Frequency Of Caries Research Articles

Inequalities in caries among pre-school Italian children with different background

BackgroundThe study was aimed to describe caries prevalence and severity and health inequalities among Italian preschool children with European and non-European background and to explore the potential presence of a social gradient.MethodsThe ICDAS (International Caries Detection and Assessment System) was recorded at school on 6,825 children (52.8% females). Caries frequency and severity was expressed as a proportion, recording the most severe ICDAS score observed. Socioeconomic status (SES) was estimated by mean a standardized self-submitted questionnaire filled-in by parents. The Slope Index of Inequality (SII) based on regression of the mid-point value of caries experiences score for each SES group was calculated and a social gradient was generated, children were stratified into four social gradient levels based on the number of worst options. Multivariate regression models (Zero-Inflated Negative Binomial logistic and logistic regression) were used to elucidate the associations between all explanatory variables and caries prevalence.ResultsOverall, 54.4% (95%CI 46.7–58.3%) of the children were caries-free; caries prevalence was statistically significant higher in children with non-European background compared to European children (72.6% vs 41.6% p < 0.01) and to the area of living (p = 0.03). A statistically significant trend was observed for ICDAS 5/6 score and the worst social/behavioral level (Z = 5.24, p < 0.01). Children in the highest household income group had lower levels of caries. In multivariate analysis, Immigrant status, the highest parents’ occupational and educational level, only one kid in the family, living in the North-Western Italian area and a high household income, were statistically significant associated (p = 0.01) to caries prevalence. The social gradient was statistically significant associated (p < 0.01) to the different caries levels and experience in children with European background.ConclusionsData show how caries in preschool children is an unsolved public health problem especially in those with a non-European background.

Oral health by obesity classification in young obese women – a cross-sectional study

Objective To explore oral health by increasing degree of obesity and the influence of modifying factors. Materials and methods A cross-sectional design was used. Swedish females (n = 118; 18–35 years) with morbid obesity were recruited from the BAriatric SUbstitution and Nutrition study (BASUN). Body mass index (BMI) was used as continuous and categorized into 35–39.9 kg/m2/40–44.9 kg/m2/≥45 kg/m2. Oral examinations assessed dental caries using the ICDAS system, periodontal status and saliva characteristics. Information on sociodemographics, oral health behaviour and symptoms was collected via a questionnaire. Results Mean BMI was 42.2 kg/m3 (SD 4.0; range 35.0–63.7). Significantly higher frequencies of dentine caries (p = .001) and total caries (p = .046) were found with higher BMI with an increase in total caries by 0.59 tooth surface (p = .025) for each increasing BMI degree. There were consistent associations between obesity and dentine caries for the group with the highest BMI (≥45), adjusted RR 2.08 (95% CI 1.20–3.61), and all stages of caries, adjusted RR 1.41 (95% CI 1.02–1.96). High scores were found for dental plaque (50.2%) and gingivitis (34.5%). Conclusion Young obese women exhibited poor oral health with higher caries levels by higher BMI. Dental care should adapt the prevention efforts for obese individuals. Trial Registration: The trial was prospectively registered on March 03; 2015; NCT03152617

Dental Caries among the patients visiting HBS Dental College Hospital Islamabad

Background: Dental caries is a common, chronic microbial disease affecting the teeth of huge population worldwide. It is a progressive but preventable and treatable disease which has an impact on oral as well as general health of patients. Aim: To assess the frequency and pattern of caries spread in the patients visiting HBS Dental College Hospital Islamabad. Methods: It is a descriptive cross sectional study carried out at HBS Dental College Hospital Islamabad from August 2021 to Jan 2022, to find the frequency and pattern of caries affecting the teeth of patients. It consisted of 840 patients, 522 males and 318 females, examined in oral diagnostic department and assessed by dentition status and treatment need (WHO 1997). Results: Teeth affected with dental caries The results showed 48% incidence of dental caries among the patients examined including 57% males and 43% females, being more in males (p&lt;0.05) and posterior teeth specially 2nd molar compared to other teeth. Conclusion: Health professionals and dentists need to educate people about its risk factors and instruct them proper oral hygiene and brushing techniques. Lack of education and poor quality of life are among the main causes. Keywords: Frequency , Dental Caries, Molar teeth.

Dental Caries Frequency &amp; its Determinants among Adults of District Kohat &amp; Nowshera Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan

The objective of this study was to assess the frequency and risk factors of dental caries among adults in District Kohat and Nowshera Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. Methods: After taking ethical approval, a descriptive cross sectional study was conducted in District Kohat and Nowshera, in which a total of n=435 adults were assessed and examined for dental caries, from November 2021 to March 2022. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data regarding dental caries and its risk factors. Moreover, relevant tooth brushing, and dietary information was also collected. Data was analyzed by SPSS and results were presented in form of tables. Results: The results showed that 23.68% of adults had dental caries. Approximately, 57.70% of adults are of age between 30-60 years; 25.06% had monthly income less than 25000/PKR per month; 14.02% were illiterate, and 40.92% were overweight and obese. Moreover, 52.64% had compliance to daily tooth-brushing; 49.66% used fluoride tooth paste; 41.15% and 58.85% prefer sugar and sweet beverages respectively. Furthermore, 21.84% had poor oral hygiene; 14.94% had routine dental examinations; and 49.21% &amp; 32.41% prefer vegetables and fruits. Conclusions: Concluded that dental caries showed moderate prevalence among adults and revealed relationship with age; monthly income, body mass index, and literacy level. Moreover, frequency of tooth-brushing, fluoride tooth-paste, oral hygiene status and sweet preference showed association with dental caries and thus comprehensive preventive and health promotion strategies were needed to overcome dental caries among adults. Keywords: Dental Caries, Toothbrush, Fluoride, Monthly Income, Sugar, Sweet beverages, Nowshera

Dental Caries: Epidemiological &amp; Public Health Approach among Children of District Nowshera Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan

Background: Dental caries is a global public health problem, and affects 60-90% of children; and has relationship with social; dietary; and behavioral factors. The main objective of this study was to assess the frequency and risk factors of dental caries among children of District Nowshera Pakistan. Methods: A descriptive cross sectional study was conducted in District Nowshera, in which a total of n=295 children were examined regarding presence of dental caries, from January to April 2022. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data regarding determinants of dental caries and its risk factors from parents. Data was analyzed by SPSS and results were presented in form of tables. Results: The results showed that 60.68% of children had dental caries. Approximately, 54.92% were male; 64.41% had age &lt; 5 years; 42.03% were working mothers; and 53.56% were form rural setup. Moreover; 46.78% use toothbrush; 26.78% use fluoride toothpaste; 73.56% were breastfed; 20.0% were bottle fed; and 83.39% had night feeding. Furthermore; 29.49% children preferred high caloric food intake; 32.88% prefer sugars in food; and 47.80% added sugar during bottle feeding of their children. Conclusions: It was concluded that dental caries showed moderate to high frequency among children; and showed strong relationship family income, body mass index, parent’s education level; and job status of parents. Moreover, frequency of tooth-brushing, fluoride tooth-paste, and sugar preference showed association with dental caries and thus social, dietary and health promotion strategies were needed to reduce prevalence and complications of dental caries. Keywords: Dental Caries, Toothbrush, Fluoride; Caloric Diet; Bottle Feedings; Nowshera, Pakistan

Additional information of bitewings to first time clinical examination of caries and restoration status in permanent dentition

Objectives Identifying additional information obtained by X-rays combined with clinical examination concerning primary caries, caries adjacent to restorations and quality of restorations. Material and methods A total of 240 adult patients, equally distributed in gender and six age-groups, were randomly selected from an original study population of 4,402 subjects (DANHES). Clinical and radiographical registrations on occlusal and approximal surfaces in posterior teeth were categorized into unrestored surfaces (sound/primary caries) and restored surfaces (without/with caries adjacent to restorations). Material and quality of restorations were also recorded. Chi-square and Fisher-exact tests were used for statistical analyses. Results Of potentially 11,520 surfaces, 3,015 occlusal and 5,112 approximal surfaces were analysed. Occlusal: Of 907 unrestored surfaces, 110 had primary caries and 53% were detected radiographically. A total of 183 of 2,108 restored surfaces had caries adjacent to restorations, and 99% were found radiographically. A total of 190 restorations were over/under-extended, and 89% were registered radiographically. Approximal: Of 2,649 unrestored surfaces 648 had primary caries, and 92% were registered radiographically. A total of 565 of 2,463 restored surfaces had caries adjacent to restorations, and 99% were found radiographically. A total of 638 restorations were over/under-extended, and 98% were found radiographically. For all restorations, material and depth influenced quality of restorations and incidence of caries adjacent to restorations. At least one independent variable (gender/age group/tooth-type/jaw/side/mesial-distal surface) influenced frequencies of primary caries, caries adjacent to restorations and quality of restorations. Conclusions First-time clinical examination must be supplemented with X-rays to obtain a complete impression of caries status in posterior regions regarding diagnostics of caries, assessment of lesion depth and quality of restorations.

Comparison of Dental Caries and Oral Hygiene among Children of Working and Non-Working Mothers

Background: Mother’s role in improving children’s oral hygiene and reducing the risk of tooth decay is undeniable. However, a mother’s employment status has been an important yet ignored aspect to study for its potential impact on the oral hygiene of children. Aim To compare the frequency of dental caries and poor oral hygiene in children of working and non-working mothers Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 260 children divided in two groups (working and non-working mothers). The data was collected using nonprobability convenience sampling. The mothers were briefed about research and data was collected from them. The data was entered and analyzed using SPSS 21. Descriptives were given in form of mean, median, standard deviations, and interquartile ranges. Chi-square test, independent sample t-test, and Mann Whitney U test were applied for the statistical difference of oral hygiene-related variables in the two groups. Results: The mean age of working mothers was 30.97 ± 4.204 years and of non-working mothers was 28.59 ±4.86 years. A significant association of the working status of the mother was found in the lesser frequency of brushing, more consumption of sweets as well as bottle feeding. (p-values&lt;0.05). higher knowledge of negative effects of bottle feeding was reported among working mothers (16.2%) compared to nonworking mothers (8.5%), (p-value&lt;0.001), the assistance in brushing was significantly higher in nonworking mothers (37.7%) compared to working mothers (22.3%), (p-value=0.007). Conclusion:: This study concludes that working mothers have a significantly higher risk of tooth decay, missing tooth, and tooth filling among their children. Keywords: Dental caries, decay, missing tooth, filled teeth, oral hygiene, brushing, sweets consumption

Perception of Life Quality of Individuals with Periodontal Disease during Covid-19 Pandemic in Brazil

In January 2020, the World Health Organization identified COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, as a global health emergency. Restrictive measures and uncertainties resulted in a time of high stress, anguish, anxiety, depression and other psychosomatic symptoms. Studies have indicated that oral health was affected by the increased frequency of caries, bruxism and periodontal disease related to the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this research was to evaluate the impairment of quality of life of individuals aged between 20 and 70 years, diagnosed with periodontal disease during the COVID-19 pandemic. Material and methods: After the approval of Ethics and Research, the data collection was done by online questionnaire, built on the Google Forms platform® and disclosed to periodontist dentists. The form was original multithematic containing 25 semi-structured questions, which were divided into sociodemographic questions and objective and subjective questions, according to the norms of resolution 510/16 (BRAZIL, 2016). The questionnaire was accessible for 3 months between June and September 2021. As a result, 125 responses were obtained, 14 of which were excluded: 13 because they corresponded to those over 70 years of age and 01 because the patient did not state age. The total number of valid answers was 111. It can be concluded that the COVID-19 Pandemic contributed to the impairment of quality of life and the appearance of oral alterations, bruxism and intensification of previously existing problems such as periodontal disease, mainly due to inadequate or insufficient self-care practices.

“Association of Parental Education with Frequency of Dental Caries in Mal-Occluded Teeth among 3 11 Years old Children”

Objective: The study aimed to explore the association of parental education with frequency of dental caries in mal-occluded teeth among 3- 11 years old children Method: This analytical cross-sectional study was conducted at Dental hospital of Institute of dentistry of a tertiary care hospital of Lahore. Data was collected from 250 patients having dental caries with mal-occluded teeth using purposive sampling technique. For data analysis SPSS version 25.0 was used. For gender and educational categories, frequency and percentages were calculated whereas to explore the impact of parental education on the occurrence of dental caries among children of 3-11years with dental malocclusion, chi-square was used. Result: Results of chi-square revealed that parental education has a significant impact on dental caries occurrence among children having maloccluded teeth (P=0.037). 30(71.43%) children with maloccluded teeth has dental caries parents of whom were having post-graduation degree. 68(66.67%) children with maloccluded teeth has dental caries parents of whom were having graduation degree. 28(70%) children with maloccluded teeth has dental caries parents of whom were diploma holders. 6(50%) of children with maloccluded teeth has dental caries parents of whom were having high school education. Only 37(75%) children with maloccluded teeth has dental caries whose parents had education till middle school. 1(11.11%) children with maloccluded teeth has dental caries whose parents had education till primary school whereas 10(100%) children with maloccluded teeth has dental caries whose parents were illiterate. Conclusion: Oral health of children needs additional attention by introducing more programs dealing with oral health preventive measures which will be helpful in reducing the prevalence of dental caries. Keywords: Dental caries, Malocclusion, School children, Parental education

Assessing the Clinical Consequences of Untreated Caries in 8- to 10-Year-Old Children with Pufa Index

Aim: The aim of this study is to assess the oral health conditions of 8- to 10-year-old students in the mixed dentition stage in Erzurum, Turkey, by determining their dental caries’ status and the soft tissue damages by untreated caries. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out in two randomly selected schools in the residential areas populated predominantly by families with mid-and-low socioeconomic levels. A total of 586 children, 275 girls, and 365 boys with a mean age of 8.95 ± 0.8 participated in the study. Number of decayed, missing due to caries, and filled teeth in the permanent dentition/number of decayed and filled teeth in the primary dentition (DMFT/dft) and visible pulpal involvement (P/p), ulceration caused by dislocated tooth fragments (U/u), fistula (F/f) and abscess (A/a) (PUFA)/pufa indices are included in the clinical examination section of the study. Obtained data were analyzed with SPSS (IBM Corp. 2013, IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 22.0. Armonk, NY). Results: Our research revealed a DMFT score of 2.43 ± 1.7, dft 4.12 ± 2.7, pufa 0.75 ±1.2, PUFA 0.05± 0.24, a caries frequency of 96.1, PUFA/pufa frequency of 40.9, and untreated caries PUFA/pufa ratio was found as 13.3%. A significant difference with positive correlation was found between d and pufa scores ( P &lt; .01). Increasing DMFT, decayed, missing, and filled surfaces (DMFS) in the permanent dentition, and decreasing dft, decayed, and filled surfaces (dfs) in the primary dentition, and pufa scores with the age increment were found to be significant ( P &lt; .05). Conclusion: The frequency of soft tissue damage associated with untreated caries, caries index scores, and frequency of dental caries was found to be quite high in the study population consisting of children belonging to families with similar socioeconomic status.

Historical background and clinical implications of silver diamine fluoride in dentistry: A narrative review

Dental caries is a chronic, irreversible disease affecting preschool children worldwide. As the frequency of dental caries has steadily declined over the past few years, children from low socioeconomic backgrounds still have higher rates of dental caries, and still have a higher prevalence in developing countries. Though the role of fluoride in dental caries prevention has been scientifically proven, the antimicrobial effect of silver compounds to treat various infections has been postulated. However, 38% silver diamine fluoride (SDF) solution is currently used to arrest dental caries, and as an antihypersensitivity agent. The SDF solution is available in dark, amber-colored bottles and is simple, non-invasive, and easy to use by trained dentists or specialists. Although it has the disadvantage of causing black discoloration and an unpleasant metallic taste after application, studies in the literature show that it can help prevent dental caries, hypersensitivity, root caries, and remineralization. This article explains in depth the SDF: its historical background, clinical application, and efficacy in different fields of dentistry.

Historical Background and Clinical Implications of Silver Diamine Fluoride in Dentistry: A Narrative Review

Dental caries is a chronic, irreversible disease affecting preschool children worldwide. As the frequency of dental caries has steadily declined over the past few years, children from low socioeconomic backgrounds still have higher rates of dental caries and still have a higher prevalence in developing countries. Though the role of fluoride in dental caries prevention has been scientifically proven, the antimicrobial effect of silver compounds to treatvariousinfectionshasbeenpostulated.However,38%silverdiaminefluoride(SDF)solutioniscurrentlyusedto arrestdentalcariesandasanantihypersensitivityagent.TheSDFsolutionisavailableindark,amber-coloredbottles and is simple, noninvasive, and easy to use by trained dentists or specialists. Although it has the disadvantage of causing black discoloration and an unpleasant metallic taste after application, studies in the literature show that it can help prevent dental caries, hypersensitivity, root caries, and remineralization. This article explains in depth the SDF: its historical background, clinical application, and efficacy in different fields of dentistry.

Investigation of the prevalence of impacted third molars and the effects of eruption level and angulation on caries development by panoramic radiographs.

Background This study is aimed to determine the prevalence of impacted third molars and to investigate the effects of their eruption level and angulation on caries formation in the distal of the adjacent tooth.Material and Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on panoramic radiographs of 38481 patients who were admitted to the Trakya University, Faculty of Dentistry. The panoramic radiographs of 7998 patients with at least one impacted third molar were included. Third molars were classified according to Winter’s classification and Pell and Gregory’s classification. The frequency of caries in partially impacted third molars and adjacent second molars was determined. The chi-square tests were used to determine potential associations between the third molars' level of eruption, angulation, and caries development.Results The study group consisted of 4423 females (55.3%) and 3575 males (44.7%) with a mean age of 36.3±13.4 years. The prevalence of the third molar impaction rate was 23%. The impaction pattern of partially erupted third molars was characterized by an eruption level of A with the vertical position in both jaws. Partially erupted and vertically placed maxillary third molars in the level of position A caused more caries in the adjacent tooth and mesioangularly located partially erupted mandibular third molars were associated with more caries in the adjacent tooth.Conclusions The angulation and eruption level of partially erupted third molars should be carefully examined. The prophylactic extraction of vertically and mesioangularly located third molars, especially with an eruption level of position A can be suggested to eliminate the related complications and risk of caries. Key words:Dental caries, digital radiography, impacted tooth, panoramic radiography, third molar.

Frequency of dental caries in 1-5 years aged children and its impact on their quality of life

Oral diseases can vastly depreciate the individual’s quality of life. It has also been considered as the most important oral health burden worldwide. It can also have significant implications on the functional, mental, and social well-being of the individual. This has been found as a preventable dental and oral health issue which have also been amongst the most prevalent chronic disease. Objectives: To estimate the frequency of dental caries and its impact on the quality of children’s life in Hafiz- Abad, Pakistan. Methods: It was a cross sectional analytics based study spanning around nine months. Three hundred and seventy children (aged between 1-5 years) were included as subjects, who visited the District Headquarter (DHQ) hospital, Hafiz Abad, Lahore, Pakistan. Dental caries were measured by using decayed missing filled (DMF) index. Data was collected and analyzed by using SPSS version 23.0. Results: A high prevalence frequency of 243 (65.7%) were found suffering from dental caries. High prevalence of dental caries (70%) in children of low literate parents has been found statistically significant (p=0.035). As far as brushing frequency is concerned 93.8% children were not found brushing their teeth prior to breakfast. Theassociation between brushing frequency prior to breakfast and formation of dental caries was found statistically significant (p&lt;0.001). Conclusion:High prevalence of dental caries coupled with high severity level was found associated with the worse dental and oral hygiene awareness levels amongst the preschool children and their parents

Association Between Subjects with Newly Diagnosed Rheumatoid Arthritis and Dental Caries

Alterations in saliva, temporomandibular joint disorders, dysphagia, Sjogren's syndrome, dental caries, periodontal disease, and tooth loss have been identified in patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. The aims of this research were 1) to study the association between newly diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis and dental caries and 2) to identify most frequent teeth with caries in study groups. A descriptive pilot study was performed. A total of 620 participants were evaluated, 29 met the selection criteria. The subjects were divided into 2 groups: 13 subjects with newly diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis and 16 subjects without rheumatoid arthritis. Salivary parameters, DMFT index, care index, FS-T index and Treatment Needs Index were evaluated in all participants. The Fisher’s Exact test and Mann-Whitney U test we used to establish the differences between groups. Low mean in all salivary parameters and a high caries frequency were observed in subjects with newly diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis compared to a control group (p&lt;0.01). The right maxillary second premolar (n=6, 46%, p=0.0100); right mandibular second premolar (n=7,54%, p=0.0462) and left mandibular second molar (n=10,77%, p=0.0001) were the most frequent teeth with caries. Early diagnosis and early treatment of rheumatoid arthritis can improve the prognosis in most of patients. The development of new public health policies and care based on the prevention are necessary to improve the quality of patient's lives.

Introduction of sugarcane in Al‐Andalus (Medieval Spain) and its impact on children's dental health

AbstractThe introduction of sugarcane in Europe by the Arabs in the 10th century AD brought about a drastic change in gastronomy and oral health. In Southern Spain (Al‐Andalus), sugarcane was mainly consumed by the elite, although its consumption became relatively widespread during the Nasrid Kingdom. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of the introduction of sugar on human diet and oral health by comparing patterns of caries in deciduous teeth between nonadult skeletal samples from two Nasrid populations (La Torrecilla and Talará) and a comparative set representing various Iberian populations without access to sugarcane (from Bronze to Medieval Ages). We analyzed 770 teeth from 115 nonadults divided into three groups: infants under 2 years of age, nonadults presenting only deciduous teeth, and nonadults presenting mixed deciduous and permanent dentition. The frequency of caries is high in the Nasrid individuals and very low in the comparative sample. This finding is in agreement with contemporaneous written sources on the utilization of sugarcane in the diet and as a pacifier for infants during weaning. Differences in the frequency of caries between the Nasrid samples (higher in Talará) are likely related to the socioeconomic differences between these populations.

Diet and urbanisation in medieval Holland. Studying dietary change through carious lesions and stable isotope analysis

AbstractIn the late medieval period, Holland experienced substantial socio‐economic change. While the region was largely undeveloped prior to 1200 CE, the period after was characterised by extensive urbanisation and flourishing international trade, changes that would have impacted many aspects of life. This paper investigates the effect of these changes on diet by comparing skeletal collections from the early/central medieval rural village of Blokhuizen (800–1200 CE) to the late medieval urban town of Alkmaar (1448–1572 CE) using a combination of the prevalence and location of carious lesions (nteeth = 3475) and stable carbon and nitrogen isotope data (n = 50). Results show that the urban Alkmaar population had a significantly higher caries frequency (7.4% vs. 16.1%), starting at a younger age. Moreover, Alkmaar had significantly more approximal caries. These results point to increased consumption of cariogenic products, such as sugars and starches, by the urban citizens. Dietary differences are also demonstrated by the stable isotope data. Alkmaar individuals have significantly enrichedδ15N ratios and more variableδ13C ratios compared with rural Blokhuizen. The elevatedδ15N values may be due to increased consumption of fish or animals such as omnivorous pigs and chickens. The combination of caries and isotopic data points to clear changes in diet suggesting that urban individuals in the late medieval period had a substantially different diet compared with early rural inhabitants from the same area. Specifically, an increase in market dependence, availability of international trade products, and the growth of commercial fishing in the late medieval period may have contributed to this dietary shift. Future research should include a late medieval rural population to better understand the effects of late medieval socio‐economic developments outside of the urban environment. This study demonstrates that the integration of palaeopathology and stable isotopic research provides a more complete understanding of dietary changes in medieval Holland.

Dental caries severity and related factors of 1307 Turkish boarding school children.

In Turkey, dental caries is a disease which still has been considering as a real public health problem. School children of lower socioeconomic status had greater caries experience and higher caries severity in both primary and permanent dentitions. To determine the frequency of dental caries and its related factors among boarding school children. Cross-sectional study. We examined 1307 boarding school children aged 7-14 for caries status and its related factors. Data on dental health and its related factors were obtained from the archive of Ege Oral Health and Dentistry Association. Comparisons of caries severity (as decayed/missing/filled primary teeth, dmft/decayed/missing/filled permanent teeth, DMFT and significant caries index,) and examination years were made. Caries trend were also identified. Correlations between caries severity and its related factors were also performed. SPSS 20.0 was used for statistical analysis. DMFT and SiC for DMFT of all children were 2.35 and 5.04, respectively. 70-year-old had the highest dmft, whereas 14-year-olds had the highest DMFT. No correlation was found between decreased dmft and tooth brushing frequency, regular dental check-ups, and oral hygiene status. There was a weak correlation between decreased DMFT and increased number of dental visits in 2008 and 2009. In children received more than one examination and/or treatment (n = 269), the SiC index for dmft was 10.52 in 2002. In 2004, the index decreased to 3.57. The SiC for DMFT was 4.09 in 2002 and 2004. No correlation was identified between decreased dmft and DMFT and tooth brushing frequency, regular dental check-ups, and oral hygiene status both for the years of 2002 and 2004. The mean dmft of 32 children had prophylaxis for dental caries in 2002 was significantly decreased in 2004. Caries prevalence and severity of boarding school children were high even they were followed-up regularly.

The State of Oral Health and Dental Condition in Sindh's Rural Areas

Aims: To ascertain the prevalence of dental caries using DMFT scores, to characterize the oral health status and associated factors of patients attending the Nasirabad Rural Health Center Dental Clinic, and to develop tools and strategies for collecting data for rural oral hygiene statistics. The district collects baseline data to aid in the improvement of dental health initiatives in rural Sindh. Design: From August 2018 to May 2019, convenience sample research was undertaken. Patients aged 15 or older met the requirements. Adult Oral Health Assessment Form (WHO) was used to gather data on oral health examinations. The Nasirabad Rural Health Centre's Dental Unit used a basic mouth mirror and an explorer to interview and clinically examine all subjects. The tools are sterile. On proformas collected biographic and DMFT data. Microsoft Excel 2016 was used to enter and analyses data. The sample comprised both genders and ages. In this study, dentists calculated the mean DMFT score. Items from an adult oral health questionnaire were modified and categorized as Demographics and Clinical evaluation. Demographic data included the patient's age and gender. The dentition was examined for healthy, decaying, missing, and filled teeth (Ft). Results: Microsoft Excel was used to organize and analyses the data. Males made up 41% of the population, while females made up 59%. Caries prevalence was 96 percent overall, with 204(22%) having a low caries status, 250(26%) having a moderate caries status, and 451(48%) having a high caries status. The mean DMFT score was 11.1424017, the standard deviation was 8.0937, and the Significant Caries Index (SiC) was 20.99363057 based on the DMFT value and the number of participants. Conclusion: The research population had poor oral hygiene and dentition. The mean DMFT Score was 11.1424017 and the frequency of dental caries was 96%, with a female bias. Pakistan is a poor nation with little dental health resources and awareness. Providing public oral health education and motivation, water fluoridation, and adopting newer research-based treatments of remineralization of dental caries must be prioritized. It is a major job for the health profession and the government. This issue is critical for dental health and requires immediate care. Keywords: Dental Caries, DMFT Index, Oral Health, Prevalence, Rural Areas

The largest and earliest known sample of dental caries in an extinct mammal (Mammalia, Euarchonta, Microsyops latidens) and its ecological implications

Dental cavities or caries is a common disease among modern humans, affecting almost every adult. Caries frequency has been used to study dietary change in humans over time, based on an inferred tie between the incidence of caries and a carbohydrate-rich diet. However, the disease is not unique to our species. Among non-human primates, there is also variation in caries frequency associated with diet, suggesting that this metric may provide a mechanism for studying diet in broader contexts, and across geological time. To date, very few studies have examined caries among fossil mammals, and none have done so among Eocene mammals. Here, we present our analysis of the largest sample to date of fossil caries in a single extinct mammal species, Microsyops latidens, a stem primate from the early Eocene, which is known from over a thousand specimens from the Southern Bighorn Basin of Wyoming (n = 1030). Our results show that Microsyops latidens is characterized by a high prevalence of dental caries (7.48% of individuals), with notable variation through time, reaching 17.24% of individuals from a particular interval. This interval is also associated with a change in overall dental form, as quantified by dental topographic analysis, which measures functional aspects of the chewing surface of teeth. These observations suggest that this species experienced a shift in their diet to include more fruit or other sugar rich-foods for a short period. Our analysis, therefore, suggests that the diet of M. latidens fluctuated over time, as well as providing a framework for assessing caries in other fossil taxa.