French Translation Research Articles

Hybrid closed-loop insulin delivery versus sensor-augmented pump therapy in children aged 6–12 years: a randomised, controlled, cross-over, non-inferiority trial

Time in range (TIR) goals are rarely met in children with type 1 diabetes, except at the cost of increased hypoglycaemia episodes. Our objective was to evaluate the safety and efficiency of the Diabeloop DBL4K (Diabeloop, Grenoble, France) hybrid closed-loop system in prepubescent children. We did a multicentre, open-label, randomised, controlled, non-inferiority, two-session crossover study in the paediatric endocrinology departments of three university hospitals in France and Belgium. Eligible participants were aged 6-12 years with type 1 diabetes for at least 1 year, glycated haemoglobin A1C 9% (75 mmol/mol) or less, and insulin pump treatment for at least 3 months. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to a closed-loop device or sensor-augmented pump (open loop) therapy. Randomisation was by a permuted block randomisation scheme, using an interactive web-based response system, and was stratified on centre (block size 6). The assessed closed-loop device, the Diabeloop for Kids DBL4K hybrid closed-loop system, is an automated blood glucose regulation system composed of a handset, insulin pump, and continuous glucose monitor. The open-loop system is defined as a sensor-augmented pump therapy composed of the usual insulin pump used by the patient and a continuous glucose monitor. A 72-h in-patient period was followed by a 6-week home phase. After a 1-week washout period, the participants crossed over to the other device. The primary outcome, assessed in the intention-to-treat population, was the mean proportion of time spent in hypoglycaemia (3·9 mmol/L [<70 mg/dL]) during the hospital phase, with a non-inferiority margin of -2·5% (absolute value). Safety was assessed in the intention-to-treat population on a per-protocol basis. This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03671915. Between May 6 and Dec 23, 2019, we included 21 participants (closed loop then open loop, n=10; open loop then closed loop, n=11). The proportion of time spent in hypoglycaemia was significantly lower with the closed-loop system than the open-loop system in both groups (2·04% [95% CI 0·44 to 3·64] vs 7·06% [5·46 to 8·66]; non-inferiority one-sided p<0·0001). No severe ketoacidosis, nor severe hyoglycaemic events or fatal adverse events occurred. All 25 adverse events (18 with the closed-loop system, seven with the open-loop system) were related to the treatment. The closed-loop Diabeloop system decreased hypoglycaemic episodes and provided good metabolic control in prepubescent children with type 1 diabetes, under real-life conditions. This finding supports the safe use of closed-loop technology in this paediatric population. Diabeloop. For the French translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

Real-world serological responses to extended-interval and heterologous COVID-19 mRNA vaccination in frail, older people (UNCoVER): an interim report from a prospective observational cohort study

BackgroundThe use of COVID-19 vaccines has been prioritised to protect the most vulnerable—notably, older people. Because of fluctuations in vaccine availability, strategies such as delayed second dose and heterologous prime-boost have been used. However, the effectiveness of these strategies in frail, older people are unknown. We aimed to assess the antigenicity of mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines in frail, older people in a real-world setting, with a rationed interval dosing of 16 weeks between the prime and boost doses.MethodsThis prospective observational cohort study was done across 12 long-term care facilities of the Montréal Centre-Sud – Integrated University Health and Social Services Centre in Montréal, Québec, Canada. Under a rationing strategy mandated by the provincial government, adults aged 65 years and older residing in long-term care facilities in Québec, Canada, with or without previously documented SARS-CoV-2 infection, were administered homologous or heterologous mRNA vaccines, with an extended 16-week interval between doses. All older residents in participating long-term care facilities who received two vaccine doses were eligible for inclusion in this study. Participants were enrolled from Dec 31, 2020, to Feb 16, 2021, and data were collected up to June 9, 2021. Clinical data and blood samples were serially collected from participants at the following timepoints: at baseline, before the first dose; 4 weeks after the first dose; 6–10 weeks after the first dose; 16 weeks after the first dose, up to 2 days before administration of the second dose; and 4 weeks after the second dose. Sera were tested for SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG antibodies (to the trimeric spike protein, the receptor-binding domain [RBD] of the spike protein, and the nucleocapsid protein) by automated chemiluminescent ELISA. Two cohorts were used in this study: a discovery cohort, for which blood samples were collected before administration of the first vaccine dose and longitudinally thereafter; and a confirmatory cohort, for which blood samples were only collected from 4 weeks after the prime dose. Analyses were done in the discovery cohort, with validation in the confirmatory cohort, when applicable.FindingsThe total study sample consisted of 185 participants. 65 participants received two doses of mRNA-1273 (Spikevax; Moderna), 36 received two doses of BNT162b2 (Comirnaty; Pfizer–BioNTech), and 84 received mRNA-1273 followed by BNT162b2. In the discovery cohort, after a significant increase in anti-RBD and anti-spike IgG concentrations 4 weeks after the prime dose (from 4·86 log binding antibody units [BAU]/mL to 8·53 log BAU/mL for anti-RBD IgG and from 5·21 log BAU/mL to 8·05 log BAU/mL for anti-spike IgG), there was a significant decline in anti-RBD and anti-spike IgG concentrations until the boost dose (7·10 log BAU/mL for anti-RBD IgG and 7·60 log BAU/mL for anti-spike IgG), followed by an increase 4 weeks later for both vaccines (9·58 log BAU/mL for anti-RBD IgG and 9·23 log BAU/mL for anti-spike IgG). SARS-CoV-2-naive individuals showed lower antibody responses than previously infected individuals at all timepoints tested up to 16 weeks after the prime dose, but achieved similar antibody responses to previously infected participants by 4 weeks after the second dose. Individuals primed with the BNT162b2 vaccine showed a larger decrease in mean anti-RBD and anti-spike IgG concentrations with a 16-week interval between doses (from 8·12 log BAU/mL to 4·25 log BAU/mL for anti-RBD IgG responses and from 8·18 log BAU/mL to 6·66 log BAU/mL for anti-spike IgG responses) than did those who received the mRNA-1273 vaccine (two doses of mRNA-1273: from 8·06 log BAU/mL to 7·49 log BAU/mL for anti-RBD IgG responses and from 6·82 log BAU/mL to 7·56 log BAU/mL for anti-spike IgG responses; mRNA-1273 followed by BNT162b2: from 8·83 log BAU/mL to 7·95 log BAU/mL for anti-RBD IgG responses and from 8·50 log BAU/mL to 7·97 log BAU/mL for anti-spike IgG responses). No differences in antibody responses 4 weeks after the second dose were noted between the two vaccines, in either homologous or heterologous combinations.InterpretationInterim results of this ongoing longitudinal study show that among frail, older people, previous SARS-CoV-2 infection and the type of mRNA vaccine influenced antibody responses when used with a 16-week interval between doses. In these cohorts of frail, older individuals with a similar age and comorbidity distribution, we found that serological responses were similar and clinically equivalent between the discovery and confirmatory cohorts. Homologous and heterologous use of mRNA vaccines was not associated with significant differences in antibody responses 4 weeks following the second dose, supporting their interchangeability.FundingPublic Health Agency of Canada, Vaccine Surveillance Reference Group; and the COVID-19 Immunity Task Force.TranslationFor the French translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

The first WHO global survey on infection prevention and control in health-care facilities

SummaryBackgroundWHO core components for infection prevention and control (IPC) are important building blocks for effective IPC programmes. To our knowledge, we did the first WHO global survey to assess implementation of these programmes in health-care facilities.MethodsIn this cross-sectional survey, IPC professionals were invited through global outreach and national coordinated efforts to complete the online WHO IPC assessment framework (IPCAF). The survey was created in English and was then translated into ten languages: Arabic, Chinese, English, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Russian, Spanish, and Thai. Post-stratification weighting was applied and countries with low response rates were excluded to improve representativeness. Weighted median scores and IQRs as well as weighted proportions (Nw) meeting defined IPCAF minimum requirements were reported. Indicators associated with the IPCAF score were assessed using a generalised estimating equation.FindingsFrom Jan 16 to Dec 31, 2019, 4440 responses were received from 81 countries. The overall weighted IPCAF median score indicated an advanced level of implementation (605, IQR 450·4–705·0), but significantly lower scores were found in low-income (385, 279·7–442·9) and lower-middle-income countries (500·4, 345·0–657·5), and public facilities (515, 385–637·8). Core component 8 (built environment; 90·0, IQR 75·0–100·0) and core component 2 (guidelines; 87·5, 70·0–97·5) scored the highest, and core component 7 (workload, staffing, and bed occupancy; 70·0, 50–90) and core component 3 (education and training; 70 ·0, 50·0–85·0) scored the lowest. Overall, only 15·2% (Nw: 588 of 3873) of facilities met all IPCAF minimum requirements, ranging from 0% (0 of 417) in low-income countries to 25·6% (278 of 1087) in primary facilities, 9% (24 of 268) in secondary facilities, and 19% (18 of 95) in tertiary facilities in high-income countries.InterpretationDespite an overall high IPCAF score globally, important gaps in IPC facility implementation and core components across income levels hinder IPC progress. Increased support for more effective and sustainable IPC programmes is crucial to reduce risks posed by outbreaks to global health security and to ensure patient and health worker safety.FundingWHO and the Infection Control Programme, University of Geneva Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine.TranslationsFor the French and Spanish translations of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

Whole blood versus red cell concentrates for children with severe anaemia: a secondary analysis of the Transfusion and Treatment of African Children (TRACT) trial

SummaryBackgroundThe TRACT trial established the timing of transfusion in children with uncomplicated anaemia (haemoglobin 4–6 g/dL) and the optimal volume (20 vs 30 mL/kg whole blood or 10 vs 15 mL/kg red cell concentrates) for transfusion in children admitted to hospital with severe anaemia (haemoglobin <6 g/dL) on day 28 mortality (primary endpoint). Because data on the safety of blood components are scarce, we conducted a secondary analysis to examine the safety and efficacy of different pack types (whole blood vs red cell concentrates) on clinical outcomes.MethodsThis study is a secondary analysis of the TRACT trial data restricted to those who received an immediate transfusion (using whole blood or red cell concentrates). TRACT was an open-label, multicentre, factorial, randomised trial conducted in three hospitals in Uganda (Soroti, Mbale, and Mulago) and one hospital in Malawi (Blantyre). The trial enrolled children aged between 2 months and 12 years admitted to hospital with severe anaemia (haemoglobin <6 g/dL). The pack type used (supplied by blood banks) was based only on availability at the time. The outcomes were haemoglobin recovery at 8 h and 180 days, requirement for retransfusion, length of hospital stay, changes in heart and respiratory rates until day 180, and the main clinical endpoints (mortality until day 28 and day 180, and readmission until day 180), measured using multivariate regression models.FindingsBetween Sept 17, 2014, and May 15, 2017, 3199 children with severe anaemia were enrolled into the TRACT trial. 3188 children were considered in our secondary analysis. The median age was 37 months (IQR 18–64). Whole blood was the first pack provided for 1632 (41%) of 3992 transfusions. Haemoglobin recovery at 8 h was significantly lower in those who received packed cells or settled cells than those who received whole blood, with a mean of 1·4 g/dL (95% CI –1·6 to –1·1) in children who received 30 mL/kg and –1·3 g/dL (–1·5 to –1·0) in those who received 20 mL/kg packed cells versus whole blood, and –1·5 g/dL (–1·7 to –1·3) in those who received 30 mL/kg and –1·0 g/dL (–1·2 to –0·9) in those who received 20 mL/kg settled cells versus whole blood (overall p<0·0001). Compared to whole blood, children who received blood as packed or settled cells in their first transfusion had higher odds of receiving a second transfusion (odds ratio 2·32 [95% CI 1·30 to 4·12] for packed cells and 2·97 [2·18 to 4·05] for settled cells; p<0·001) and longer hospital stays (hazard ratio 0·94 [95% CI 0·81 to 1·10] for packed cells and 0·86 [0·79 to 0·94] for settled cells; p=0·0024). There was no association between the type of blood supplied for the first transfusion and mortality at 28 days or 180 days, or readmission to hospital for any cause. 823 (26%) of 3188 children presented with severe tachycardia and 2077 (65%) with tachypnoea, but these complications resolved over time. No child developed features of confirmed cardiopulmonary overload.InterpretationOur study suggests that the use of packed or settled cells rather than whole blood leads to additional transfusions, increasing the use of a scarce resource in most of sub-Saharan Africa. These findings have substantial cost implications for blood transfusion and health services. Nevertheless, a clinical trial comparing whole blood transfusion with red cell concentrates might be needed to inform policy makers.FundingUK Medical Research Council (MRC) and the Department for International Development.TranslationFor the French translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

The works on echinoids by Klein and Leske, the confusion concerning the authorship of Klein (1778), and the problem of citation of some species.

The three most important eighteenth century works on echinoids were by Klein (1734, 1778) and Leske (1778). Confusion about the authorship of Kleins 1778 publication has led many subsequent, and most current, workers to attribute both 1778 works to Leske. It is clear that Leske himself recognised Klein as the author of the volume published first. Following the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN, 1999), the names for taxa in Klein (1734) are unavailable because they are pre-1758 (as are those in the French translation of 1754); the names in Klein (1778) are unavailable because of the lack of consistency in binominal nomenclature; only the names adopted by Leske (1778) are available for species and genera.

Validation of the geriatric vulnerability score in older patients with ovarian cancer: an analysis from the GCIG-ENGOT-GINECO EWOC-1 study

Older patients with ovarian cancer represent a heterogeneous population. The French National Group of Investigators for the Study of Ovarian and Breast Cancer developed the geriatric vulnerability score (GVS) to identify geriatric parameters predictive of poor outcomes. A prospective validation of the GVS was needed. The EWOC-1 study (NCT02001272) was an international, open-label, phase 2, three-arm trial designed according to a two-step process. Patients aged 70 years or older with newly diagnosed stage III or IV ovarian cancer were identified and the GVS determined. Those with a GVS of 3 or greater were randomly assigned to the EWOC-1 trial, stratified by country and surgical outcome, to receive three different carboplatin with or without paclitaxel regimens; those not included in the EWOC-1 trial were followed up in the EWOC-1 registry. External validation of the GVS was a secondary endpoint of the trial. Three validation cohorts were identified: the total population (validation cohort 1 [V1], n=447), the registry-only population (validation cohort 2 [V2], n=327), and the carboplatin-paclitaxel-treated population (validation cohort 3 [V3], n=320). From Dec 11, 2013, to Nov 16, 2018, 447 patients were included in 48 academic centres in six countries; 120 in the EWOC-1 trial and 327 in the EWOC-1 registry. Median follow-up was 19·7 (95% CI 8·5-29·7) months for the total cohort; missing values were low (<2%). According to the maximum likelihood analysis, the hazard ratio (HR) of death in V1 was 1·8 (95% CI 1·1-3·1, p=0·029) for those with a GVS of 1; 2·4 (1·4-4·0, p=0·0009) with a GVS of 2; 4·1 (2·5-7·0, p<0·0001) for a GVS of 3; 5·5 (3·3-9·3, p<0·0001) for a GVS of 4; and 9·1 (4·7-17·5, p<0·0001) for a GVS of 5 compared with a score of 0. Whatever the validation cohort, GVS of 3 or more significantly segregated two groups with different overall survival: V1 (median 13·2 [95% CI: 10·8-18·7] vs 40·8 [32·0-45·6] months; HR 2·8 [95% CI 2·2-3·7]; p<0·0001); V2 (11·9 [95% CI 8·8-18·1] vs 40·8 [32·0-45·6] months, HR 3·5 [2·5-4·9]; p<0·0001); and V3 (18·1 [95% CI 15·8-31·8] vs 43·0 [40·6-49·7] months, HR 2·6 [1·9 to 3·7]; p<0·0001). The GVS has high prognostic performance for overall survival in patients with advanced ovarian cancer, independently of geographic and historic effect (V1), as well as treatment patterns (V3), validated in an international population. Even though the GVS is time consuming it will allow the stratification of populations for clinical research and might permit the orientation of the geriatric intervention to specific domains. French National Cancer Institute. For the French translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

Cultural adaptation of a community-based advance serious illness planning decision aid to the Quebec context involving end-users.

IntroductionTraditional advance care planning focuses on end‐of‐life planning in the context of a certain or imminent death. It is not tailored for serious illness planning, where the ‘death’ outcome is uncertain. The Plan Well Guide™ (PWG) is a decision aid that empowers lay persons to better understand different types of care and prepares them, and their substitute decision‐makers, to express both their authentic values and informed treatment preferences in anticipation of serious illness. A cultural adaptation was necessary to make the material suitable to the context of Quebec, a French‐speaking Canadian province.MethodsWe engaged lay collaborators and experts in a panel, involving three phases of consultation and data collection. These included an online questionnaire, focused interviews and virtual focus groups that identified elements within the francophone PWG affecting its feasibility, adaptation and integration, as well as items that should be modified.ResultsWe engaged 22 collaborators between April and September 2021. The majority (82%) ranked the first translation as good or very good; most (70%) stated that they would recommend the final adaptation. Both lay and expert panel members suggested simplifying the language and framing the tool better within the context of other advance medical planning processes in Quebec. Translation was considered in a cultural context; the challenges identified by the research team or by collaborators were addressed during the focus group. Examples of wording that required discussion include translating ‘getting the medical care that's right for you’ when referring to the PWG's goal. An equivalent expression in the French translation was believed to invoke religious associations. Using the term ‘machines’ to describe life‐sustaining treatments was also deliberated.ConclusionOur collaborative iterative adaptation process led to the first French advanced serious illness planning tool. How acceptable and user‐friendly this French adaptation of the PWG is in various Canadian French‐speaking environments requires further study.ContributionWe organized a focus group inviting both lay collaborators and experts to contribute to the interpretation of the results of the previous phases. This choice allowed us to add more value to our results and to the final PWG in French.

Structure factorielle et qualités psychométriques du questionnaire d’auto-évaluation pour adolescents (Youth Self-Report) d’Achenbach et Rescorla

IntroductionRecent research on the prognostic significance of subthreshold comorbid disorders highlighted the need for instruments allowing for the comprehensive exploration of symptomatology of adolescents. ObjectiveTo verify the factor structure and psychometric properties of the Achenbach and Rescorla's Youth Self-Report French translation, which allows this investigation. MethodWe had 1450 adolescents 11–17- year old (747 girls) complete the YSR in secondary schools in the Paris metropolitan area. ResultsConfirmatory Factor Analyses and Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling supported the 8-syndrome structure. However, since ESEM allows cross-loadings, the number of indicators for each factor in the ESEM models is much higher than in the CFA models. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability were satisfactory, and multigroup analyses confirmed the metric and scalar invariance across age and gender of most of the items examined (70 out of 89). We can therefore affirm that girls score lower on Social problems than boys, 15–17-year-old adolescent score higher on Thought problems, Attention problems, and Rule-Breaking Behavior than the younger, and these differences are substantive and independent of differential item functioning. ConclusionThese results are likely to encourage the use of YSR in research and clinical practice with French-speaking adolescents.

PENAS IBÁÑEZ, Beatriz &amp; GARCÍA LANDA, José Ángel (UZ): “Art, Truth, and Politics” de Harold Pinter (2005): traducción de un texto culturalmente relevante.

La presente contribución ofrece al lector en lengua castellana la posibilidad de leer –en su versión traducida al español– el discurso que Harold Pinter, el reconocido dramaturgo británico fallecido en 2008, compuso para su presentación “in absentia” ante la Real Academia Sueca en diciembre de 2005, con ocasión de la entrega que se le hizo del premio Nobel de Literatura el día siete de dicho mes y año. Se trata de un texto del que sólo encontraremos las traducciones al francés, sueco y alemán que acompañan al original inglés en la página web de la Fundación Nobel. Por eso esta traducción al español parece necesaria. El discurso de Pinter es un texto importante al que los lectores de lengua española también han de tener acceso por el interés de las ideas en él desarrolladas y por la valentía con que dichas ideas fueron expuestas a la luz pública.

A call for community-informed translation

AbstractThis article considers the Spanish and French translations of nonbinary pronouns in Netflix’sOne Day at a Time, a social-justice-oriented sitcom. The article compares the source text with six parallel translations taken from one episode and isolates two main translation strategies. In the first strategy, translators rely on calque translations from English that demonstrate a misunderstanding of the source text. The second strategy shows an active engagement on the part of translators with Hispanic and Francophone Queer communities, replicating authentic Queer language practices. The article goes on to describe the implications of both strategies on reception and outlines several reasons why community-informed translation should be established as a best practice for Queer-oriented texts.

Optimising the deployment of vector control tools against malaria: a data-informed modelling study

Concern that insecticide resistant mosquitoes are threatening malaria control has driven the development of new types of insecticide treated nets (ITNs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) of insecticide. Malaria control programmes have a choice of vector control interventions although it is unclear which controls should be used to combat the disease. The study aimed at producing a framework to easily compare the public health impact and cost-effectiveness of different malaria prevention measures currently in widespread use. We used published data from experimental hut trials conducted across Africa to characterise the entomological effect of pyrethroid-only ITNs versus ITNs combining a pyrethroid insecticide with the synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO). We use these estimates to parameterise a dynamic mathematical model of Plasmodium falciparum malaria which is validated for two sites by comparing simulated results to empirical data from randomised control trials (RCTs) in Tanzania and Uganda. We extrapolated model simulations for a series of potential scenarios likely across the sub-Saharan African region and include results in an online tool (Malaria INtervention Tool [MINT]) that aims to identify optimum vector control intervention packages for scenarios with varying budget, price, entomological and epidemiological factors. Our model indicates that switching from pyrethroid-only to pyrethroid-PBO ITNs could averted up to twice as many cases, although the additional benefit is highly variable and depends on the setting conditions. We project that annual delivery of long-lasting, non-pyrethroid IRS would prevent substantially more cases over 3-years, while pyrethroid-PBO ITNs tend to be the most cost-effective intervention per case averted. The model was able to predict prevalence and efficacy against prevalence in both RCTs for the intervention types tested. MINT is applicable to regions of sub-Saharan Africa with endemic malaria and provides users with a method of designing intervention packages given their setting and budget. The most cost-effective vector control package will vary locally. Models able to recreate results of RCTs can be used to extrapolate outcomes elsewhere to support evidence-based decision making for investment in vector control. Medical Research Council, IVCC, Wellcome Trust. For the French translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

Development and validation of a multi-lingual online questionnaire for surveying the COVID-19 prevention and control measures used in global workplaces

BackgroundDespite widespread COVID-19 vaccination programs, there is an ongoing need for targeted disease prevention and control efforts in high-risk occupational settings. This study aimed to develop, pilot, and validate an instrument for surveying occupational COVID-19 infection prevention and control (IPC) measures available to workers in diverse geographic and occupational settings.MethodsA 44-item online survey was developed in English and validated for face and content validity according to literature review, expert consultation, and pre-testing. The survey was translated and piloted with 890 workers from diverse industries in Canada, Ireland, Argentina, Poland, Nigeria, China, the US, and the UK. Odds ratios generated from univariable, and multivariable logistic regression assessed differences in ‘feeling protected at work’ according to gender, age, occupation, country of residence, professional role, and vaccination status. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted, and internal consistency reliability verified with Cronbach’s alpha. Hypothesis testing using two-sample t-tests verified construct validity (i.e., discriminant validity, known-groups technique), and criterion validity.ResultsAfter adjustment for occupational sector, characteristics associated with feeling protected at work included being male (AOR = 1.88; 95% CI = 1.18,2.99), being over 55 (AOR = 2.17; 95% CI = 1.25,3.77) and working in a managerial position (AOR = 3.1; 95% CI = 1.99,4.83). EFA revealed nine key IPC domains relating to: environmental adjustments, testing and surveillance, education, costs incurred, restricted movements, physical distancing, masking, isolation strategies, and areas for improvement. Each domain showed sufficient internal consistency reliability (Cronbach’s alpha ≥0.60). Hypothesis testing revealed differences in survey responses by country and occupational sector, confirming construct validity (p < 0.001), criterion validity (p = 0.04), and discriminant validity (p < 0.001).ConclusionsThe online survey, developed in English to identify the COVID-19 protective measures used in diverse workplace settings, showed strong face validity, content validity, internal consistency, criterion validity, and construct validity. Translations in Chinese, Spanish, French, Polish, and Hindi demonstrated adaptability of the survey for use in international working environments. The multi-lingual tool can be used by decision makers in the distribution of IPC resources, and to guide occupational safety and health (OSH) recommendations for preventing COVID-19 and future infectious disease outbreaks.

Good Morning

January 03 2022 Good Morning Carla Harryman Carla Harryman CARLA HARRYMAN is the author of twenty-four books and chapbooks of poetry, prose, and performance writing. Her poet's theatre and other works for performance have been collected in Animal Instincts: Prose, Plays and Essays, A Voice to Perform: One Opera/Two Plays, and Sue in Berlin and Sue á Berlin, with French translation by Sabine Huynh. Since the late 1970s in San Francisco, she has experimented with poetic language as medium for collaborative and music-text performance. Her works have been presented in numerous national and international venues, including The Center for New Music, San Francisco; The Renaissance Society, Chicago; The Stone, New York; Bétonsalon, Paris; Susanne Hilberry Gallery, Detroit; and dOCUMENTA12 and Hölderlinturm in Germany. She lives in the Detroit Metro area and teaches at Eastern Michigan University. Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Author and Article Information Carla Harryman CARLA HARRYMAN is the author of twenty-four books and chapbooks of poetry, prose, and performance writing. Her poet's theatre and other works for performance have been collected in Animal Instincts: Prose, Plays and Essays, A Voice to Perform: One Opera/Two Plays, and Sue in Berlin and Sue á Berlin, with French translation by Sabine Huynh. Since the late 1970s in San Francisco, she has experimented with poetic language as medium for collaborative and music-text performance. Her works have been presented in numerous national and international venues, including The Center for New Music, San Francisco; The Renaissance Society, Chicago; The Stone, New York; Bétonsalon, Paris; Susanne Hilberry Gallery, Detroit; and dOCUMENTA12 and Hölderlinturm in Germany. She lives in the Detroit Metro area and teaches at Eastern Michigan University. Online Issn: 1537-9477 Print Issn: 1520-281X © 2022 Carla Harryman2022Carla Harryman PAJ: A Journal of Performance and Art (2022) 44 (1 (130)): 89–117. https://doi.org/10.1162/pajj_a_00603 Cite Icon Cite Permissions Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Search Site Citation Carla Harryman; Good Morning. PAJ: A Journal of Performance and Art 2022; 44 (1 (130)): 89–117. doi: https://doi.org/10.1162/pajj_a_00603 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsPAJ: A Journal of Performance and Art Search Advanced Search This content is only available as a PDF. Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Mary Wollstonecraft’s Translational Afterlife: French and German Rewritings of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman in the Revolutionary Era

ABSTRACT In recent years, scholars have begun to examine how translations of Mary Wollstonecraft’s works influenced the development of ideas about women’s rights in nineteenth-century Europe and beyond. This article focuses on two translations of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792): the anonymous French translation, Défense des droits des femmes (1792), and Rettung der Rechte des Weibes (1793–94), a collaborative work by the German educationists Christian Gotthilf Salzmann and Georg Friedrich Christian Weissenborn. I argue that Wollstonecraft’s feminist thought was reshaped by its passage into different national and cultural contexts. The translators develop strategies which partially reflect their different ideological contexts but also exceed easy categorization as either sympathetic or hostile to Wollstonecraft’s explicitly Revolutionary feminism. The article furnishes a case study for the role translation plays in transmitting different versions of Wollstonecraft’s texts to the diverse readerships of Western Europe and creating a complex translational afterlife for her feminism.

Переводы А. Н. Островского с латинского языка в текстологической перспективе. Часть 2. «Азинария» Плавта и проблемы источника текста

The article continues the investigation of textological issues associated with the surviving draft translation of the comoedia palliata The Asses (Asinaria) by Plautus, made by A. N. Ostrovsky from Latin. For the translation of Plautus’ Asinaria, the edition remains a problem: arguments are offered both for and against Levée (1820) as the basic source. The article reconstructs in detail the biographical and creative context of this translation, which was supposed to be a contribution to the formation of a democratic theater. The author of the article argues that although we cannot say for sure that Levée was the main or the only source of the translation, a lot in the Russian text says about Ostrovsky’s highly likely intentional repulsion of the Levée’s conception of Roman drama. In Levée’s edition, the French parallel translation and rare commentaries should have made Plautus one of the Latin classics, while Ostrovsky emphasizes the non-classical and lowbrow moments in Plautus. This explains both the decisions in the preparation of the manuscript and a number of accents that he deliberately made in this alleged rejection of the French translation, as well as the refusal to rely on the French translation even in difficult cases and work only with the Latin original, despite the inevitable translation errors.

The Reception of Husserl’s Phenomenology in Japanese Philosophy

The Reception of Husserl’s Phenomenology in Japanese Philosophy Shinji Hamauzu When we talk about the influence of Husserl’s phenomenology, we should discuss in advance what can justify this talk. When we mention keywords— for instance, intuition of essence, intentionality, inner time-consciousness, rigorous science, natural attitude, phenomenological reduction, transcendental phenomenology, noesis-noema, my living body, genetic phenomenology, empathy, intersubjectivity, life-world, and so on—which keywords should we use when talking about the influence Husserl’s phenomenology had on Japanese philosophy? But we should also ask the following question as well: Which of Husserl’s texts could be available for scholars of Japanese philosophy? Interestingly, there were few works, beyond attending Husserl’s lectures, that one could access, because he only published six books and six articles while he was alive. After Husserl died in 1938, many manuscripts were rescued from the Nazi’s hands and placed at Leuven University in Belgium where the Husserl Archive was first established. The manuscripts were edited and published as Husserliana beginning in 1950 (which now has 42 volumes). Given this, we can think of Husserl’s work as consisting of two periods: the period before and the period after the publication of Husserliana. I myself am interested in the problem of “intersubjectivity” within Husserl’s phenomenology. It is on the one hand the problem of “other-experience (Fremderfahrung)”—i.e., “how I experience the other”—which is the problem of other-experience in the empirical dimension. But it is on the other hand the problem of “intersubjective constitution”—i.e., “how the objective world is the correlate of intersubjective constitution through other-experience,”1 which is the problem of how the other participates in the transcendental dimension. It is characteristic of Husserl’s phenomenology that these two problems are discussed together inseparably. [End Page 1] The manuscripts on the problem of “intersubjectivity” from 1905 to 1935 are collected in volumes XIII to XV of Husserliana. Although the fifth meditation of Cartesian Meditations (first published in French translation in 1931) is often mentioned as the representative work on this theme, it is no more than the tip of the iceberg after Husserl struggled for many years on this problem. The genesis of this theme in the manuscripts dates back to 1905 when terms such as “other” (ein Anderer) and “foreign” (fremd) appeared in manuscript 1, or terms such as “empathy” (Einfühlung) and “intersubjective” appeared in manuscript 2. Husserl wrote later that he had discussed this theme to a relatively large extent in the lecture Fundamental Problems of Phenomenology (Hua XIII) in 1910–1911. In the period of 1905–1910, after the “problem of intersubjectivity” was first introduced, we can also find the idea of “phenomenological reduction” appear for the first time in the literature. This tells us that the problem of intersubjectivity and the idea of phenomenological reduction were born as two sides of the same coin. When Husserl’s phenomenology was first introduced to Japan, Japanese scholars were already reading the first volume of Ideas Pertaining to a Pure Phenomenology and to a Phenomenological Philosophy, where the “intersubjective world” is thought to refer to a “correlate of experience mediated by empathy,”2 and so the task is to clarify the “intersubjective constitution of the objective world.”3 However, when we consider Husserl’s influence in the history of Japanese philosophy and examine whether the problem of intersubjectivity is discussed as a fundamental problem of philosophy, it can be doubted, in my opinion, whether or not there were any researchers who ever faced this problem seriously. In what follows, I survey several generations of philosophers in Japan who engaged with Husserl’s rehabilitation, to investigate the problem of intersubjectivity in his reception and extent of his influence. Nishida Kitarō’s Interest in Phenomenology Nishida Kitarō (1870–1945) looked back at the revision of his first book in 1936 and wrote, The standpoint of this book [An Inquiry into the Good (1911)] is that of consciousness, which might be thought of as a kind of psychologism . . . I came to realize that it is not that experience exists because there is an individual, but that an individual exists because there is experience. I...

John Waddell, L’Archéologie et la mythologie celtique, trans. Marie le Men. Leiden: Sidestone Press, 2022, 204 pp., 11 colour ill.

Abstract Professor Waddell’s Archaeology and Celtic Myth (Dublin: Four Courts, 2014) now gains wider attention by a French translation, attractively presented with many illustrations. The main text, virtually unchanged from that of 2014, has seven chapters: encounters with myth; the Other World and tombs on the River Boyne; the “fugitive image” (on sun-worship and the like); the Quest for the Other World; the Horse Goddess; the Goddess of Sovereignty; and Sacred Kingship. The author (a Galway archaeologist) relates material entities (tombs, metalwork, sculpture) to the paganism represented in Irish texts and beyond. Plenty here, then, for prehistorians and literary scholars. They will be aided by a twenty-page bibliography, and obstructed by complete lack of an index. Yet the latter will not trouble non-specialists, also (with reason) likely to appreciate this study of Celtic mysteries.

Continental England: Form, Translation, and Chaucer in the Hundred Years' War by Elizaveta Strakhov

Reviewed by: Continental England: Form, Translation, and Chaucer in the Hundred Years' War by Elizaveta Strakhov Rory G. Critten Elizaveta Strakhov. Continental England: Form, Translation, and Chaucer in the Hundred Years' War. Interventions: New Studies in Medieval Culture. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2022. Pp. ix, 252. $99.95 cloth; $49.95 e-book. Elizaveta Strakhov's ambitious new study is a welcome addition to the burgeoning scholarship on England's continental connections that follows upon Ardis Butterfield's Familiar Enemy (2009). One of the achievements of that book was to raise into suspension a set of arguments that previous writers had chosen between—for example, that French was either for the French (continental French) or the English (Anglo-Norman). In contrast, Continental England sets out to prove a thesis. Strakhov argues that while the Hundred Years War threatened to tear apart the northwest corner of Europe, a group of poets was intent on repairing the damage wrought by fostering a shared repertory of poetic forms, the formes fixes lyrics. This focus on form, as opposed to language, allows Strakhov to trace a series of relationships running between England and the Continent long after the adoption of English by Chaucer and the poets writing in his wake. The [End Page 429] resulting arguments are extensive in their geographical as well as their chronological scope, taking in texts written in France, England, and Italy. Strakhov treads this ground with confidence in a book that impresses as much by the optimism of its outlook as by its philological acumen and the originality of its readings. Strakhov develops her argument over five chapters. Chapter 1 sets the scene by highlighting the community-forming function of lyric exchange as well as the interest in the minute codification of the formes fixes that is expressed in manuscript anthologies and poetic treatises. Chapter 2 affords special attention to debates regarding the uses of the classical past in a broader discussion of the integrity of the francophone cultural arena. In a set of poems that will be familiar to Butterfield's readers, Strakhov shows that Philippe de Vitry warns against a breakdown in communications as the result of diversions from standard mythography, whereas Jean de le Mote presents creative engagement with this inheritance as the condition of its survival. Strakhov's focus on classical reception in a book about form is licensed by the attention devoted to mythological elements in the repertories of formes fixes lyrics discussed in Chapter 1. The book's remaining chapters focus on writing within England. Chapter 3 addresses the propensity of Chaucer's poetry to repair connections between England and the Continent by continuing continental traditions in English. Strakhov argues that this is the hope underpinning both Deschamps's famous ballade to Chaucer and the F-Prologue to The Legend of Good Women. Chapter 4 contrasts the strategies of lyric compilation deployed by Gower and Hoccleve. Whereas Gower's retellings of popular myth in his Traitié pour essampler les amantz marietz constitutes a lesson on the slippery relations between French and Latin and text and gloss, in his holograph paratexts, Hoccleve aligns his mastery of French forms with Henry V's progressive mastery of France. Finally, Chapter 5 considers the French atmosphere of Chaucer's reception in the fifteenth century. Special attention is afforded to Shirley's deliberate presentation of the poet via paratexts as a French translator; Lydgate's French debts also come in for consideration as Strakhov demonstrates the role of French as the intermediary language giving the monk of Bury access to Italian humanist thought. Much more is going on in Continental England than these summaries can capture. The arguments that subtend the book's thesis are wideranging and introduce readers to connections between multiple texts and [End Page 430] languages. Vitry critiques de le Mote in terms that Petrarch uses to critique Vitry (in Chapter 2) and Deschamps praises Chaucer in terms that Deschamps also uses for Machaut, while Chaucer praises Petrarch in the terms that Deschamps had used to praise the English poet (in Chapter 3). There are also skillful renditions of overlooked backgrounds to later medieval English literature that subsequent researchers will find suggestive...

The Issue of Translation

It was plain long before the 20th century that both the act of translation and the translator’s task were quite complex: it became clear and evident during the Enlightenment, within the République des Lettres, with the emergence and gradual affirmation of national languages. In this general framework, the French translation of John Locke’s Essay concerning Humane Understanding is one of the main protagonists of the circulation of texts and ideas: Pierre Coste’s solutions follow the strategy adopted by Jean Le Clerc in his Extrait of the Essay published in the “Bibliotheque universelle et historique” in 1688 and, in primis, by Locke himself, as a theorist of communication/translation (in the Third Book of the Essay): the French translation is thus the exemplar par excellence and the embodiment of Locke’s theories of language, communication, and communicative ethics, all axed on the concepts of “agreement” and “consensual rationality.”

“La connaissance et l’être” by S.L.Frank — the history of translation and its reception

The article examines the circumstances and history of the translation into French of S.L.Frank’s master’s thesis “The Object of Knowledge,” which was published in Russian in 1915 in Petrograd. The aim of the study is to determine the place and significance of this work in the creative biography and philosophical heritage of the Russian thinker. For this purpose, we used the synthetic method, which allows us to reconstruct in detail the history of the creation of the French translation, as well as the method of text analysis. First, the German context of Frank’s work on the “The Object of Knowledge” is presented. It has been established that the initiator of the publication of this book in France was G.D.Gurvich, who collaborated with the philosophers Louis Lavelle and René Le Senne, who founded the publishing series “Philosophy of Spirit” in Paris. Based on archival correspondence between Frank and Gurvich, as well as the book’s translator A.Сaffi and the editor of the translation G.P.Fedotov, the details of the preparation of the abridged version of the book for the French reader are revealed. To this end, we analyze the edits made by Frank in the author’s copy of the Russian edition of “The Object of Knowledge”. The last part of the article presents how the reception of this book in the French philosophical environment took place. A list of the currently known reviews of Frank’s work is given. Also noted is the fact that the book The Object of Knowledge was referenced by E.Gilson. Thus, we can conclude that the abridged French translation of Frank’s master’s thesis has had some influence on the French philosophers and reception of Russian philosophical thought in general.