to wheat variety and chemical agent concentrations. As a result of the study, the key importance of the genotype-mutagenic interaction was demonstrated within the limits of variability of the main indicators of the frequency and spectrum of chromosomal aberrations. It has been established that in the future it will be more optimal to use two varieties whose genotype-mutagenic specificity indicators are significantly higher and one should expect a more significant yield of promising mutant forms from them in the future, especially in combination with SA concentrations in the range of 0.025% and 0.05%. It is demonstrated that the main parameters that reflect genetically determined possibilities in susceptibility to the ecogenetic factor are pollen fertility, the overall frequency of chromosome aberrations, and the number of induced fragments. The use of other parameters displays the trend only partially or does not display it at all, as is the case with the use of rarer types of chromosomal rearrangements. The least promising forms have also been identified for use as starting material in treatments with this substance. It is demonstrated that, in general, this agent is characterized by the same patterns in the induction of cytogenetic activity as for other chemical supermutagens, with some variations depending on the starting material. In the future, it is planned to link the obtained data with the frequency and quality of the resulting hereditary changes, primarily complex biochemical and physiological ones, in order to improve the quality of plant products and various types of plant tolerance to adverse environmental conditions.

Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity evaluation of chloroform using Vicia faba roots.

Chloroform is a widely used industrial chemical that can also pollute the environment. The aims of this study were to examine the potential cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of chloroform on plant cells, using the Vicia faba bioassay. Chloroform was evaluated at concentrations of 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, and 5mg·L-1. The following parameters were analyzed: the mitotic index (MI), micronucleus (MN) frequency, chromosomal aberration (CA) frequency, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content. The results showed that exposure to increasing concentrations of chloroform caused a decrease in MI and an increase in the frequency of MN in Vicia faba root tip cells, relative to their controls. Moreover, various types of CA, including C-mitosis, fragments, bridges, laggard chromosomes, and multipolar mitosis, were observed in the treated cells. The frequency of MN was positively correlated with the frequency of CA in exposure to 0.1-1mg·L-1 chloroform. Furthermore, chloroform exposure induced membrane lipid peroxidation damage in the Vicia faba radicle, and a linear correlation was observed between the MDA content and the frequency of MN or CA. These findings indicated that chloroform exposure can result in oxidative stress, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity in plant cells.

Prenatally detected aortic arch anomalies and their consequences after birth

Aortic arch anomalies are frequently associated with cardiac or extracardiac malformations, chromosomal aberrations and postpartum esophagus/trachea compression. We aimed to establish the prevalence of associated cardiac and extracardiac malformations, the frequency of chromosomal aberrations in fetuses with the diagnosis of aortic arch anomalies and to assess the pregnancy and the postnatal outcome. Retrospective cohort study of all fetuses with aortic arch anomalies and genetic diagnosis in a tertiary referral obstetric and fetal cardiology centre between 2016 and 2020. Postpartum data were collected within 24 months after birth. In a cohort of 11.380 pregnant women, the prevalence of aortic arch anomalies was 0.25%. Among 28 cases of right aortic arch anomalies, in 27 fetuses prenatal genetic diagnosis was available. We diagnosed 4 fetuses with mirror-image branching (right sided V-sign) and 23 fetuses with U-sign (4 fetuses with complete double aortic arch). 18 cases (66%) were isolated. Associated anomalies were cardiac in 3 cases and extracardiac in 7 cases (33%). The most frequent cardiac anomaly was tetralogy of Fallot (2/27), the extracardiac anomalies were thymus hypoplasia, single umbilical artery and subclavian artery malformations. In 1 case (3.7%), fluorescent in situ hybridization diagnosed 22q11.2 microdeletion. 75% of fetuses with right sided V-sign were associated with conotruncal malformations. Pregnancy and postpartum outcome were known in 24 pregnancies. Postnatal diagnosis was different from prenatal in 2 cases, the concordance rate was 93%. Isolated cases resulted in live birth in 17/18 pregnancies (93%). The frequency of postpartum trachea/esophagus compression was 42,9% (9 cases) due to vascular ring, in 6 children (28,6%) operation was necessary. Fetal aortic arch anomalies are multidisciplinary diseases to be diagnosed by proper prenatal ultrasound examination. Associated fetal anomalies necessitate extended obstetric and cardiac sonography, invasive prenatal testing should be offered, and thorough postnatal long-term follow-up is recommended. Orv Hetil. 2023; 164(28): 1111-1120.

Chromosome damage in regions with different levels of air pollution.

Air pollution is an important environmental factor influencing human health. In this study, we compared chromosome damage in city policemen from three cities in the Czech Republic: industrial Ostrava characterized by high levels of benzo[a]pyrene, Prague with heavy traffic emitting nitrogen oxides, and relatively clean Ceske Budejovice located in an area with predominantly agricultural activity. Chromosomal aberrations in lymphocytes were evaluated by fluorescence in situ hybridization with painting probes for chromosomes 1, 2, 3, and 4 in spring and autumn. An increase in the frequency of unstable chromosome aberrations, that is, dicentric chromosomes and acentric fragments, was observed in spring samples from Ostrava (p = .014 and p = .044, respectively) and Prague (p = .002 and p = .006, respectively) in comparison with Ceske Budejovice. The difference was significant only for samples taken after the winter period, when the concentration of pollutants in the air increases due to poor dispersion conditions. An increased frequency of dicentric chromosomes was observed in spring compared to autumn in both Ostrava and Prague (p = .017 and p = .023, respectively), but not in Ceske Budejovice. More breakpoints were observed on chromosome 1 than on the other chromosomes examined (p < .001). The number of breakpoints in the heterochromatin region 1p11-q12 was lower than in other parts of chromosome 1 (p < .001), suggesting a protective function of heterochromatin against damage. Our study showed, that air pollution increased the frequency of unstable chromosome aberrations, especially dicentric chromosomes. However, we did not show an effect on stable chromosome rearrangements.

Evaluation of cytogenetic effect of pesticides in onion root meristem

Farmers use chemical insecticides, fungicides and herbicides to control insect pests, diseases and weeds. Extensive use of chemical pesticides is becoming hazardous to the environment and human and animal health. Biopesticides have been used as a safer alternative. Cytogenetic analysis is needed to determine the effects of chemical and biopesticides in plants if these are used frequently in an improper concentration. This investigation assessed the effects of a chemical systemic insecticide ‘Actara 25WG’ and a bioinsecticide ‘Bio Sona’ for seed germination and on root mitosis of five onion varieties. Three concentrations of Actara 25WG were used as seed treatment, viz., 25 g, 50g (recommended) and 75 g/kg seed. Similarly, Bio Sona was applied @ 2 %, 5 % (recommended) and 8 % concentrations. Depressing effects of the two pesticides were recorded in seed germination percentage except for Bio Sona 2% in variety Bhima Shakti. Actara 25WG and Bio Sona showed either mitoenhancing or cytotoxic effects depending on dose and variety. These pesticides also induced genotoxicity at recommended and higher doses on root tip cells as indicated by the frequency of total chromosomal aberrations like binucleate cells, clumps, stickiness, disturbed stage, laggards, bridges and fragments. Bio Sona at higher concentrations showed more aberrations than Actara 25WG. There were differential responses of the varieties to the pesticide treatment. More research must be done on the effects of chemicals and biopesticides in plants to assess their cytogenotoxicity.

Оценка влияния хронического облучения на преждевременное старение Т-лимфоцитов человека на основе нестабильных хромосомных аберраций

For more than 60 years, residents of the villages on the Techa River have been chronically exposed to combined radiation, receiving a wide range of doses. Red bone marrow (RBM) is the critical system in the exposure conditions. This study aimed to assess the effect of chronic exposure on premature aging of T-lymphocytes based on the frequency of unstable chromosome aberrations; the subjects were the residents of the Southern Urals that have been chronically exposed to radiation. The increased frequency of occurrence of dicentrics and rings in T-cells of the exposed persons was the marker of cellular aging, with the associated doses to the red bone marrow (RBM dose) at 0.5–2.5 Gy. The participants (RBM donors), both exposed and non-exposed, were divided into three age subgroups: 40–59 years old, 60–69 years old, 70–79 years old. The differences in the RBM dose among the exposed individuals were insignificant. In the exposed group, unstable chromosome aberrations (UCA) were recorded significantly more often than in the control group (p = 0.04). The age group of 40–59 years was the one where the exposed donors had significantly more frequently occurring chromosome aberrations compared to the non-exposed participants. There were no such differences registered in other age groups. The age-associated increase of the amount of chromosome aberrations was registered in the non-exposed group only. Chronic exposure to radiation indirectly promotes premature aging of T-lymphocytes: 1) in the long term, the exposed individuals had UCA significantly more often; 2) compared to the control group, the 40–59 years age subgroup of the exposed group had increased cytogenetic index. In the context of this study, the number of dicentrics and rings was not registered as increasing in the older age subgroups of exposed individuals, which may be due to the specifics of the donor inclusion criteria, which, for the elderly, may favor radioresistant individuals.

A study on Amygdalin's Genotoxicological Safety and Modulatory Activity in Human Peripheral Lymphocytes in vitro.

Amygdalin (AMY), a plant secondary metabolite containing nitrile, is a major component of the seeds of Rosaceae family plants. It is known that this compound has many pharmacological activities such as cancer prevention, antipyretic, and cough suppressant. In this study, the genotoxic and modulatory effects of amygdalin were assessed by chromosomal aberration (CA), sister chromatid exchange (SCE), and cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay (CBMN) assays using human peripheral lymphocytes (HPLs) in the absence and presence of metabolic activator (S9 mix). Lymphocytes were exposed to various concentrations of amygdalin (0.86, 1.72, 3.43, 6.86, and 13.75 μg/mL) alone and in combination with mitomycin-C (MMC, 0.20 μg/mL) or cyclophosphamide (CP, 12 μg/mL). The mitotic index (MI), replication index (RI), cytokinesis-block proliferation index (CBPI), and cytostasis were also evaluated to determine cytotoxicity. Amygdalin alone did not exhibit genotoxic and cytotoxic effects at all the tested concentrations both in the absence and presence of the S9 mix. In contrast, amygdalin significantly reduced the frequencies of CA (especially at 48 h treatments), SCE, and MN (except 0.86 μg/mL in pre- and simultaneous treatment) induced by MMC in all the tested concentrations and treatment protocols. It has also considerably decreased CP-induced CA and SCE frequencies at all the concentrations (except 0.86 μg/mL) in simultaneous treatment. This study demonstrated that amygdalin alone was not genotoxic, on the contrary, it has revealed modulatory effects against chemotherapy agents that induced genomic damage in human lymphocytes, suggesting its chemopreventive potential. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Biological (microfloral) factors of influence on cytogenetic stability during chemical mutagenesis

ABSTRACT The article presents the results of a study of chromosomal mutations in residents living in the Aral Sea disaster zone. The present study was designed to evaluate the impact of the combined effect of a chemical mutagen (nickel) and bacterial microflora on the level of chromosomal aberrations (CA) in peripheral blood lymphocytes. This study used classical methods of cell cultivation, methods for determining chromosomal aberrations, a cytomorphological method for assessing epithelial cells, and an atomic absorption method for determining trace elements in the blood. The article shows that with an increase of chemical agent in the blood, the number of cells with features of damage and cells with contamination by microflora increases. Both of these factors cause an increase in the frequency of chromosomal aberrations. The article demonstrates how being exposed to a chemical factor increases chromosomal mutations, and also damages membrane components, which leads to a decrease in the barrier and protective function of the cell, and as a result also affects the level of chromosomal aberrations.

Antigenotoxic effect of hyperoside against Mitomycin C and hydrogen peroxide-induced genotoxic damage on human lymphocytes

Hyperoside is a flavonol glycoside isolated from various plant genera such as Hypericum and Crataegus. It has an important place in the human diet and is used medically to relieve pain and ameliorate cardiovascular functions. However, a comprehensive profile of the genotoxic and antigenotoxic effects of hyperoside is not known. The current study aimed to investigate the genotoxic and antigenotoxic effects of hyperoside against genetic damages induced by two genotoxins (MMC and H2O2) using chromosomal aberrations (CAs), sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs), and micronucleus (MN) assays in human peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro. Blood lymphocytes were incubated with 7.8–62.5 μg/mL concentrations of hyperoside alone and simultaneously with 0.20 μg/mL Mitomycin C (MMC) or 100 μM Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Hyperoside did not exhibit genotoxic potential in the CA, SCE, and MN assays. Moreover, it did not cause a decrease in mitotic index (MI) which is an indicator of cytotoxicity. On the other hand, hyperoside significantly decreased CA, SCE, and MN (except for MMC treatment) frequencies induced by MMC and H2O2. Hyperoside, increased mitotic index against both mutagenic agents at 24-h treatment when compared to positive control. Our results demonstrate that hyperoside exhibited antigenotoxic effects rather than genotoxic in vitro human lymphocytes. Therefore, hyperoside may be a potential preventive agent in inhibiting chromosomal and oxidative damage induced by genotoxic chemicals.

Use of a plasma focus device to study pulsed x-ray effects on peripheral blood lymphocytes: Analysis of chromosome aberrations

X-ray pulses (full width at half maximum ∼ 90 ns, dose rate ∼ 107 Gy s−1) were used to irradiate the monolayer of peripheral blood mononucleated cells using the PF-2kJ kilojoule plasma focus device. Four different exposure conditions were evaluated using 5, 10, 20, and 40 pulses, with the mean dose measured by TLD-100 being 0.12 ± 0.02 mGy, 0.14 ± 0.03 mGy, 0.22 ± 0.06 mGy, and 0.47 ± 0.09 mGy, respectively. Cytogenetic analysis showed an increase in all types of chromosomal aberrations following exposure to x-ray pulses. The distribution of dicentrics and centric rings was overdispersed after 5, 10, 20, and 40 pulses. Additionally, after 20 and 40 pulses, the presence of tricentric chromosomes is detected. Chromosome aberration frequencies found in this study were always higher than the estimated frequencies of chromosome aberrations using published dose–effect curves for conventional radiation sources. The overdispersion observed, the elevated maximum relative biological effectiveness (RBEM) and the presence of tricentric chromosomes at the relatively low doses of exposure (&amp;lt;0.5 Gy) seem to indicate that low doses of pulsed x-rays of low energy show similar biological effects as those observed for high-LET radiation. X-ray pulses emitted by PF-2kJ were found to be more efficient in inducing chromosome aberrations, even more than α particles.

The meta-analysis of cytogenetic biomarkers as an assessment of occupational risk for healthcare workers exposed to antineoplastic drugs.

Antineoplastic drugs (ADs) are widely used in clinical practice and have been demonstrated to be effective in treating malignant tumors. However, they carry a risk of cytogenotoxicity for healthcare workers. Studies have reported that genotoxic biomarkers can be applied to assess the occupational health status of healthcare workers at an early stage, but results of different studies are variable. The objectives of the review were examine the association between long-term exposure to ADs and cytogenetic damage to healthcare workers. We systematically reviewed studies between 2005 and 2021 using PubMed, Embase and Web of Science databases that used cytogenetic biomarkers to assess occupational exposure to ADs in healthcare workers. We used RevMan5.4 to analyze the tail length parameters of the DNA, frequency of the chromosomal aberrations, sister chromatid exchanges and micronuclei. A total of 16 studies were included in our study. The studies evaluate the quality of the literature through the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. The results revealed that under the random-effects model, the estimated standard deviation was 2.37 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.92-3.81, P = 0.001) for the tail length parameters of the DNA, 1.48 (95% CI 0.71-2.25, P = 0.0002) for the frequency of chromosomal aberrations, 1.74 (95% CI 0.49-2.99, P = 0.006) for the frequency of sister chromatid exchanges and 1.64 (95% CI 0.83-2.45, P < 0.0001) for the frequency of micronuclei. The results indicate that there is a significant association between occupational exposure to ADs and cytogenetic damage, to which healthcare workers should be alerted.

Effect on Antioxidants and Chromosomal Aberrations in the Offspring of Methyl Isocyanate Exposed Population of Bhopal

Bhopal gas tragedy was one of the worst industrial disasters that produced short-term as well as long-term health effects in the exposed population. The present study is an attempt to know about the genomic damage as well as the level of antioxidant caused by Methyl Isocyanate in the offspring of the exposed population and to know about the frequency of chromosomal aberrations in them. Offspring’s of the Methyl Isocyanate Exposed individuals living in the vicinity of 1.5 km from the Union Carbide’s pesticide plant were selected randomly from the study. Equal number of age (20 years – 50 years), sex (male / female) and locality matched non-exposed individuals were also enrolled as controls. All the subjects were non smokers and not employed at any type of chemical industry or a radiation department. Cytogenetic analysis was performed by standard protocol of lymphocyte culture as per as Moorhead et al. Chromosomal aberrations were observed. The antioxidant level of Vitamin E and Blood Glutathione was also recorded. Student’s t-test was performed to test the significance difference between means of chromosomal aberrations. The means were considered to be statistically significant at 1% level of probability. It was observed that the level of antioxidants (both Vitamin E by Jargar et al. and Blood Glutathione by Beutler et al.) was highly significant in the MIC Exposed and MIC Exposed F2 Generation Population as compared to MIC Non-Exposed Population. But, significant difference between MIC Exposed and MIC Exposed F2 Generation Population was observed. The mean percentage of normal metaphase in the Exposed group was significantly higher (p &lt; 0.0001) as compared to Non-Exposed. Besides this, chromosomal aberrations (dicentrics and double minutes) were recorded at mitotic metaphase and were statistically elevated in the MIC Exposed Population. The present study indicates that the genomic instability still persists at a higher intensity among the Bhopal Gas Survivors. The higher incidence of chromosomal aberrations may act as the intermediate processes in the pathway of the progression of any genetic disorders and cancers. Hence, our study suggests that the Exposed Populations and their Offspring’s is more vulnerable and gas affected.&#x0D; Keywords: Chromosomal aberrations, Methyl isocyanate, Bhopal gas tragedy, Long-term genotoxicity, Exposed Population

Reduction of Genotoxicity of Carbamazepine to Human Lymphocytes by Pre-treatment with Vitamin B12.

Carbamazepine (CBZ) is widely used as an anti-epileptic drug. Vitamin B12 has been shown to protect against DNA damage caused by several mutagenic agents. This study aimed to investigate the effect of vitamin B12 on CBZ-induced genotoxicity in cultured human lymphocytes. Sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) and chromosomal aberrations (CAs) genotoxic assays were utilized to achieve the study objective. The results showed significantly higher frequencies of CAs and SCEs in the CBZ-treated cultures (12 μg/mL) compared to the control group (P<0.01). The genotoxic effects of CBZ were reduced by pre-treatment of cultures with vitamin B12 (13.5μg/ml, P<0.05). Neither CBZ nor vitamin B-12 showed any effects on mitotic and proliferative indices. CBZ is genotoxic to lymphocyte cells, and this genotoxicity can be reduced by vitamin B12.

Оценка мутагенного эффекта проб воды и почвы, собранных вблизи бывших хранилищ хлорорганических пестицидов в Жамбылском районе Алматинской области с использованием различных модельных тест-систем

Устаревшие хлорорганические пестициды в настоящее время запрещены как стойкие органические загрязнители окружающей среды. Не утилизированные должным образом, они продолжают загря з-нять почву и воду, накапливаться в пищевой цепи и наносить вред растениям, животным и организму человека. Цель исследования — оценить загрязнение воды и почвы вокруг складов неутилизирован-ными запрещенными хлорорганическими пестицидами и их возможное генотоксическое действие. Были обследованы бывшие склады пестицидов в двух поселках Жамбылского района Алматинской области. Химический анализ показал загрязнение почвы вокруг складов хлорорганическими пестици-дами и тяжелыми металлами. Пробы воды и почвы, отобранные вблизи хранилищ, использовались для оценки экологического риска. Генотоксическое действие проб воды и почвы оценивали на раз-личных модельных объектах: Salmonella typhimurium, Drosophila melanogaster, Allium cepa, культурах лимфоцитов овец и человека. Было обнаружено, что образцы воды и почвы вызывали слабый мута-генный эффект во всех модельных системах, увеличивая частоту мутаций и хромосомных аберраций. Хотя генотоксический эффект был продемонстрирован для каждой из моделей, разные модели пока-зали разную чувствительность к действию пестицидов и разную степень реакции. Поэтому для адек-ватной оценки мутагенности пестицидов необходимо применять батарею тестов с разными модельными объектами. Результаты исследований показали, что остатки устаревших пестицидов по-прежнему загрязняют окружающую среду и должны быть своевременно утилизированы безопасным способом, чтобы избежать загрязнения окружающей среды.

High Resolution and Automatable Cytogenetic Biodosimetry Using In Situ Telomere and Centromere Hybridization for the Accurate Detection of DNA Damage: An Overview.

In the event of a radiological or nuclear accident, or when physical dosimetry is not available, the scoring of radiation-induced chromosomal aberrations in lymphocytes constitutes an essential tool for the estimation of the absorbed dose of the exposed individual and for effective triage. Cytogenetic biodosimetry employs different cytogenetic assays including the scoring of dicentrics, micronuclei, and translocations as well as analyses of induced premature chromosome condensation to define the frequency of chromosome aberrations. However, inherent challenges using these techniques include the considerable time span from sampling to result, the sensitivity and specificity of the various techniques, and the requirement of highly skilled personnel. Thus, techniques that obviate these challenges are needed. The introduction of telomere and centromere (TC) staining have successfully met these challenges and, in addition, greatly improved the efficiency of cytogenetic biodosimetry through the development of automated approaches, thus reducing the need for specialized personnel. Here, we review the role of the various cytogenetic dosimeters and their recent improvements in the management of populations exposed to genotoxic agents such as ionizing radiation. Finally, we discuss the emerging potentials to exploit these techniques in a wider spectrum of medical and biological applications, e.g., in cancer biology to identify prognostic biomarkers for the optimal triage and treatment of patients.

The probable radioprotective role of Acacia nilotica L. against biochemical and cytogenetic disorders induced in gamma irradiated male rats

Gum Arabic (Acacia nilotica L.) is a respected plant that has many nutrients and curative practices. It hinders, improves, or manages many disorders. The radio-protective activity of Acacia nilotica was investigated against γ-rays-induced testicle damage in rats. Twenty-four rats were correspondingly distributed into 4 groups; control, Acacia nilotica (15mg/kg, daily for 30 days), γ-irradiated (5Gy γ-rays, single dose) and Acacia nilotica plus γ-rays treated groups. The plasma testosterone and total antioxidant status (TAS) were estimated. Lipid peroxidation; malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), also glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) with interleukin-1β (IL-1β), were determined in the testicle tissues. A testis weight, sperm count and motility, peripheral-blood and bone-marrow micronuclei (PMN and BMN), and frequency of chromosomal aberrations (CAs) were scored. A significant decline in the levels of plasma testosterone with TAS observed in the γ-irradiated rats. The results also showed significantly increased levels of testicle MDA, inflammatory markers, PMN, BMN and CAs frequencies and decrease in testes weight, sperm count and motility and levels of testicle antioxidants markers in gamma irradiated group. All these biochemical and fertility indices results were significantly enhanced in the Acacia nilotica plus γ-rays treated groups. However, the possible alleviate activity of Acacia nilotica on γ-rays-induced testicle injury in rats has not previously conversed, and this is the topic of this study.