Frequency Of Caries Research Articles

Comparison of dental caries in Croats from the early medieval period and the 20th century

ObjectiveTo compare dental caries frequency in the Croatian population exhumed from two archeological periods and compare two methods: International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) and DMFT (Decayed-Missing-Filled-Tooth) index. Materials and methodsThe study included 279 teeth from 69 human remains: Set I of 30 remains and 126 teeth dated from 9th to10th centuries A.D. and Set II of 39 remains and 153 teeth from the recent 20th century. Methods used for caries prevalence were ICDAS and DMFT. Tooth wear was recorded according to the Brabant index. ResultsICDAS scoring system showed significantly higher caries frequency in Set I of 64.34% and in Set II 59.47%, compared to DMFT method with 16.52% for Set I and 28.75% for Set II. Dental wear in Set I showed 73.91% and in Set II 73.15%, so no significant difference was observed. ConclusionsDepending on the ICDAS or DMFT method used for caries detection, different results have been obtained whereby the ICDAS system has a more precise and advanced approach for caries lesions.

Immunopathogenetic features of the functioning of congenital immunity in children with dental and disabling somatic pathology

Purpose.To study the immunopathogenetic mechanisms of the functioning of congenital immunity in children with dental and disabling somatic pathology.Materials and methods. A general dental examination was conducted by 416 children with disabilities, who had a dental pathology, aged 2 to 18 years. Yes, I group of observation were 98 children with CNS diseases, II group – 150 children with blood diseases; III group - 70 children with respiratory diseases; IV – 98 children with mental disorders, and the control group V was 50 children without somatic invalidating pathology. The examined children, according to DentalHealthFoundation recommendations, took into account age periods of development of teeth, which correlated with the main stages of childhood and the critical periods of the formation of the immune system: the age of temporary bite (from 2 to 5 years), bite (from 6 to 10 years), constant bite (from 11 to 18 years old). The surveyed methods of research were used: clinical and laboratory – for studying the state of solid teeth tissues, periodontal tissues, oral hygiene; photocolormetric - to study the level of lysozyme, linked immunosorbent assay – secretory immunoglobulin A (sIg A). Microbiological study of plaque and molecular genetics – to determine the expression of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) type 2 and type 4, the nuclear factor kV (NF-κB) and proinflammatory interleukins (IL-1β and IL- 17A) were carried out in 93 children with special needs and caries and chronic catarrhal gingivitis and 25 somatically healthy children. The CFX96 ™ Real-Time PCR Detection Systems (Bio-Rad, USA) amplifier was used to determine the expression level. Specific pairs of primers for analysis of the studied and reference genes were selected using the software Primer-BLAST (NIH, USA) and manufactured by Metabion (Germany). Statistical processing was carried out using the package of the licensed program Statistica for Windows 13 (StatSoft Inc., № JPZ804I382130ARCN10-J). For all types of analysis, the level of statistical significance was used P < 0.05, at which differences were considered reliable.Results. It has been established that in children with disabilities the frequency of caries was registered in the range of 41.67–82.14 %, but in all examined patients in the dental plaque microorganisms such as: Streptococcus non-haemolyticus, Streptococcusheemolyticus, Corynebacterium matruschotti were isolated. In this case, the level of secretory Ig A in the oral liquid in all children with disabilities was in the I group of 0.47 (0.46; 0.48) g / l; in ІІ – 0,45 (0,31; 0,47) g / l; in III – 0,42 (0,41; 0,43) g / l; in IV – 0,33 (0,31; 0,35) g / l, and significantly exceeded the similar indicators in the comparison group – 0,28 (0,26; 0,28) g / l. Lysozyme, by contrast, had a lower level in children with disabling diseases (in the I group it was 5.75 (5.25; 5.89) mg / l; in II – 5.1 (3.25; 5.45) mg/l in the third – 5.74 (5.65; 5.78) mg/l, in IV – 5.62 (5.35; 5.85) mg/l than in the comparison group – 7.26 ( 7,12; 7,45) mg/l. The molecular genetic study of congenital immunity reliably demonstrated a 5.6- and 1.6-fold increase in the transcriptional activity of the mRNA of the TLR2 and TLR4 gene in the buccal epithelium of children with diseases of the central nervous system, 8, 5- and 2.4-fold increase in children with respiratory diseases, 7.8- and 16.6-fold In children with mental disorders, there was no significant change in the level of the mRNA of the TLR2 and TLR4 genes, activation of the pattern recognition receptors causes transcriptional induction of the NF-κB gene and proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-17A with the epithelium of the buccal epithelium: levels of expression of IL-1β and IL-17A mRNA in children with CNS diseases increased by 8.9 and 7.7 times (P < 0.05), respectively, in children with mental illness, IL-17A levels increased by 2, 2 times (P < 0.05), in children with respiratory diseases and diseases of the system trench expression of IL-1β increased 6.5 and 2.9 times (P < 0.05), respectively, IL-17A - 3.8 and 3.0 times (P < 0.05).Conclusion. The pathogenetic signaling pathways for the implementation of the functioning of congenital immunity depending on the disabling disease and the mechanisms of the formation of odontogenic pathology under the conditions of life of non-hemolytic and hemolytic streptococci and corynebacterium in dental plaque and peculiarities of sIgA products, lysozyme: in children with CNS diseases – due to transcriptional activity of membrane tolu- like receptors 4, expression of the nucleic factor kV (NF-κB) and the activity of the matrix RNA of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-17A; with blood diseases - when activating matrix RNA of membrane toluic receptors 2, 4, nuclei factor kV (NF-κB), interleukin 17A; with diseases of the respiratory system - expression of interleukin 17A; with mental disorders - when activating interleukin 1β and membrane toll-like receptors by interleukin 17A.

Dental and oral surgical treatment of the mentally retarded in Hungary: the situation in the past, currently and hopes for the future

Introduction: Dental care for mentally disabled people poses a growing challenge for healthcare. In Hungary, the number of mentally disabled people needing special dental care is ca. 100000. Aim: The aim of our retrospective analysis is to provide a summary of the demographic data and the treatment outcomes of patients with mental disorders treated at the Department of the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of the Semmelweis University in the past five years. Method: Dental care for patients with a severe level of mental disability can be carried out in general anaesthesia only. At Semmelweis University, in the Oral and Maxillofacial Department, 1717 mentally disabled adults received dental care during the past five years. (Patients included people with a mild, medium or severe level of mental disability, patients with Down's syndrome, autism, epilepsy or panic disorder.) Results: The single biggest achievement seems to be the fact that the issue of acute dental care and oral surgery has basically been settled. A workable relationship has been forged with foundations and organizations dealing with the problems of these patients. It has been realized, however, that in the case of mentally disabled patients there is an enormous need for prevention and ongoing care. Conclusions: Up to now no survey has been carried out in Hungary with the aim of objectively revealing the dental care needs of these patients. Internationally, however, several surveys have been published. It can be stated on the basis of these that both caries frequency and the presence of parodontal diseases increase in correlation with age and the level of disability. Oral hygiene is insufficient, patients or their caretakers do not get proper information, only a few of them receive adequate training and they are not motivated to keep up oral health. Dental care, except for tending acute cases, is not satisfactory. For the sake of prevention, cooperation is needed with non-governmental organizations, foundations, special education teachers and psychiatrists specialized in this field. Orv Hetil. 2019; 160(35): 1380-1386.

Factors Associated with Frequency of the First Permanent Molar Caries in Young Children of Multan District, Pakistan Caries in Young Children of Multan District, Paki

Caries is the result of the interaction between tooth surface, microorganisms, and food. The first permanent molar (FPM) is known as the key tooth in the oral cavity and erupts around the age of 6 years. Objective: To determine the frequency of caries in the FPMs in young children and analyze factors associated with FPM caries. Methods: We recruited 350 subjects from different public and private sector schools of Multan District, Punjab, Pakistan, for this cross-sectional study. A predesigned questionnaire was used to collect data from eligible respondents. Dental caries status was assessed visually using a dental mirror, dental explorer, and light. Results: Of the 350 students, 108 were found to be affected with caries, whereas the remaining 242 were caries-free. Among the 108 affected students, 36 were male and 72 were female, and 80 were aged 7–9 years; the remaining 28 students were 10–12 years. Conclusion: Caries frequency varied by parent’s educational level, parent’s socioeconomic status, and also by the age and gender of the child.

Body Mass Index and Association With Caries in School-Aged Children With Orofacial Cleft: A Case-Control Study.

Data on the association between body mass index (BMI) and dental caries in children with orofacial clefts are sparse. Therefore, studies on the impact of BMI on caries frequency in children with cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) are of importance. The aim of the current study was to investigate the association between BMI and frequency of dental caries in children with and without CL/P. Height, weight, and BMI in children with CL/P were also compared to controls. This study used a cross-sectional case-control design. One hundred and thirty-nine 5- and 10-year-old children with CL/P and 299 age-matched controls. Caries was recorded according to the International Caries Detection and Assessment System. Height and weight were recorded, and BMI was calculated as weight/height2. There was no correlation between BMI and caries frequency. Weight, height, and BMI were significantly lower in all children with CL/P compared to controls. After adjustment for international adoption, only BMI was significantly lower in CL/P children compared to controls. Non-adopted children with CL/P were significantly heavier and longer than adopted children with CL/P. Five- and 10-year-old children with corrected CL/P seemed to have a lower BMI than controls, but there was no association between BMI and caries frequency. Internationally adopted children with CL/P were lighter and shorter than non-adopted CL/P children and controls.

Age and sex-related topography of carious lesions and oral conditions among Prehispanic coastal Mayas

Objectives: The objective is to assess topographic distribution of carious lesions (crown and CEJ) by sex and age class and relate it to food intake;
 Materials and methods: Sixty-eight males and 45 females aged 15 years and older from the Prehispanic Classic period Maya site of Xcambó (AD 250-700) were selected and organized into 15-30 yrs, 31-45 yrs and 46+years age classes. Caries were scored on all permanent teeth based on their location on the crown, interstitial CEJ as well as buccal and lingual CEJ.
 Results: Caries affected 14.6% of the permanent teeth in males and 27.7% in females. About half of all the lesions were located at the mesial and distal CEJ edge of the teeth (50% in males and 46.6% in females), while 12.9% and 17.1% (respectively for males and females) affected the buccal and lingual CEJ edge. Multiple caries interested 19.7% of teeth in males and 24.9% in females. Last AMTL was recorded in 16.4% of sockets in males and in 27.4% in females. The overall frequencies of caries and AMTL increase with age at death, and differences by sex are statistically significant; on the contrary, interstitial CEJ, buccal and lingual CEJ and multiple caries do not follow an age-related pattern of distribution, and do not show statistically significant differences between males and females.
 Discussion and conclusions: The coastal site of Xcambó shows one of the highest frequencies of caries in the region. The high socioeconomic status of the site suggests that caries were not due to a diet based on maize, but that also sugary (honey and various fruits) and starchy foods were ingested on a daily base. Cariogenic sticky foodstuff, which likely triggered caries at the buccal and lingual CEJ edges of the teeth, were ingested by all the members of the society regardless of sex and age.

A sub-continent of caries

The most recognizable pathological condition of the human oral cavity is, arguably, dental caries. Beyond a direct impact on oral health, caries presence (or absence) provides important data for bioarchaeologists—to help reconstruct the diet of past populations and individuals. This study explores such data in 44 samples (n=1,963 individuals, 62,816 teeth) dating between 10,000 BP and recent times across the African sub-continent. It is, to date, the most extensive investigation of its kind in this part of the world, entailing descriptions and quantitative comparisons of caries by period, environment, subsistence strategy and sex.
 Mann-Whitney U tests and factoral ANOVA results provide expected and some unexpected findings, including: 1) a diachronic increase in caries prevalence across the sub-continent, likely related to diet change from widespread population movement; 2) savanna peoples exhibit more caries than those from other environmental regions; 3) subsistence strategy plays a major role in caries occurrence; and 4) males and females do not evidence significant differences in caries frequencies, but variation does exist in several regional groups. These findings reveal that global trends described by previous researchers often apply, though not always—so it is prudent to consider regions independently.

The frequency and severity of dental caries, and counts of cariogenic bacteria in rheumatoid arthritis patients.

It has been reported that patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are more likely to exhibit periodontitis than patients without RA. However, the frequency and severity of dental caries in patients with RA is still unknown. The aim of the study was to investigate whether higher counts of cariogenic bacteria are present in RA patients in contrast to healthy subjects, and to ascertain whether the frequency and severity of dental caries are increased in RA patients. The study involved 160 adults: an RA group (n = 80) and a control group matched by age and gender (n = 80). The participants' dental status scores were determined based on the following indices: the Decayed, Missing and Filled Teeth (DMFT) index, the Filled and Sound Teeth (FS-T) index, Treatment Needs Index (TNI), Care Index (CI), and Integrative Dental Caries Index (IDCI). DNA copies of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and Streptococcus sobrinus (S. sobrinus) were quantified using realtime polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The IDCI showed that the RA group was more affected, mainly presenting moderate to severe dental caries. The RA group also had higher global DMFT scores than the control group and scored higher on the decayed component of the DMFT index. The TNI and CI indicated that RA patients required more dental attention and appropriate treatment. The Streptococcus mutans count was significantly higher in the RA group. A complete basic oral examination, along with oral health instruction including adequate oral and dental hygiene, is crucial to prevent dental caries and associated complications in RA patients, since they appear to be more vulnerable than the non-RA population.

Oral health and diet of a young Late Pleistocene woman from Quintana Roo, Mexico.

To increase understanding of the subsistence practices of the first Americans through analysis of the near-complete dentition of a young woman dating to the terminal Pleistocene of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. The skeleton is that of "Naia" a 15 to 17-year-old female from the submerged natural trap of Hoyo Negro found in association with remains of numerous extinct species of megafauna. Superbly preserved remains included the skull with 28 teeth, which are analyzed for evidence of caries, periodontal disease, wear patterns, and malocclusion. Naia exhibits a high frequency of dental caries, along with aggressive periodontal disease that threatened all her teeth, particularly her incisors. Dental attrition was extremely light for a hunter-gatherer, reaching to four on the Molnar scale on only one tooth. Lack of wear is associated with severe mandibular retrognathia, and low masticatory forces. Naia's dental condition is compared with that of other northern Paleoamericans, mostly females, dating before 11,000 cal BP. These exhibit a high degree of variability in both caries and tooth wear. All, however, exhibit rapid anterior wear owing to technological use of the front teeth. Naia exhibits the highest rate of caries, similar to that of the earliest South Americans, and one of the lowest rates of attrition. This demonstrates that she had a nonabrasive diet that was at least seasonally rich in carbohydrates. This does not mean her diet was low in meat, however, because similarly light dental attrition is seen in the Arch Lake female, a Paleoamerican from a big-game hunting society.

Frequency of dental caries among patients with type ii diabetes mellitus

Objectives: To determine the frequency of dental caries in patients with type II diabetes mellitus. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Setting: Dental Department of Science of Dental Materials Department and Oral Pathology Department. Period: 6 months from October 2016 to February 2017. Material and Methods: All the diagnosed patients of type II diabetes mellitus either gender were selected for the study. Complete dental clinical examination and duration of diabetes were carried out. Dental caries were categorized as mild moderate and severe. Duration of diabetes was categorized as < years and > 5 years. All the data was recorded in the self-made proforma. Results: In this study total 58 patients were selected with history of type II diabetes mellitus; patient’s mean age was 46.36+5.34 years. Male gender was found in the majority 38(65.5%). Majority of the cases 37(63.8%) were found with low socioeconomic status. 26(44.8%) patients had history of type II diabetes mellitus less than 5 years, 32(55.2%) were with more than 5 years history of diabetes. 15.51% patients were without dental caries, 37.39% patients were with mild, 34.4% had moderate and 12.06% patients were with severe dental caries. No significant difference was found in severity of dental caries when compared with duration of diabetes p-value 0.93. Conclusion: We concluded that there are a big prevalence dental caries among patients with type II diabetes mellitus, while severity of dental caries was insignificantly associated with duration of diabetes.

Determinantes del cuidado de la salud oral relacionados con la frecuencia y severidad de la caries dental en preescolares

Introducción: La caries dental en niños es un problema de salud pública de origen multifactorial. Los hábitos de higiene bucal se adquieren en los primeros años de la vida por lo que el responsable de su cuidado juega un papel relevante.Objetivo: Identificar los determinantes del responsable en el cuidado del niño y su relación con la salud oral y dental del preescolar.Material y métodos: Efectuamos un estudio transversal comparativo en el que se incluyeron 292 niños y niñas preescolares de entre 3 y 6 años y su respectivo responsable en áreas de nivel socioeconómico medio y bajo en León, México. A los responsables de los preescolares, se les aplicó un cuestionario para identificar el nivel educativo, socioeconómico, nivel de conocimientos sobre el cuidado de la salud bucal, actitudes, autoeficacia, habilidades, características psicométricas y la categoría de cariogenicidad de la dieta del preescolar. Al responsable se le midió el biofilm e índice CPOD y a los niños los índices ceo e ICDAS, biofilm y el nivel de riesgo para caries.Resultados: En 87% de los binomios, el responsable fue la madre, con edad promedio de 31 años y nivel de escolaridad más frecuente educación media en 33%. En los preescolares el índice ceo mostró la mediana de 14 [Rango intercuartil (RIC) 8 y 20]. El índice ICDAS mostró una mediana de 3 (RIC 2 y 4). El promedio de biofilm general fue 89% ± 19, principalmente por placa madura mediana en 29% de los casos. En 146 (50%) se identificó el consumo de dieta cariogénica. Los factores relacionados con la frecuencia de las caries en los preescolares fueron de forma negativa la edad del responsable, su actitud, los conocimientos, la autoeficacia y el consumo de una dieta cariogénica (R2= 0.13; p<0.0001 para el modelo). Para la intensidad de la caries los factores relacionados de forma negativa fueron la escolaridad del responsable, la autoeficacia y el otorgar una dieta cariogénica, así como la mayor edad del preescolar (R2= 0.075; p=0.0005 para el modelo).Conclusión: Los modelos de prevención adecuados para la caries de la infancia temprana, deben considerar en el responsable además de la transmisión de conocimientos, incrementar la actitud y generar autoeficacia en las acciones para el cuidado de la salud en etapas tempranas del niño.

Association between obesity/overweight and dental caries in psychiatric patients.

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND: Patients with psychiatric illness are more prone to develop obesity and dental caries due to general self-negligence associated with psychiatric illness and side effect of various medications used in psychiatry.OBJECTIVE: Assess the association between dental caries status and obesity among resident patients.DESIGN: Descriptive, cross-sectional.SETTING: Mental health hospital.PATIENTS AND METHODS: A sample of psychiatric in-patients was recruited. Dental caries detection was performed according to the World Health Organization criteria and body mass index (BMI) was measured. Relationships were assessed using multivariable logistic regression.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Relationships between decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) and obesity.SAMPLE SIZE: 223.RESULTS: The sample included 126 males and 97 female with a mean (SD) age of 42.3 (2.2) years. The prevalence of dental caries was 92.6%. The mean (SD) DMFT score was 5.2 (4.2). Twenty-seven percent were schizophrenic, 21.9% had mental retardation and 19.7% had bipolar mood disorder. The mean (SD) BMI was 27.7 (6.3) kg/m2. One hundred twenty-three (55.2%) of in-patients were classified as normal weight, 47 (21.1%) as overweight, and 45 (20.2%) as obese. The logistic regression model showed a strong association between caries and obesity/overweight (adjusted odds ratios=2.7; 95% CI=1.4 – 4.3, P<.001).CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrated a significant association between the frequency of caries and obesity/overweight among resident patients at a psychiatric hospital.LIMITATIONS: Since the data were cross-sectional, causal relationships cannot be established and the observed association could be due to other unexplored factors.CONFLICT OF INTEREST: None.

Diet variability among pre-Dogon and early Dogon populations (Mali) from stable isotopes and dental diseases.

This article reports on diet variability in the Dogon Country (Mali) through a bio-archeological study of pre-Dogon and early Dogon human remains (7th century to 19th century AD) from collective burial caves in the Bandiagara Escarpment. Two hundred and twenty crania from collections curated in Leiden, Paris, and Bamako were studied for dental diseases. In a subset of teeth (n = 175), δ13 C and δ15 N were measured in bulk dentine samples. δ13 C and δ15 N values vary widely (-15.4 to -6.0‰ for δ13 C, 6.0-14.8‰ for δ15 N, n = 175), and indicate diets dominated by C4 -based foods with a focus on plants; animal products played a minor role. There are significant differences between the δ13 C values from older (pre-Dogon) and younger (Dogon) periods. Frequencies of caries, antemortem tooth loss, and abscesses increase significantly through time. Individuals from northern caves have more positive δ13 C and δ15 N values than southern ones. The temporal shifts are probably due to progressive diversification of foods, consistent with archeological evidence showing the addition of rice and vegetables to pearl millet. The geographical disparity is explained by a combination of climatic, environmental, and cultural factors. Last, intersite differences imply that different communities (or subsections thereof) disposed of their dead in different caves. Based on a large sample extending over a wider area and longer time frame than previous work, our study shows that diets in the Dogon Country were neither uniform nor continuous through time, as previously proposed. Our results attest to a complex history of settlement and foodways.

Characteristics of disease related to mesio-angular mandibular third molar teeth

The aim of this study was to identify the indications for the removal of mesio-angular mandibular third molars based on age and dental health as measured by the DMFT (decayed, missing, and filled teeth) score, and to find out if early intervention should be considered. We studied 319 patients who had 431 mesio-angular mandibular third molars removed. Variables recorded were age, primary indication for removal, and the DMFT score. Indications for removal included distal cervical caries (DCC) in the mandibular second molar (n=180, 44%), pericoronitis (n=131, 32%), and caries and related disease (n=62, 15%). The frequency of distal cervical caries (DCC) in the mandibular second molar increased linearly as patients became older and was the most common reason why mesio-angular third molar teeth were removed. This suggests that patients should be advised of the consequences of retaining thesetypes of third molars, and offered prophylactic removal of asymptomatic teeth.

Asociación de sialometría, fosfato y calcio en saliva total bajo estímulo y en líquido crevicular gingival con caries dental en escolares

Introduction: The remineralizing properties of saliva contribute to maintain the physical and chemical integrity of the mineral structure of teeth, which protects it from the installation and evolution of dental caries.Objective: To relate sialometry, buffering capacity, calcium and phosphate concentration in whole stimulated saliva, and in gingival crevicular fluid with school children caries severity and activity.Materials and methods: We selected 36 schoolchildren aged 6 years: 18 with caries (International Caries Detection and Assessment System, ICDAS>1 group) and 18 without caries (ICDAS=0 group). The severity and activity of dental caries were diagnosed in the primary dentition: in the occlusal surface of molars and in the vestibular of the anterior teeth by ICDAS-II.Results: Caries in occlusal surface were more severe than in vestibular surface. The concentration of calcium in saliva and phosphate in healthy teeth gingival crevicular fluid were higher in the ICDAS>1 group. The concentration of calcium in gingival crevicular fluid was higher in the ICDAS=0 group than in the decayed teeth of the ICDAS>1 group. We found a statistically significant association between the frequency of active caries andthe concentration of phosphate in gingival crevicular fluid of teeth with caries, as well as between the severity of caries with buffering capacity and the concentration of phosphate in the gingival crevicular fluid of teeth with caries.Conclusion: We found an association between dental caries with buffering capacity and buccal calcium and phosphate.

Sialometry and concentration of phosphate and calcium in stimulated whole saliva and gingival crevicular fluid and its association with dental caries in schoolchildren

Introduction: The remineralizing properties of saliva contribute to maintain the physical and chemical integrity of the mineral structure of teeth, which protects it from the installation and evolution of dental caries. Objective: To relate sialometry, buffering capacity, calcium and phosphate concentration in whole stimulated saliva, and in gingival crevicular fluid with school children caries severity and activity. Materials and methods: We selected 36 schoolchildren aged 6 years: 18 with caries (International Caries Detection and Assessment System, ICDAS>1 group) and 18 without caries (ICDAS=0 group). The severity and activity of dental caries were diagnosed in the primary dentition: in the occlusal surface of molars and in the vestibular of the anterior teeth by ICDAS-II. Results: Caries in occlusal surface were more severe than in vestibular surface. The concentration of calcium in saliva and phosphate in healthy teeth gingival crevicular fluid were higher in the ICDAS>1 group. The concentration of calcium in gingival crevicular fluid was higher in the ICDAS=0 group than in the decayed teeth of the ICDAS>1 group. We found a statistically significant association between the frequency of active caries andthe concentration of phosphate in gingival crevicular fluid of teeth with caries, as well as between the severity of caries with buffering capacity and the concentration of phosphate in the gingival crevicular fluid of teeth with caries. Conclusion: We found an association between dental caries with buffering capacity and buccal calcium and phosphate.

Di George syndrome: Catch 22 (A case report)

The deletion of chromosome 22q11.2 is described as Velocardiofacial Syndrome orDi George Syndrome. CATCH 22 stands for cardiac defect, abnormal faces, thymichypoplasia, cleft palate, hypocalcaemia.Other defects seen are velopharyngeal insufficiency with or without cleft palate,immune problems, feeding difficulties, hypocalcaemia, learning disabilities,behavioral abnormalities and lastly characteristic facial features.A high prevalence ofdental caries, abnormalities of tooth shape, eruption and number, and enamel defectssuch as hypomineralisation and hypoplasia are also seen in these patients.A case of 7year old child with Veligocardiofacial syndrome is discussed in thisarticle. Facial dysmorphism and common dental manifestations is typically noticeablein patients with this syndrome. Enamel aberrations related to hypocalcemia mayresult in a higher frequency of dental caries. The dentists need to be aware of thedental features of this condition in order to refer them to the adequate specialists.

Dental aspects of hearing impairment in children – aetiology, classifications, diagnostic programmes, rehabilitation. A literature review

A literature review was performed to present the epidemiology of hearing impairment both worldwide and in Poland. Pre-and postnatal risk factors were assessed. The paper presents classifications of hearing impairment considering different factors, as well as the method of neonatal hearing screening in Poland. Diagnostic, therapeutic and rehabilitation methods for patients with hearing loss were described. The paper further describes oral health in deaf and hardly hearing children in Poland and worldwide, as well as implications of hearing impairment on the masticatory organ. Several factors, such as insufficient hygiene, contribute to high caries frequency and gingivitis in children with hearing impairment. Missing or malformed teeth and malocclusions pose a great challenge for dentists. Furthermore, the work draws attention to the psychological aspect of the development of children with hearing impairment. The communication barrier during a dental visit attended by a hearing-impaired child, as well as the need for appropriate training for medical personnel, which could contribute to improved oral health, are emphasised.

Dental caries among childhood cancer survivors.

One of many possible complications of cancer therapy in children is enamel demineralization and such changes in the ion content of dental hard tissues may increase susceptibility to caries. The study aims to assess the prevalence of dental caries among childhood cancer survivors.A cross-sectional study was conducted on 225 children aged between 4 and 18 years, including 75 cancer patients and 150 sex- and age-matched controls. The cancer survivors were recruited from single pediatric oncology center. The control group was formed from students of randomly selected kindergartens and schools. Dental investigation was held between July 2013 and January 2016, approximately 5 years after the cessation of anticancer treatment (range: 6–155 months). The occurrence of dental caries was assessed with DMF/dmf index (showing the mean number of decayed, missing and filled permanent/deciduous teeth). Univariate statistical approach was performed and P-values < .05 were considered as statistically significant.The frequency of dental caries was comparable in both groups (85.4% vs 84%). However, the DMF index was higher in cancer patients than in controls: the median and interquartile ranges were 2 (0–4) vs 0 (0–2); P < .01. This correlates with duration of anticancer therapy (r = 0.26; P < .05). Moreover, children who had radiotherapy of the head and neck regions had significantly higher DMF scores than the ones who did not: 4.5 (1–6) vs 2 (0–4); P < .05. Socioeconomic and education status within family also has a significant impact on DMF scores in the cancer group. In conclusion, cancer patients, particularly those with a poor social background, should receive professional dental care as their caries process is more active than that of healthy peers.

Association between breast cancer chemotherapy, oral health and chronic dental infections: a pilot study.

Breast cancer has developed to become the leading type of cancer in females. For this study, 80 women were examined after chemotherapy for breast cancer and compared to 80 healthy age-matched women. This cross-sectional study comprised a dental examination with number of teeth, caries frequency (DMFT) and the presence of periodontal diseases (PSI). With the help of X-rays (OPG), the number of root canal fillings and apical lesions (LEO/LPO) were recorded. Furthermore, the education level, body mass index (BMI), smoking habits and general health conditions were recorded. All women completed questionnaires on oral health-related quality of life (OHIP-G14) and general well-being (HADS-D). To assess the influence of cancer therapy on oral health parameters, appropriate generalized linear models were fitted with disease status as main explanatory variable, adjusting for age and education. For OHIP and HADS, we additionally adjusted for number of missing teeth. The examined 160 women showed a comparable mean age (60.4years) and an average BMI of 24.6. Cancer patients showed a higher risk for missing teeth (p < 0.001) and more apical lesions (p < 0.0041), particularly those of endodontic origin without root canal fillings (p = 0.0046), than the control women. The general well-being of cancer patients was significantly reduced with a HADS score of 9.4 for women with breast cancer compared to 5.3 for the healthy control. This study suggests that women after breast cancer chemotherapy are inclined to have a poorer oral health status with more missing teeth and apical lesions. Therefore, tightly scheduled dental recall visits should be recommended.