French Scientists Research Articles

Transtextual study of cinematic discourse

The article examines textual connections that cinematic discourse establishes with other precedent discourses. The research is based on the theory of transtextuality developed by the French scientist, Gerard Genette. The paper proves the ability of cinematic discourse to form all types of transtextual connections: intertextual, paratextual, metatextual, hypertextual, and architectual. Based on the analysis of these relations, their specific characteristics and functions are determined. Namely, to convey meanings explicitly or implicitly, make references to literary texts, previous films, movie images, influence the process of perception and understanding of cinematic discourse, guide viewers’ expectations in a certain direction, modify discourse of the past using the present, and employing the past, predict the future. In addition, the research contributes to the study of cinematic discourse and reveals the important characteristic of its structure — openness.

Analysis of Klavdii Semyonovich Nemeshaev’s activities as the Minister of Railways of the Russian Empire

The article continues the series of publications devoted to the assessment of activities of the heads of the Ministry of Railways of the Russian Empire. In this article, the authors attempt to systematize and analyze historical data on the activities of Klavdii Semyonovich Nemeshaev as the Minister of Railways of the Russian Empire. There are numerous biographical studies devoted to K. S. Nemeshaev, but little is known about his activities as a minister, and to date the data are scattered and not systematized. The analysis of archival materials, scientific publications, memoirs of Nemeshaev's contemporaries and colleagues allowed us to conduct a detailed assessment of his activities and ministerial policy. It has been found that despite his short term of office, Nemeshaev's consistent policy and extensive managerial experience allowed him to carry out two significant reforms in a short time. The first one involved redistribution of the state-owned railway lines between separate local administrations and merging them into larger groups, which was important in terms of improving their operations and facilitating the cost efficiency, as well as speeding up freight traffic. In opinion of the authors of this article, another important achievement of Nemeshaev as the Minister of Railways was the establishment in 1906 of the central, local and district committees regulating mass transportation of goods. This was the first centralized measure aimed at managing the rolling stock. Nemeshaev's extensive managerial experience, high erudition and energy also led to prominent outcomes in some other areas of the Ministry operation. Attempts were made to create syndicates of shipowners in river transport. Modernization of river and sea vessels was carried out. Works on projects for the development of the Northern Sea Route has begun. The article also assesses the development and construction of railway network in the Russian Empire during Nemeshaev's office, in particular, of the Amur Line and Moscow Encircle Railway, as well as the increase in the capacity of the Trans-Siberian Railway. It has been found out that K. S. Nemeshaev paid great attention to various social aspects of railway employees’ activities. The article also highlights the legislative policy of the Ministry of Railways of that period. Nemeshaev's participation in the preparation of the French scientist’s Paul Pelliot and the Russian officer’s Carl Gustaf Mannerheim joint trip to China has been analyzed. Due to the mass replacement of light and worn-out rails on state-owned railways with heavier ones and the need to discharge a significant number of steam locomotives built in the 1850s and 1860s, an introduction of more powerful steam locomotives was expedient. The article discusses K. S. Nemeshaev's contribution to the development of technology and the introduction of a new type of freight steam locomotive for state-owned railways. Nemeshaev's political views have also been assessed.

Application of Eye Tracking Technology in Aviation, Maritime, and Construction Industries: A Systematic Review.

Most accidents in the aviation, maritime, and construction industries are caused by human error, which can be traced back to impaired mental performance and attention failure. In 1596, Du Laurens, a French anatomist and medical scientist, said that the eyes are the windows of the mind. Eye tracking research dates back almost 150 years and it has been widely used in different fields for several purposes. Overall, eye tracking technologies provide the means to capture in real time a variety of eye movements that reflect different human cognitive, emotional, and physiological states, which can be used to gain a wider understanding of the human mind in different scenarios. This systematic literature review explored the different applications of eye tracking research in three high-risk industries, namely aviation, maritime, and construction. The results of this research uncovered the demographic distribution and applications of eye tracking research, as well as the different technologies that have been integrated to study the visual, cognitive, and attentional aspects of human mental performance. Moreover, different research gaps and potential future research directions were highlighted in relation to the usage of additional technologies to support, validate, and enhance eye tracking research to better understand human mental performance.

АNALYSIS OF COMPARATIVE FEMINIST RESEARCH

This article reveals the features of the emergence of literature on feminism in the context of world literature, examines the problems posed by researches in this area and takes into account the scientific discussions of gender scientists. In addition, in the study of feminist literature various approaches, principles and concepts of Russian, English, and French and Uzbek scientists are being studied. The study cites the works of scientists who have identified the place of a number of phenomena in gender literature, such as "gender", "reception", "classical works", "conformity", and "receptive aesthetics". The study examines methods for analyzing materials of gender discourse in feminist literature, comments on the research directions of gender scientists and examines in detail various aspects of gender in the works.

Socio-Technical Design for Public Interest Technology

French political and social scientist, Ellul <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">[1, pp. 52–60]</xref> explained that in prehistoric times, invention was a necessity, a movement to ensure humans could survive the elements. By the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, he noticed an obvious shift in the reason for invention: from necessity to that of the special interest of the state. By the 19th century again, the reason for invention changed to that of the special interest of the bourgeoisie who could see the profits that could be generated by the deliberate development of a technique. Since about the 1600s people have invested their money in stock in order to receive dividends; this practice became particularly attractive in the 20th century.

History of the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN)-I: pre-SuperDARN developments in high frequency radar technology for ionospheric research and selected scientific results

Abstract. Part I of this history describes the motivations for developing radars in the high frequency (HF) band to study plasma density irregularities in the F region of the auroral zone and polar cap ionospheres. French and Swedish scientists were the first to use HF frequencies to study the Doppler velocities of HF radar backscatter from F-region plasma density irregularities over northern Sweden. These observations encouraged the author of this paper to pursue similar measurements over northeastern Alaska, and this eventually led to the construction of a large HF-phased-array radar at Goose Bay, Labrador, Canada. This radar utilized frequencies from 8–20 MHz and could be electronically steered over 16 beam directions, covering a 52∘ azimuth sector. Subsequently, similar radars were constructed at Schefferville, Quebec, and Halley Station, Antarctica. Observations with these radars showed that F-region backscatter often exhibited Doppler velocities that were significantly above and below the ion-acoustic velocity. This distinguished HF Doppler measurements from prior measurements of E-region irregularities that were obtained with radars operating at very high frequency (VHF) and ultra-high frequency (UHF). Results obtained with these early HF radars are also presented. They include comparisons of Doppler velocities observed with HF radars and incoherent scatter radars, comparisons of plasma convection patterns observed simultaneously in conjugate hemispheres, and the response of these patterns to changes in the interplanetary magnetic field, transient velocity enhancements in the dayside cusp, preferred frequencies for geomagnetic pulsations, and observations of medium-scale atmospheric gravity waves with HF radars.

Ernest Rutherford’s ambitions

One of the pioneers of radioactivity research, Rutherford feared his work would be overlooked—and changed his publishing strategies to make sure it wasn’t.

Náboženství, etika a život

This study discusses the essential contributions concerning religion, ethics, and life of the recently deceased Czech philosopher and Charter 77 signatory, Jan Sokol. It argues that Sokol’s broad interests and contributions to many fields, ranging from religious studies, philosophical anthropology, to the philosophy of law, are embedded into a broadly conceived philosophy of life influenced mainly by the French philosopher, scientist, and Jesuit, Teilhard de Chardin. After encountering the works of Teilhard in the 1960s, Sokol began to elaborate his own philosophy of life, which enabled him to converge his interests in the sciences and phenomenology with his faith in biblical creation. The study shows how Sokol’s understanding of religion and ethics is intrinsically interwoven with his concept of life and evolution, and so it forms, as it were, the core of his thought underlying many of his interests and contributions. Particular attention is paid to the phenomenon of rhythm, which, according to Sokol, permeates both cultural and organic, as well as non-organic, nature, and exemplifies an underlying unity of the world.

(2806) Proposal to conserve the name Cistus violaceus (Helianthemum violaceum) against C. racemosus (Cistaceae)

(2806) Proposal to conserve the name <i>Cistus violaceus</i> (<i>Helianthemum violaceum</i>) against <scp><i>C</i>. <i>racemosus</i></scp> (<i>Cistaceae</i>)

History Of Great Discoveries In Physics

History of great discoveries in physics french scientist AA Beckerel, german physicist VK Rentgen, english physicist, founder of nuclear physics, polish scientists E. Rutherford, french physicists Maria and Pierre Curie, german scientist G. Schmut, Russian chemist D.I. Mendeleev, english physicist and chemist F. Simple, romanian chemist and physicist G.Heveshi, austrian radiochemist and chemist F.Panet, english physicist J.D.Cockroft, Irish physicist E.T.S. Walton, the english physicist-experimenter J. Chedwick, is directly and indirectly associated with the names of the italian scientist E. Fermi.

The Deep Structure of the Alps Based on the CIFALPS Seismic Experiment: A Synthesis

AbstractThe European Alps are the site where classic geologic concepts such as nappe theory, continental subduction and slab breakoff have been first proposed. However, the deep tectonic structure of the Alps has long been poorly constrained by independent geophysical evidence. This review paper summarizes the main results of the CIFALPS passive seismic experiment, that was launched by Chinese, French and Italian scientists in the 2010s to provide new insights on the deep tectonic structure of the Alpine region. The application of a wide range of tomographic methods to the analysis of a single fossil subduction zone makes the CIFALPS experiment a potential reference case for the analysis of other orogenic belts. Major results include: (i) the first seismic evidence of European continental crust subducted into the Adriatic upper mantle, beneath the place where coesite was first recognized in continental (U)HP rocks in the Alps; (ii) evidence of a major involvement of the mantle wedge during (U)HP rock exhumation; (iii) evidence of a serpentinized plate interface favoring continental subduction; (iv) evidence of a continuous slab beneath the Western and Central Alps, ruling out the classic model of slab breakoff magmatism; (v) evidence of a polyphase development of anisotropic fabrics in the Alpine mantle, either representing active mantle flows or fossil fabrics inherited from previous rifting stages. Detection of these major tectonic features allows to propose interpretive geologic cross‐sections at the scale of the lithosphere and upper mantle, providing a baseline for future analyses of active continental margins.

Truchet Tiles and Combinatorial Arabesque

In this paper, we introduce a new topic on geometric patterns issued from Truchet tile, that we agree to call combinatorial arabesque. The originally Truchet tile, by reference to the French scientist of 17th century Sébastien Truchet, is a square split along the diagonal into two triangles of contrasting colors. We define an equivalence relation on the set of all square tiling of same size, leading naturally to investigate the equivalence classes and their cardinality. Thanks to this class notion, it will be possible to measure the beauty degree of a Truchet square tiling by means of an appropriate algebraic group. Also, we define many specific arabesques such as entirely symmetric, magic and hyper-maximal arabesques. Mathematical characterizations of such arabesques are established facilitating thereby their enumeration and their algorithmic generating. Finally the notion of irreducibility is introduced on arabesques.

Charging Responsibility for the Repercussions of Pesticide Usage in Post-War Francophone Africa

Abstract Rachel Carson's Silent Spring (1960) spurred regulation of pesticides in the west in the 1970s, but agricultural labourers in the tropics have continued to work with insecticides up to the present. This article relates the experiences of farmers in Senegal and other former French colonies with pesticides and analyses concerns over their uses. In mid-twentieth century West Africa, 'prosperous peasants' launched economic booms and helped their countries gain degrees of independence. But overlooking pesticide usage ignores the sacrifices and violence done to the communities involved. Some French scientists were disturbed by insecticides' consequences in the former colonies. Yet their concerns were dismissed in favour of economic expediency, public health and political loyalty. The blame shifted from the industry and onto the users. When agriculture became less profitable and pesticides more expensive, sympathetic concerns were raised once again, but the damage had already been done.

Stony Brook’s High-Pressure Laboratory Collaborations with French Scientists

For more than a half century, my colleagues and I in the Stony Brook High Pressure Laboratory have profited from collaborations with French scientists in their laboratories in Orsay, Paris, Toulouse, Lille, Lyon, Strasbourg and Rennes. These interactions have included postdoctoral appointments of French colleagues in our laboratory as well as two année sabbatique by me; in 1983-84, in the Laboratoire de Géophysique et Géodynamique Interne at the Université Paris XI in Orsay and in 2020-2003 in the Laboratoire des Méchanismes et Transfert en Géologie at the Université Paul Sabatier in Toulouse. The objective of this report is to relate this history and to illustrate the scientific advances which resulted from these collaborations.

ПОЧАТОК НАУКОВОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ І. М. ЄРЕМЕЄВА ТА ЙОГО ПЕРШІ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ В ГАЛУЗІ АГРОНОМІЇ (1909–1912 рр.)

The article is devoted to the exploration of the first period of Ivan Maksymovych Yeremeiev’s scientific activity during his studies in France. I. M. Yeremeiev began his scientific path in France, where he obtained the qualification of an agriscientist engineer at the Agricultural University in Nancy. This allowed him to continue his studies and engage in practical experiments at the Botanical Garden of Sorbonne, where he was able to acquire the latest views and methods of agronomy from French scientists. Here the future breeder first gets acquainted with the practice of breeding, working for Vilmoren company. During this period, the first scientific articles of the young scientist on the subject of horticulture, vegetable growing and phytopathology were published in specialized journals of the Russian Empire. These works provide an opportunity to analyze the formation of I. M. Yeremeiev as a scientist and to outline the scope of his specialization – the problem of plant pathology. Research characterizes him as a scientist who has an innovative view of agronomic science and original ideas for its practical implementation. The article analyzes the first substantial paper of the scientist «Diseases of fruit trees and their control», which describes in detail his research in the field of phytopathology. The paper was written on the basis of theoretical knowledge acquired by I. М. Yeremeiev during his studies. The results obtained from his own practical experiments and observations, which he performed while working at Vilmoren company, served as an important source material for the paper. The young scientist is an expert in the study of fruit trees fungal diseases and means of combating them. His paper is an important source for further research on plant disease. Thus, we conclude that in the period from 1909 to 1912 I. М. Yeremeiev was formed as a scientist, practitioner and phytopathologist. Knowledge in this area allowed to perform further work on the selection of agricultural crops.

The Migration Crisis of 2015 as Assessed by French Scientists

The Migration Crisis of 2015 as Assessed by French Scientists

“Исламский фактор” и общественно-политическая дискуссия по вопросам иммиграции в современной Франции

The article considers the place of Muslims in the socio-political life of modern France. The heterogeneity of the Muslim community, different trends within it, the attitude of French Muslims to religion and its place in life are shown. It is noted that in recent years, French Muslims, especially young ones, have become more religious and more often observe the norms of the Koran. There is a growing number of Muslims who believe that the French secular state must adapt to Islamic norms of life. Against this background, especially in connection with the terrorist attacks that have not stopped since 2015, French society is growing distrust of Muslims. Most of the French perceive Islam as a “threat to the Republic”. These sentiments are reflected in the socio-political discussion around issues related to immigration and the “Islamic factor”, which involves well-known French intellectuals, writers and scientists. In the discussion, the supporters of “happy globalization”, who believe that France will be saved by open borders (including President E. Macron and his followers), are opposed by “declinists”, who are afraid of “dissolving” France in the global world. Some advocate the recognition of communitarist movements, some defend the principles of French and/or Muslim identity, others defend multiculturalism, and yet others defend the Republican principles of “one nation” and the secular school. Recently, the discussion has included topics such as racism/anti-racism, the colonial past and anti-colonialism. The country approves a “cancel culture”, which came from the United States and is new to France. An intolerant “cancel culture” contributes to radicalization of the discussion. Another new phenomenon is “anti-white racism” in the French university environment, evident in the fact that meetings are held in universities, attending which is prohibited for “whites”. The peculiarity of the socio-political discussion today is that the number of its participants has increased dramatically. With the expansion of the circle of interested parties and the emergence of new platforms for discussion (social networks, messengers), it has acquired a new quality, and its tone is becoming more aggressive and irreconcilable.

Early strength properties of geopolymer concrete composites: An experimental study

The fundamental motive of this paper is the systematic investigation of geopolymer concrete (GPC) composites behaviour when different binding materials in certain percentages are replaced completely with cement, to analyse the mechanical properties and bonding between aggregates and geopolymer paste. The term Geopolymer was coined by French scientist Joseph Davidovits in 1978, a confection of compounds comprises of repeating units like silicon oxide (-Si-O-Si-O), silico-aluminate (-Si-O-Al-O) constituted through a process of geopolymerization by utilizing modern waste. The waste by-product material which contains the most part of silicon (Si) and Aluminium (Al) is a source material to produce geopolymer. Geopolymer is a man-made polymer composite which is an eco-friendly continual product by substituting the traditional concrete. Fly ash, Ground Granulated Blast furnace slag (GGBS), silica fume, metakaolin (MK), rice husk ash (RHA) and other alumino-siliceous materials are used as substitute binders to Portland cement under different alkaline Activating solutions [NaOH, KOH, Ba (OH)2 and LiOH]. GGBS, MK, and RHA were used as supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) to cement and as a substitute to cement and binder in this geopolymer concrete. The specimens are cured at ambient temperature conditions. Mechanical properties include compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength of the GPC mix specimens are studied for different time periods (7,21 and 28 days) and the strengths were determined. NDT results are also matching with the DT results for some of the GPC mixes. Alkaline Activating Solutions (AAS) are prepared in the molarities of 8, 10 with the unification of sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The source materials used in this study are widely available waste by-products from industries and these are eco-friendly materials due to very less carbon emissions in comparison with cement.

ЗНАЧЕНИЕ ТЕОРИИ ДЕЛОКАЛИЗАЦИИ ДЛЯ РАЗВИТИЯ ФРАНЦУЗСКОГО ЗАКОНОДАТЕЛЬСТВА О МЕЖДУНАРОДНОМ КОММЕРЧЕСКОМ АРБИТРАЖЕ

The notion of delocalisation of international commercial arbitration has recently drawn increasing attention from Russian and foreign scholars. The main problematic of scientific discussions relates to the question of how closely international commercial arbitration is related to the legal order of the seat of arbitration. The emergence and development of the theory of delocalisation of international commer-cial arbitration is inextricably linked to the French legal science. French scientists stand at the origins of this theory. Besides, French law and jurisprudence have been significantly influenced by the theory of delocalisation of international commercial arbitration. The following provi-sions of the French legislation provide the most significant examples. First, article 1511 of the French code of civil procedure constitutes a basis for the use by arbitrators of the method of direct choice of law (“voie directe”). This implies that arbitrators do not have to apply any conflict of laws rules. Therefore, French law provides for a broad autonomy of arbitrators in the choice of law, while at the same time reducing the link between arbitration and national law, including the French law. French law is thus in perfect harmony with the concept of delocalisation of international commercial arbitration. Second, it is worth mentioning that the French code of civil procedure contains a limited number of grounds for refusal of recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards. This particularity permits to ensure the highest efficiency of international commercial arbitration, to maintain an arbitration friendly approach at the stage of recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards, as well as to recognise and enforce arbitral awards that have been set aside at the seat of arbitration. This corresponds to the idea of delocalisation of international commercial arbitration. Third, the influence of the delocalisation theory on the French legislation is also reflected in the scope of international competence of the French supporting judge, who can act in cases where one of the parties incurs the risk of denial of justice. This means that the French sup-porting judge is entitled, for example, to nominate an arbitrator if one of the parties fails to do so, even if the dispute does not have any objective links to France. The features of the French legislation on international commercial arbitration examined above prove that it is impacted by the theory of delocalisation of international commercial arbitration. The recognition in legal science, law and court practice of the autonomy of inter-national commercial arbitration from national legal orders contributes to the growth of attrac-tiveness of Paris as a place of cross-border dispute resolution.

Estado laico e dinâmicas religiosas no Brasil: tensões e dissonâncias

Este texto busca examinar as tensões e dissonâncias na relação entre religião e espaço público no Brasil contemporâneo. Partindo de uma sociologia e antropologia dos fenômenos da secularização e da laicidade, pretende demonstrar a porosidade do sistema público/político brasileiro com o meio religioso. Recorrendo a uma perspectiva sócio-histórica procura compreender como as fronteiras entre religião e política no Brasil foram precariamente construídas ao longo da constituição do nosso Estado, sem nunca haverem sido institucionalmente bem demarcadas. Vácuo, que gerou concessões por parte do Estado às religiões majoritárias cristãs, assegurando legitimidade pública à seus símbolos religiosos nos espaços estatais, à princípio, neutros e seculares. Entretanto a Constituição de 1988, representou o influxo de uma legislação moderna e laica que legitimou sujeitos de direitos como mulheres, negros, índios, LGBTs, ambientalistas, etc. Diante deste quadro, esta reflexão ambiciona contribuir para a interpretação da complexidade que significa a presença múltipla e contraditória na esfera pública, tanto das religiões majoritárias cristãs, assentadas em uma agenda de valores religiosos conservadores quanto de projetos liberais e libertários acionados por segmentos da sociedade civil e agentes públicos gerando tensões e dissonâncias. Para compreender esta realidade, enquanto mosaico de interações e antagonismos, buscar-se-á trabalhar com a noção de pluri-confessionalidade do sociólogo mexicano Roberto Blancarte; assim como com aquelas de laicidade “de reconhecimento” e de “integração” do cientista político francês Philippe Portier. Com isto, procura-se aproximar teórica e empiricamente de uma compreensão mais ampla e nuançada do nosso sistema público-político na relação com a dimensão religiosa