French Translation Research Articles

Psychopathological characteristics of patients eligible for a diacethylmorphine prescription program: an ecological pilot study

IntroductionAgonist opiate treatments with diacethylmorphin (DAM) for heroin addiction have proven their effectiveness for a long time. But few studies focused on psychiatric troubles among the treated patients. As a new DAM program will open in Freiburg in Switzerland, in order to assess the eligibility to this program, we consider the psychiatric dimension using the Addition Severity Index French translation (IGT).ObjectivesAssessing the patient eligibility for the DAM programm and describing psychopathological characteristicsMethodsAssessing eligibility for a Dam program in Switzerland is based on some criteria defined by OFSP: Be adult, failure of at least two previous addiction treatments, intravenous consumption. In addition, the included patients (N=10) passed an interview with a trained examiner, to fill the addiction severity index scale (multidimensional psychometric scale). The result of the psychiatric dimension of IGT was compared with the psychiatric diagnosis in the medical file to assess the internal reliability of the descriptive method. Statistical method for little sample, mean, median, descriptive datas and Fisher test were applied.ResultsAll kind of affective disorders, were the most representative psychiatric trouble in the studied population (47%) followed by personality disorders (32%) and severe anxiety troubles (21%). The psychiatric dimensional evaluation of IGT was consistent with the description file psychiatric diagnosis. In a surprising way, we found no psychosis spectrum troubles who could explained the previous treatment failure.ConclusionsAffective disorders are overrepresented in our sample of addicted patient included in the DAM program. These troubles stay often underestimated. The have to be properly treatedDisclosureNo significant relationships.

Validation of the French translation of a self-administered questionnaire looking for a history of pre-eclampsia.

We evaluated the diagnostic performances of the French translation of a self-administered questionnaire designed by Diehl et al. looking for a history of pre-eclampsia. After a phone call, 206 women who gave birth at Brest University Hospital responded to the questionnaire online. Then, their responses were compared to their medical files. The sensitivity of the questionnaire was 95.2% and its specificity was 98.0%. This French questionnaire has then demonstrated its validity. It can now be used to explore the role of a pre-eclampsia history on various pathologies and, by this mean, to improve knowledge about women's health.

Immunoglobulin-free strategy to prevent HBV mother-to-child transmission in Cambodia (TA-PROHM): a single-arm, multicentre, phase 4 trial

Prevention of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of hepatitis B virus (HBV) is based on administration of vaccine and immunoglobulins (HBIg) to newborns at birth and maternal antiviral prophylaxis for those with an HBV-DNA viral load of at 5·3 log10 IU/mL or more. Many low-income and middle-income countries face difficulty in accessing HBIg and HBV-DNA quantification. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an HBIg-free strategy to prevent MTCT of HBV. TA-PROHM was a single-arm, multicentre, phase 4 trial done in five maternity units in Cambodia. Pregnant women who were positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), aged 18 years or older were included. Women who were HCV or HIV positive, had creatinine clearance of less than 30 mL/min, severe gravid disease, and planned to give birth outside the study sites were excluded. From Oct 4, 2017, to Jan 9, 2019, HBsAg positive pregnant women who tested positive for hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) with a rapid diagnostic test were eligible to receive tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. From Jan 9, 2019, women who were HBeAg negative with an alanine aminotransferase concentration of ≥40 IU/L were also eligible to receive tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. Women in the tenofovir disoproxil fumarate eligible group received 300 mg of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate orally once a day from the 24th week of gestation until 6 weeks postpartum. The primary outcome was the overall proportion of infants who were HBsAg positive at 6 months of life, confirmed by positive HBV DNA quantification. For the primary outcome, the proportion (95% CI) of infants with HBsAg at 6 months was stratified according to infant's HBIg status, duration of maternal tenofovir disoproxil fumarate treatment (>4 weeks and ≤4 weeks), and study period (before and after the change in therapeutic algorithm) and was measured in a modified intention-to-treat analysis, which excluded infants lost to follow-up or who were withdrawn before 6 months. The study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02937779. From Oct 4, 2017, to Nov 27, 2020, 21 251 pregnant women were screened for HBsAg, of whom 1194 (6%) were enrolled in the study: 338 (28%) were eligible to receive tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. For the tenofovir disoproxil fumarate eligible group, four (1% [95% CI 0·34-3·20]) of 317 infants had HBV infection at 6 months; in the subgroup of 271 children who did not receive HBIg, four (1% [0·40-3·74]) had HBV infection at 6 months. In absence of HBIg, MTCT HBV transmission occurred in none (0% [0-1·61]) of 227 women who received tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for more than 4 weeks before giving birth and three (8% [1·75-22·47]) of 36 women who received tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for less than 4 weeks. In the tenofovir disoproxil fumarate ineligible group, seven (1% [0·40-2·02]) of 712 infants had HBV infection at 6 months; in the subgroup of 567 children who did not receive HBIg, six (1% [0·39-2·30]) had HBV infection at 6 months. An immunoglobulin-free strategy using an HBeAg rapid diagnosis test and alanine aminotransferase-based algorithm to assess eligibility for tenofovir, is effective at preventing MTCT of HBV when tenofovir was initiated at least 4 weeks before birth. French Agency for Research on AIDS and Viral Hepatitis and Emerging Infectious diseases. For the French translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the French version of the Spinal Cord Injury Pain Instrument (SCIPI).

Cross-sectional. To assess the reliability and validity of the French version of the Spinal Cord Injury Pain Instrument (SCIPI) and to determine its performance versus "Douleur Neuropathique 4 questions" (DN4) in diagnosing neuropathic pain (NeuP). Clinique romande de réadaptation, spinal cord injury (SCI) center in the French-speaking part of Switzerland. Backward and forward translation in French of the 4-itemSCIPI were performed by native speakers in both languages. Thirty persons with SCI were included in the validation study. Internal consistency was measured with the Kuder-Richardson (KR-20) coefficient. Cohen's kappa coefficients were used to assess the test-retest reliability and the agreement between SCIPI and DN4. Clinical assessment was used as the reference standard to diagnose NeuP. The area under the receiver operator characteristics curve (AUROC) was used to assess the performance of diagnostic tests. KR-20 coefficient of internal consistency was 0.50 (95% CI 0.26, 0.74). Test-retest reliability coefficient was 0.86 (95% CI 0.76, 0.95). The best cutoff value was 2 points, resulting a sensitivity of 88% (95% CI 69%, 98%) and a specificity of 92% (95% CI 75%, 99%). SCIPI had an AUROC of 0.90 (95% CI 0.82, 0.98), which was not significantly lower than the AUROC for DN4, 0.92 (95% CI 0.85, 0.99, p = 0.56). Agreement between SCIPI and DN4 was of 0.88 (95% CI 0.77, 1.00). The French version of the SCIPI is a reliable and valid tool that can identify the presence of NeuP in an individual with SCI.

The early oblivion of the firstAeneidin Turkish: aiming at a moving target

AbstractThe first complete translation of Vergil’s Aeneid into Turkish was published in 1935–36, during the first decades of the Turkish Republic. The translator Ahmed Reşid (1870–1955) was an intellectual and statesman who not only witnessed but also played active roles in arguably the most radical sociocultural turn in the country’s long history. As Reşid did not know Latin, he used an intermediary French translation as his source text. If this alone might seem from a normative viewpoint an obstacle to success, a broader perspective that considers various approaches in current translation criticism reveals a more complete and nuanced image of Reşid's translation project. My aim here is to contextualize historically and to critically discuss this carefully made but too soon forgotten Vergil translation, by using a case-specific plurality of methods. I argue that Antoine Berman's hermeneutical model is especially useful for studies on classical reception including Vergil translations.

Psychometric Properties of a European French Version of the PTGI

Purpose To validate a European French translation of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI). Methods This study examined the factorial and the convergent validity of the French version of the PTGI (PTGI-F). A first sample of 406 firefighters was used to test the psychometric structure of the PTGI. A second sample of 210 first responders was then used to test its convergent validity. Participants completed measures of growth, traumatic events, PTSD, anxiety and depression, and personality. Results The PTGI-F was unrelated to Anxiety, supporting the convergent validity of the PTGI-F. Additionally, there was a positive correlation between the PTGI-F and the PCL-C. Finally, the PTGI-F had the same five-factor structure as the PTGI. Discussion The PTGI-F appears to be a valid tool. However, the contradictions that were put froward by other translated versions suggest that the PTGI should be reconsidered and improved to better assess the growth process.

Childhood abuse/neglect and temporal patterns in late-life anxiety

Objectives Anxiety has been associated with childhood abuse/neglect, but this relationship and its mechanisms are poorly documented in older adults. This study examined the association between childhood abuse/neglect and late-life anxiety temporal patterns (i.e. absence, remission, incidence, persistence), testing for mediators. Methods Data were derived for 724 French-speaking community-living older adults participating in the Étude sur la santé des ainés – Services study with available information at baseline and 4-year follow-up. Past-month anxiety was based on a cutoff score ≥5 on a French translation of the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder at interviews. Questions on childhood abuse/neglect (e.g. psycho-emotional, physical, sexual) were administered. Adjusted multinomial regression analyses and mediation bootstrapping models were used. Tested mediators included traumatic events (excluding childhood abuse/neglect), daily hassles, psychological resilience, and cortisol activity. Results The absence, remission, incidence and persistence of anxiety was found in 45.3%, 25.3%, 8.7% and 20.7% of the sample, respectively. Participants with incident and persistent late-life anxiety experienced more childhood abuse/neglect. Participants with persistent anxiety also reported lower psychological resilience. The association between childhood abuse/neglect with anxiety incidence was mediated by daily hassles, while its association with anxiety persistence was mediated by daily hassles and psychological resilience. Conclusion Past childhood abuse/neglect was associated with late-life anxiety incidence and persistence, with psychological resilience and daily hassles potentially explaining this relationship. Further research should focus on ascertaining the clinical applications of psychosocial and biological profiles in informing the prevention and personalized treatment of anxiety in older adults.

Clinical features of, and risk factors for, severe or fatal COVID-19 among people living with HIV admitted to hospital: analysis of data from the WHO Global Clinical Platform of COVID-19

SummaryBackgroundWHO has established a Global Clinical Platform for the clinical characterisation of COVID-19 among hospitalised individuals. We assessed whether people living with HIV hospitalised with COVID-19 had increased odds of severe presentation and of in-hospital mortality compared with individuals who were HIV-negative and associated risk factors.MethodsBetween Jan 1, 2020, and July 1, 2021, anonymised individual-level data from 338 566 patients in 38 countries were reported to WHO. Using the Platform pooled dataset, we performed descriptive statistics and regression analyses to compare outcomes in the two populations and identify risk factors.FindingsOf 197 479 patients reporting HIV status, 16 955 (8·6%) were people living with HIV. 16 283 (96.0%) of the 16 955 people living with HIV were from Africa; 10 603 (62·9%) were female and 6271 (37·1%) were male; the mean age was 45·5 years (SD 13·7); 6339 (38·3%) were admitted to hospital with severe illness; and 3913 (24·3%) died in hospital. Of the 10 166 people living with HIV with known antiretroviral therapy (ART) status, 9302 (91·5%) were on ART. Compared with individuals without HIV, people living with HIV had 15% increased odds of severe presentation with COVID-19 (aOR 1·15, 95% CI 1·10–1·20) and were 38% more likely to die in hospital (aHR 1·38, 1·34–1·41). Among people living with HIV, male sex, age 45–75 years, and having chronic cardiac disease or hypertension increased the odds of severe COVID-19; male sex, age older than 18 years, having diabetes, hypertension, malignancy, tuberculosis, or chronic kidney disease increased the risk of in-hospital mortality. The use of ART or viral load suppression were associated with a reduced risk of poor outcomes; however, HIV infection remained a risk factor for severity and mortality regardless of ART and viral load suppression status.InterpretationIn this sample of hospitalised people contributing data to the WHO Global Clinical Platform for COVID-19, HIV was an independent risk factor for both severe COVID-19 at admission and in-hospital mortality. These findings have informed WHO immunisation policy that prioritises vaccination for people living with HIV. As the results mostly reflect the data contribution from Africa, this analysis will be updated as more data from other regions become available.FundingNone.TranslationFor the French translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

Doxycycline versus azithromycin for the treatment of anorectal Chlamydia trachomatis infection in women concurrent with vaginal infection (CHLAZIDOXY study): a multicentre, open-label, randomised, controlled, superiority trial

Anorectal infections with Chlamydia trachomatis are commonly found in women. Although the efficacy of doxycycline and azithromycin is comparable in the treatment of urogenital infection, their efficacies toward anorectal infection remain unclear. We therefore aimed to compare a single dose of azithromycin with a 7-day course of doxycycline for the treatment of anorectal C trachomatis infection in women with concurrent vaginal infection. We did a multicentre, open-label, randomised, controlled, superiority trial involving four sexually transmitted infection screening centres and three pregnancy termination centres in France. We included sexually active adult women (≥18 years) with a positive C trachomatis vaginal swab who agreed to provide self-collected anorectal swabs for C trachomatis detection. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1), using block sizes of six and eight and stratification by each investigating centre, to orally receive either azithromycin (a single 1-g dose, with or without food) or doxycycline (100 mg in the morning and evening at mealtimes for 7 days [ie, 100 mg of doxycycline twice per day for 7 days]). All laboratory staff who did the bacteriological analyses, but not the participants and the investigators, were masked to the treatment groups. The primary outcome was the microbiological anorectal cure rate defined as a C trachomatis-negative nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) result in anorectal specimens 6 weeks after treatment initiation among women who had a baseline C trachomatis-positive anorectal NAAT result. The primary analysis was done in the modified intention-to-treat population, with multiple imputation, which included all women who underwent randomisation and had a C trachomatis-positive vaginal and anorectal NAAT result at baseline. Adverse events were reported in all women who underwent randomisation. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT03532464. Between Oct 19, 2018, and April 17, 2020, we randomly assigned a total of 460 participants to either the doxycycline group (n=230) or the azithromycin group (n=230). Four (1%) of 460 participants were excluded because they refused to take doxycycline or were found to be ineligible after randomisation. Among the 456 participants, 357 (78%) had a concurrent C trachomatis-positive anorectal NAAT result at baseline; 184 (52%) of 357 were in the doxycycline group and 173 (48%) were in the azithromycin group (ie, the modified intention-to-treat population). Microbiological anorectal cure occurred in 147 (94%) of 156 participants in the doxycycline group (28 missing values) versus 120 (85%) of 142 in the azithromycin group (31 missing values; adjusted odds ratio with imputation of missing values 0·43 [95% CI 0·21-0·91]; p=0·0274). Reported adverse events possibly related to treatment were notified in 53 (12%) of 456 women: 24 (11%) of 228 in the doxycycline group and 29 (13%) of 228 in the azithromycin group. Gastrointestinal disorders were the most frequently occurring, in 43 (9%) of 456 women: 17 (8%) of 228 in the doxycycline group and 26 (11%) of 228 in the azithromycin group. The microbiological anorectal cure rate was significantly lower among women who received a single dose of azithromycin than among those who received a 1-week course of doxycycline. This finding suggests that doxycycline should be the first-line therapy for C trachomatis infection in women. French Ministry of Health. For the French translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

Learning, Inside and Out: Prior Linguistic Knowledge and Learning Environment Impact Word Learning in Bilingual Individuals

Although several studies have focused on novel word learning and lexicalization in (presumably) monolingual speakers, less is known about how bilinguals add novel words to their mental lexicon. In this study we trained 33 English–French bilinguals on novel word-forms that were neighbors to English words with no existing neighbors. The number of novel neighbors to each English word varied, as did the cross-linguistic orthographic overlap between the English word and its French translation. We assessed episodic memory and lexicalization of the novel words before and after a consolidation period. Cross-linguistic similarity enhanced episodic memory of novel neighbors only when neighborhood density among the novel neighbors was low. We also found evidence that novel neighbors of English words with high cross-linguistic similarity became lexicalized after a consolidation period. Overall, the results suggest that similarity to preexisting lexical representations crucially impacted lexicalization of novel words by bilingual individuals.

Treatment outcomes 24 months after initiating short, all-oral bedaquiline-containing or injectable-containing rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis treatment regimens in South Africa: a retrospective cohort study

SummaryBackgroundThere is a need for short and safe all-oral treatment of rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis. We compared outcomes up to 24 months after treatment initiation for patients with rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis in South Africa treated with a short, all-oral bedaquiline-containing regimen (bedaquiline group), or a short, injectable-containing regimen (injectable group).MethodsPatients with rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis, aged 18 years or older, eligible for a short regimen starting treatment between Jan 1 and Dec 31, 2017, with a bedaquiline-containing or WHO recommended injectable-containing treatment regimen of 9–12 months, registered in the drug-resistant tuberculosis database (EDRWeb), and with known age, sex, HIV status, and national identification number were eligible for study inclusion; patients receiving linezolid, carbapenems, terizidone or cycloserine, delamanid, or para-aminosalicylic acid were excluded. Bedaquiline was given at a dose of 400 mg once daily for two weeks followed by 200 mg three times a week for 22 weeks. To compare regimens, patients were exactly matched on HIV and ART status, previous tuberculosis treatment history, and baseline acid-fast bacilli smear and culture result, while propensity score matched on age, sex, province of treatment, and isoniazid-susceptibility status. We did binomial linear regression to estimate adjusted risk differences (aRD) and 95% CIs for 24-month outcomes, which included: treatment success (ie, cure or treatment completion without evidence of recurrence) versus all other outcomes, survival versus death, disease free survival versus survival with treatment failure or recurrence, and loss to follow-up versus all other outcomes.FindingsOverall, 1387 (14%) of 10152 patients with rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis treated during 2017 met inclusion criteria; 688 in the bedaquiline group and 699 in the injectable group. Four patients (1%) had treatment failure or recurrence, 44 (6%) were lost to follow-up, and 162 (24%) died in the bedaquiline group, compared with 17 (2%), 87 (12%), and 199 (28%), respectively, in the injectable group. In adjusted analyses, treatment success was 14% (95% CI 8–20) higher in the bedaquiline group than in the injectable group (70% vs 57%); loss to follow-up was 4% (1–8) lower in the bedaquiline group (6% vs 12%); and disease-free survival was 2% (0–5) higher in the bedaquiline group (99% vs 97%). The bedaquiline group had 8% (4–11) lower risk of mortality during treatment (17·0% vs 22·4%), but there was no difference in mortality post-treatment.InterpretationPatients in the bedaquiline group experienced significantly higher rates of treatment success at 24 months. This finding supports the use of short bedaquiline-containing regimens in eligible patients.FundingWHO Global TB Programme.TranslationFor the French translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

Translating the Lottery: Moral and Political Issues in Pietro Chiari’s La Giuocatrice Di Lotto and Its French and English Translations

ABSTRACT This article presents a comparative analysis of the Italian author Pietro Chiari’s novel La Giuocatrice di Lotto (1757), Jean Antoine Lebrun-Tossa’s French translation Le Terne à la Loterie (1801), and Thomas Evanson White’s English translation The Prize in the Lottery (1817), exploring how the three versions of the novel deal with specific moral and political issues attached to the topic of the lottery. By combining literary analysis with perspectives from book history and cultural history, the article explores translation as a socio-historically situated discursive practice that takes place not only on the textual but also on the paratextual level. The article’s major argument is that the three versions of the novel produce significantly different perspectives on the lottery as a moral and political problem, situated in different historical, national, and cultural contexts.

X-Transformer: A Machine Translation Model Enhanced by the Self-Attention Mechanism

Machine translation has received significant attention in the field of natural language processing not only because of its challenges but also due to the translation needs that arise in the daily life of modern people. In this study, we design a new machine translation model named X-Transformer, which refines the original Transformer model regarding three aspects. First, the model parameter of the encoder is compressed. Second, the encoder structure is modified by adopting two layers of the self-attention mechanism consecutively and reducing the point-wise feed forward layer to help the model understand the semantic structure of sentences precisely. Third, we streamline the decoder model size, while maintaining the accuracy. Through experiments, we demonstrate that having a large number of decoder layers not only affects the performance of the translation model but also increases the inference time. The X-Transformer reaches the state-of-the-art result of 46.63 and 55.63 points in the BiLingual Evaluation Understudy (BLEU) metric of the World Machine Translation (WMT), from 2014, using the English–German and English–French translation corpora, thus outperforming the Transformer model with 19 and 18 BLEU points, respectively. The X-Transformer significantly reduces the training time to only 1/3 times that of the Transformer. In addition, the heat maps of the X-Transformer reach token-level precision (i.e., token-to-token attention), while the Transformer model remains at the sentence level (i.e., token-to-sentence attention).

Dante’s Hell in Middle French: Between Respect for the Source and Ambitions of the Translator

This paper focuses on the most ancient French translation of Dante’s Inferno known to this day (Torino, BNU, L.III.17). More specifically, this article studies the first six cantos. The translation is analysed with consideration to three aspects. Firstly, it is compared to the contemporaneous translations to Middle French, between the 15th and 16th centuries, with a focus on methods, conceptualisation of translation, and translators’ goals. Secondly, the Enfer is studied as a translation of Dante’s work by describing the translator’s strategies towards their source. Several linguistic elements are thus discussed, which manifest a will to remain true to the original work, nuanced by some translating mechanisms that show the opposite behaviour. Thirdly, the translation is studied as a literary object per se, through an analysis of stylistic elements that the translator kept or introduced. These three aspects allow a global judgment of the text and highlight its qualities, which will need to be extended to the whole Enfer.

Evidence-based-practice profile among physiotherapists: a cross-sectional survey in France

Purpose To establish an inventory of the Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) among physiotherapists (PT) in France assessing EBP knowledge, perception, and utilisation in practice. Method A cross-sectional survey was performed using a French translation of the EBP2 questionnaire including the 5 EBP domains (Relevance, Terminology, Confidence, Practice and Sympathy). Participants completed the online survey from February 26th to August 31st, 2021. Scores were summarised by EBP domain for each participant. Pairwise Pearson’s correlations between domains scores and a hierarchical clustering on principal component analysis were conducted. Results In total, 542 participants were included in the analysis. Majority of participants were male with median age of 30 years (IQR: 26–36 years). Regarding EBP domain scores, PT perceived relevance of EBP but had difficulty to apply it in practice. Furthermore, positive correlations exist between the 5 domains. Participants were divided into three clusters. Those reporting poor scientific analysis skills and high barriers were older, less graduated, less trained in EBP and graduated earlier. Conclusion French PT perceived research to be important in their current practice and had a favourable opinion of EBP. However, they reported a lack of confidence, difficulty to understand terminology and to use it in practice. These findings and their profiles may help to improve PT’s EBP education in France.

Safety and efficacy of subcutaneous night-time only apomorphine infusion to treat insomnia in patients with Parkinson's disease (APOMORPHEE): a multicentre, randomised, controlled, double-blind crossover study

Insomnia is a frequent complaint of patients with Parkinson's disease, and it negatively affects quality of life. Drugs that improve both sleep and parkinsonism would be of major benefit to patients with Parkinson's disease-related insomnia. We aimed to test the safety and efficacy of subcutaneous night-time only apomorphine infusion in patients with Parkinson's disease and insomnia. We did a randomised, multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial in 11 expert centres in Parkinson's disease and sleep centres in France. Participants aged 35-90 years with fluctuating Parkinson's disease and moderate to severe insomnia (Insomnia Severity Index score ≥15) were randomly assigned to either first receive night-time subcutaneous apomorphine (up to 5 mg/h) or matching placebo. Randomisation was done using a computer-generated plan in blocks of four, stratified by centre. This first intervention was followed by a 14-night washout period, then crossover to the other intervention. The treatment periods consisted of a 10-night titration phase followed by a 7-night fixed-dose phase. The dose was adjusted during the titration phase on the basis of a daily telephone call assessing sleep quality and treatment tolerability. The primary efficacy endpoint was the difference in Parkinson's disease sleep scale (PDSS) scores from the beginning to the end of each treatment period. Analysis was done on an intention-to-treat basis. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02940912. Between Jan 31, 2017, and Jan 29, 2021, 46 participants were enrolled. 25 (54%) patients were randomly assigned to receive apomorphine first and 21 (46%) patients to receive placebo first. Mean change in PDSS score was significantly greater with night-time apomorphine infusion (15·18 [SD 24·34]) compared with placebo (5·23 [21·52]; treatment effect 9·95 [95% CI 0·88-19·03]; p=0·041). Adverse events were reported in 25 (54%) participants during the apomorphine period and in 17 (37%) participants during the placebo period (p=0·16). Apomorphine was associated with more frequent dizziness than was placebo (seven [15%] vs 0; p=0·041). Subcutaneous night-time only apomorphine infusion improved sleep disturbances according to difference on PDSS score, with an overall safety profile consistent with previous studies in Parkinson's disease. This treatment might be useful to manage sleep disturbances in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease and moderate to severe insomnia. Orkyn and Aguettant Pharma. For the French translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

French Sign Language/French Translation Studies in France: A Mini Review

In this mini review, we present an overview of existing research in French sign language (LSF)/French translation studies in France. The practice of LSF/French interpreting is ancient, since traces of it can be found in the High Middle Ages, but its professionalization is more recent (it dates from the Deaf Revival of 1975–1995). The profession of French to LSF translator is even more recent: it dates from about 10 years ago. Following this professionalization, translation studies research emerged about 30 years ago. It has been developing particularly over the last 20 years, driven by university programs (MA in LSF/French interpretation and translation). This research is multifaceted and is not confined to a single discipline. Indeed, translation studies are inherently multidisciplinary, and we can find references to translation and interpretation in historic, linguistic, sociologic, or computer science studies, among others. Moreover, translation studies are also part of different schools of thought, which can be explained historically. In this paper, we present an overview of translation research concerning LSF/French interpretation and translation (practiced by both deaf and hearing people) in France. We also address the prospects for further developments, related to the emergence of new practices, and the question of the didactic applications of these different researches in the field of interpreters and translators training within 5 universities in France.

French translation and validation of the International Trauma Questionnaire in a Canadian community sample

BackgroundThe diagnosis of complex post-traumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) was recently included into the 11th edition of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11). Recognizing the need for a brief and specific measure CPTSD symptoms as defined by the ICD-11, Cloitre and her team (2018) developed the original English version of the International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ). The ITQ is composed of two scales—‘post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)’ and ‘disturbances in self-organization’ (DSO), respectively subdivided into three subscales. It was found to be psychometrically valid but has yet to be available in French. ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to provide a French version of the ITQ and to examine its factorial validity, internal consistency, and convergent validity in a French-speaking Canadian sample. ParticipantsThe sample included 335 French-Canadian adults from the community. MethodsThe ITQ was translated in French, back translated into English, and deemed equivalent by the original ITQ's author. Participants answered the French version of the ITQ, as well as measures of convergent validity, via phone interview. ResultsConfirmatory factorial analyses revealed that the French ITQ presented the same factor structure as the original ITQ. Composite reliability scores revealed good internal consistency for both scales, and all but one subscale. Pearson's correlation and Steiger's Z test revealed good convergent validity. ConclusionThis study supports the factorial validity, internal consistency, and convergent validity of the French version of the ITQ, suggesting that it is a psychometrically sound measure of CPTSD.

Estimating the cost of achieving basic water, sanitation, hygiene, and waste management services in public health-care facilities in the 46 UN designated least-developed countries: a modelling study

SummaryBackgroundAn alarming number of public health-care facilities in low-income and middle-income countries lack basic water, sanitation, hygiene (WASH), and waste management services. This study estimates the costs of achieving full coverage of basic WASH and waste services in existing public health facilities in the 46 UN designated least-developed countries (LDCs).MethodsIn this modelling study, in-need facilities were quantified by combining published counts of public facilities with estimated basic WASH and waste service coverage. Country-specific per-facility capital and recurrent costs to deliver basic services were collected via survey of country WASH experts and officials between Sept 24 and Dec 24, 2020. Baseline cost estimates were modelled and discounted by 5% per year. Key assumptions were adjusted to produce lower and upper estimates, including adjusting the discount rate to 8% and 3% per year, respectively.FindingsAn estimated US$6·5 billion to $9·6 billion from 2021 to 2030 is needed to achieve full coverage of basic WASH and waste services in public health facilities in LDCs. Capital costs are $2·9 billion to $4·8 billion and recurrent costs are $3·6 billion to $4·8 billion over this time period. A mean of $0·24–0·40 per capita in capital investment is needed each year, and annual operations and maintenance costs are expected to increase from $0·10 in 2021 to $0·39–0·60 in 2030. Waste management accounts for the greatest share of costs, requiring $3·7 billion (46·6% of the total) in the baseline estimates, followed by $1·8 billion (23·1%) for sanitation, $1·5 billion (19·5%) for water, and $845 million (10·7%) for hygiene. Needs are greatest for non-hospital facilities ($7·4 billion [94%] of $7·9 billion) and for facilities in rural areas ($5·3 billion [68%]).InterpretationInvestment will need to increase to reach full coverage of basic WASH and waste services in public health facilities. Financial needs are modest compared with current overall health and WASH spending, and better service coverage will yield substantial health benefits. To sustain services and prevent degradation and early replacement, countries will need to routinely budget for operations and maintenance of WASH and waste management assets.FundingWHO (including underlying grants from the governments of Japan, the Netherlands, and the UK), World Bank (including an underlying grant from the Global Water Security and Sanitation Partnership), and UNICEF.TranslationsFor the Arabic, French and Portuguese translations of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

Post-intensive care screening: French translation and validation of the Healthy Aging Brain Care-Monitor, hybrid version

BackgroundThe Healthy Aging Brain Care-Monitor (HABC-M) questionnaires (self-reported version and caregiver version) have been validated for post-intensive care syndrome (PICS) detection in patients surviving a stay in the intensive care unit (ICU). Their authors have also developed a hybrid version (HABC-M-HV) suited to the daily needs of their post-ICU follow-up clinic. The objectives of the present cross-sectional observational study were to translate the HABC-M-HV questionnaire into French (HABC-M-HV-F) according to international guidelines and to test its measurement properties.MethodsThe HABC-M-HV was translated according to international guidelines. The measurement performances of the questionnaire were tested using internal consistency, test–retest reliability, Standard Error of Measurement (SEM) and Smallest Detectable Change (SDC) calculation, floor and ceiling effect measurement and construct validity.ResultsThe validation study included 51 ICU survivors (27.5% women, 63 [55–71] years old). The questionnaire was administered by phone. The internal consistency was very good (Cronbach’s alpha coefficient 0.79). The intra- and inter-examinator reliabilities were excellent (Intraclass Coefficient Correlation = 0.99 and 0.97, respectively). The SEM was 0.62 and the SDC was 1.72. No floor or ceiling effects were observed. The convergent validity was almost entirely confirmed with 71.4% of our hypothesis confirmed.ConclusionThe HABC-M-HV-F has been shown to be a valid and reliable tool for PICS screening and follow-up in French-speaking ICU survivors. A remote administration by phone was feasible.Trial registration: Not applicable.