French Research Research Articles

Fathers’ Experiences of Caring for a Child with a Chronic Illness: A Systematic Review

The prevalence of children living with chronic health conditions is increasing worldwide and can disrupt family roles, relationships, function, and parental involvement in family caregiving. The purpose of this systematic review was to explore fathers' experiences and involvement in caring for a child with a chronic condition. Systematic searches using seven databases were conducted. Study criteria included (1) peer-reviewed original research in English, Spanish, French, or Portuguese, (2) children less than 19 years of age with a chronic condition, (3) fathers (biological or guardian) as direct informants, and (4) outcomes addressing fathers' experience, perceptions, and/or involvement in the child's care. Data were synthesized from ten articles reflecting eight separate studies that utilized quantitative designs. Three areas of focus were identified: Family Functioning, Father's Psychological Health, and Need for Support. Data suggested increased involvement from the father in caring for their child with a chronic condition was associated with improved family functioning, increased anxiety and distress, decreased self-esteem, and increased need for support. This review revealed a paucity of data regarding fathers' experiences and involvement when caring for a child with a chronic condition, with that available primarily from developed countries. Rigorous empirical studies are needed to deepen understanding of how fathers are involved in the care of their child with a chronic condition.

Human shellfish poisoning: Implementation of a national surveillance program in France

Toxic algae and their toxins represent an emerging public health issue, particularly due to global warming. The toxicological mechanisms of neurotoxic phycotoxins and their human health effects have been widely described (paralytic, neurological, amnesic, and ciguateric toxins). Food poisoning by bivalve shellfish (mussels, oysters…) can cause serious or even fatal neurological disorders, as bivalves accumulate toxins by feeding on harmful algae. However, retrospective study of human shellfish poisoning highlighted the difficulties in identifying cases related to neurotoxic phycotoxins by gathering clinical and biological diagnostic confirmations on the one hand, as well as environmental contaminations on the other. To improve the collection of shellfish poisoning data, the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), French Poison Control Centers (PCCs), the French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea (Ifremer) and the French Defense Procurement Agency (DGA) have developed a prospective surveillance of neurotoxins from algal origin that combines monitoring of poisoning cases (clinical monitoring), of harmful algae and their toxins in shellfish production areas (environmental monitoring), as well as of toxins levels in seafood leftovers and in biological samples from poisoned subjects. This original clinical and environmental monitoring will allow us to have a more complete view of phycotoxin human exposures that are underreported, and to implement measures to protect consumers.

Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Research over the Past Decade: Current Status and Trends.

Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a current research hotspot, with a surge in the output of publications over the past decade. This study dedicates to the exploration of the research status and highlights significant themes and future trends in FMT research with the aid of bibliometric analysis. FMT publications from 2012 to 2021 were retrieved on August 12, 2022, using the SCI-Expanded of Web of Science (WoS). The Bibliometrix in R program, Microsoft Office Excel, VOSviewer, and CiteSpace were utilized for bibliometrics and visual analysis, revealing the main publications, journals, countries, agencies, authors, and keywords distribution in FMT research. There were 2,931 papers included. FMT research presented a growing trend from 2012 to 2021. The countries with the most publications and contributions in FMT area were China and the United States. The high-yield institutions were Harvard University, Udice French Research Universities, and the University of California System. The primary authors were Nieuwdorp Max, Allegretti Jessica R, and Kassam Zain. Frontiers in Microbiology and Science were the top-ranked journals in publications and total citations, respectively. The important topics primarily included FMT-related mechanisms and the usage of FMT in Clostridium difficile infection (CDI), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), metabolic disease, neurological disorders, and psychiatric disorders. Future research would primarily concentrate on neurological disorders, chemotherapy and immunotherapy for malignant tumors, and FMT-related consensus and guidelines. With the help of bibliometric analysis, we were able to obtain the understanding of the status and trends of global FMT-related research. The field of FMT is undergoing tremendous progress, and our findings can guide clinical researchers' and practitioners' future work in the rapidly evolving field of FMT.

Bibliometric analysis of research trends in relationship between sarcopenia and surgery.

The relationship between sarcopenia and surgery has attracted an increasing number of researchers in recent years. Our study aimed to identify the current research hotspot and status in this field by using bibliometric and visualization analysis. Publications about the relationship between sarcopenia and surgery that met the inclusion criteria were collected from the Science Citation Index Expanded. The bibliometric and visualized studies were performed using VOSviewer, and R. A total of 2,261 documents on the relationship between sarcopenia and surgery were included in our study. These articles were written by 13,757 authors from 2,703 institutions in 70 countries and were published in 772 journals. The USA is the most productive and influential country in this field (524 publications and 15,220 citations). The Udice French Research Universities was the most productive institution in this field (57 publications), and the University of Alberta had the largest number of citations. Annuals of Surgical Oncology published the most studies in this field. Shen Xian was the most productive author in this field (number of publications = 19), and Baracos Vickie was the most influential author, whose studies in this field had been cited 2,209 times. The cluster analysis was performed and visualized, and the keywords were classified into 6 clusters: Cluster 1 (body composition and nutrition), Cluster 2 (sarcopenia), Cluster 3 (malnutrition and cachexia), Cluster 4 (cancer surgery), Cluster 5 (elderly and frailty), Cluster 6 (neuromuscular scoliosis). The relationship between sarcopenia and surgery was still a controversial and well-discussed topic in recent years. Our study showed that the study in this field mainly focused on sarcopenia, oncology surgery, orthopedics, and nutrition.

Daryl Siedentop’s Legacy and the French Didactique Tradition: Influences and Convergences

ABSTRACT This article is about Daryl Siedentop’s legacy and the reciprocal influences of his thinking on the French didactique research in physical education (PE). The introduction points out the deep knowledge of French PE Daryl Siedentop had gained through his international activities and how his theoretical and methodological contributions resonated and inspired the French didactique research. A first section presents some key links between the Sport Education model and the didactic approach in terms of curricular choices. The second section emphasizes the distinctive but complementary research perspectives of the classroom ecology and the joint action in didactics for the future of PE. The conclusion returns to Daryl Siedentop’s ontological and epistemological viewpoints and their many common aspects with the French didactique tradition.

What is wrong with the functionalist approach used by French scholars in studying ‘điển’?

Điển was a practice in ancient Vietnamese society that had counterparts across the Sinosphere. In the first part of this article, we study provisions on điển in ancient Vietnamese codes, together with relevant background such as Vietnamese jurisprudence and counterparts of điển. Then, we study điển in contractual practice by deconstructing legal descriptions into social behaviours to understand điển in everyday ancient Vietnamese practice and life. We argue that while ancient Vietnamese legislators did not define what điển was and what điển purported to be or to do, there was a range of uses of điển in reality, deriving from dynamic social needs and creative bargaining practice. In the second part of the article, we study French research on điển, comprising work by French academics and French-educated Vietnamese scholars. We argue that their analyses are problematic because they tried to fit điển into French paradigms despite the divergence of practice and the rich social meanings of điển. In the third part of the article, we argue that the problems with French scholarship can be understood (and thus sympathised with) in light of the need to compare across jurisdictions, with functionalism sometimes being inevitable. We call on functionalism to be reflexive and integrative to better serve comparative legal history.

The Laboratorium: Nineteenth-Century French Studies in the Anglophone Sphere (Part II)

ABSTRACT This is the second instalment of a two-part thematic review of nineteenth-century French research in the Anglophone sphere. The review sets aside the standard sub-disciplinary categories in order to envision a laboratorium, a space of multiple confluent and contiguous lines of exploratory work. In this space, more fluid thematic connections surface between projects irrespective of their focus, their methodology, or their scale, revealing some of the major transversal routes of research across the recent past and the present, and, speculatively, into the future. The two-part review explores biography / body / earth / emotion / experiment / movement / thing.

The Legend of Charlemagne: Envisioning Empire in the Middle Ages, ed. Jace Stuckey. Explorations in Medieval Culture, 15. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2022, ix, 277 pp., 9 color ill.

The myth of Charlemagne never seems to exhaust itself; scholars, artists, writers, and others continuously return to this major figure, who has often been called, rightly or wrongly, the father of medieval Europe, and who continues to influence western political ideologies. Many publications were dedicated to him around 2014 to commemorate his death in 814, and a whole group of scholars united in the “Bristol Charlemagne: A European Icon” project has published a series of focused studies on Charlemagne in English, Latin, French, German and Dutch (by myself), and Spanish literature. Other languages relevant for Charlemagne studies will be Old Norse and Celtic, so this would seem to be pretty exhaustive (<uri href="https://www.charlemagne-icon.ac.uk/">https://www.charlemagne-icon.ac.uk/</uri>). Jace Stuckey, the editor of the present volume, refers to two of those publications, but ignores the rest, and seems to be rather dismissive about that project, and also does not take into account much of the relevant research in French, German, Dutch, etc. Nevertheless, Stuckey claims that this collection, combining a wide range of disciplines in the medieval humanities, cuts across Europe and touches on a variety of topics, which would add considerably to the ongoing debate about this famous emperor.

Digital agriculture in Europe and in France: which organisations can boost adoption levels?

This paper presents the way the digital transformation of the agricultural sector is implemented in Europe and in France. It describes the main European and national strategies, the structure of research and innovation initiatives, and the investment in capacity building to foster innovation, adoption and use. More specifically, the French research and innovation ecosystem on digital agriculture is described. The actors involved come from different organisations, such as research and higher educational institutes, government agencies, agricultural technology (AgTech) companies, farmer unions etc., and work together by means of associations (e.g. Robagri), networks (e.g. RMT Naexus, DigiFermes, Fermes Leader), or living labs (e.g. Occitanum) on both digital technology assessment and co-design. Additionally, support is devoted to capacity building (e.g. Le Mas numérique, Mobilab) and a better understanding of the drivers of adoption and use of digital technologies (e.g. FrOCDA). Among these various organisations, #DigitAg, the Digital Agriculture Convergence Lab, has been created to foster interdisciplinary research on digital agriculture. All these initiatives aim to use digital technologies to support the European Green Deal, Farm-to-Fork and Biodiversity strategies as well as the French orientation towards more agroecological practices for safer and more sustainable food systems. Even though this organisational ecosystem is developing fast, the objective of encouraging the coevolution of both digital and green transformations is not without challenges that still need to be overcome, either through new research, innovations, initiatives or collaborations between the actors involved.

На обломках Бастилии рифм

Two texts by A. Rimbaud, published in 1886, but written earlier, and not poems by G. Kahn, J. Laforgue or J. Moréas, are considered the first vers libre in French. The paper shows two approaches to the analysis of free verse rhythm: the rules for reading and counting silent [Ə]; free verse is considered as a derivative of verse or prose, respectively (K. Scott and M. Murat), which proves the fundamental ambiguity of this poetic form and the importance of the reader’s perception in the process of reading as co-creation. The arguments of opponents and supporters of free verse, the so-called “free verse controversy” (“querelle du vers libre”) prove that in the imagination of writers there exists the connection between the poetic system and the social order. The paper considers the opposition proposed by the French researcher M. Murat — that of the national French vers libre and the international free verse that goes back to the American, that is to say Whitman’s model of Whitman through Valerie Larbeau’s poetry. The creative act of Larbeau, who created a heteronym — the English-language poet Barnabooth, raises the question of erasing national prosody and switching the linguistic code.

My Experience as a French Researcher in Japan

My Experience as a French Researcher in Japan

Una collana di classici della sociologia

Una collana di classici della sociologia (1962) presents to sociologists the project of that series of sociological classics of which Pietro Rossi was the general editor for Edizioni di Comunità. It fully shows us the scientific and cultural basis that was intended to be given to the expansion of the new discipline, spreading the knowledge of classics of American, German and French theory and research not yet translated and in some cases very little known in Italy.

The image of Genghis Khan in Mongolia’s national ideology and historical policy

The article analyzes the image of Genghis Khan in the national ideology and historical policy of Mongolia. The study of this topic is relevant today in the context of the ongoing major geopolitical changes. In this context, it is important to note the various methods and technologies used to form the civic consciousness and national unity of Mongolians. One of the key approaches is the widespread integration of the extra-historical image of Genghis Khan into various spheres of Mongolian society. However, here it is important to distinguish between the real historical personality of Genghis Khan and the constructed image actively promoted by the contemporary leadership of Mongolia. Critical analysis of these differences allows us to better understand the nuances of collective identity formation. This issue is studied within the framework of a separate direction as Mongolology, created by the joint efforts of Russian, French, German, and British researchers of the nomadic Mongolian civilization, its original culture, and which in the last decade has become widespread in Mongolia itself. The study of the work of the last three Mongolian presidents on the image of Genghis Khan is of the greatest interest, since they personify modern Mongolia, and the period of their work covers both the heyday of democracy in the country and its contemporary crisis. It is concluded that the current president will continue to refer the Mongolian people to Genghis Khan, but no longer as a wise builder of the state, but as its inflexible and alternative ruler who ruled until his death. As practice suggests, it is big ideas that come to the aid of the ruling regime when its economic abilities are exhausted and there is nothing to present to the electorate. Thus, in modern Mongolia, the memorial canon is formed as one of the results of the historical policy pursued by the elites, in the framework of which the concept of «statehood», correlated with the category of «Mongolianness», occupies a special place.

Поляризованное экономическое развитие: методологическая эклектика исследований 1950–1980-х гг.

The academic research of the 1950–1980s devoted to polarized development was characterized by methodological eclecticism. The set of generally accepted provisions (the ‘hard core’ of the theory) had not been formed in the framework of the original works of French researchers (primarily F. Perroux and J.-R. Boudeville). This problem of began to worsen due to the expansion of the number of involved researchers. One of the most notable innovations, which arose due to incorrect interpretations of the publications of the French pioneers, was the introduction of the term ‘growth center’, which greatly supplanted the original ‘pole’ terminology from the Anglo-Saxon works. In addition to the unjustified expansion of the list of terms, publications began to appear based on methodological guidelines that run counter to the ones of F. Perroux. In fact, the scientific direction has clearly fallen into the ‘fragmentation trap’. It also failed to form a set of more or less complete auxiliary theories that could form a ‘protective belt’ of the theory of polarized development. As a result, the original methodological basis (which can be characterized as heterodox) began to erode, including through studies using economic orthodoxy typical tools. The end result was a gradual decline in the interest of academic researchers in the original concept, and competing heterodox theories fell into the ‘centers of attention’

ПСИХИЧЕСКИЕ РАССТРОЙСТВА ФРАНЦУЗСКИХ ЖЕНЩИН В ГОДЫ ПЕРВОЙ МИРОВОЙ ВОЙНЫ

The article deals with the problem of the mental health of French women during the First World War, which has not yet been covered in the Western historiographical tradition. The author considers cases of mental disorders caused or provoked by the state of hostilities, the social and stressful situation of the 1914–1918 conflict. The source base for the study was professional medical journals in the field of psychiatry and neurology, as well as publications of professional medical associations. The clinical cases identified by the author made it possible to identify and classify the main triggers of mental illness: the loss of a relative at the front, the events accompanying the state of occupation, the impact of propaganda. The author also traces the ways to resolve the mental conflict: in addition to inpatient treatment in psychiatric institutions, women who experienced the traumatic consequences of the First World War, found solace in occult practices, organizing communication with like-minded people, and alcohol abuse. The study is relevant in the context of the debatable issue of the etiology of mental disorders: at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries in European and Russian medicine, the discourse about degeneration dominated, as well as the idea of heredity as a source of mental illness of the population. According to some French researchers, the First World War called into question this conviction, forcing representatives of medical science to reconsider their views due to the admission of patients with no previous history of psychiatric diagnoses to specialized hospitals.

Talepakemalai: Lapita and Its Transformations in the Mussau Islands of Near Oceania. Patrick Vinton Kirch, ed. Monumenta Archaeological 47. Los Angeles: UCLA Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press, 2021. xxvi + 558 pp., 337 figures, 90 tables, bibliography, index. Hardback US$120, ISBN 9781950446179

Asian Perspectives, Vol. 62, No. 2 © 2023 by the University of Hawai‘i Press. Talepakemalai: Lapita and Its Transformations in the Mussau Islands of Near Oceania. Patrick Vinton Kirch, ed. Monumenta Archaeological 47. Los Angeles: UCLA Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press, 2021. xxvi + 558 pp., 337 figures, 90 tables, bibliography, index. Hardback US$120, ISBN 9781950446179. Reviewed by Christophe SAND, New Caledonia Government and French Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD-Noumea) What a book! In its nearly 600 pages, contained within a hard black cover with only the “Lapita God” as front illustration, Patrick V. Kirch has granted Pacific archaeologists with a long awaited synthesis of the unique finds of the Lapita sites of the Mussau Islands in the Bismarck Archipelago that were excavated in the mid-1980s. This book has been published 20 years after what was then presented as the first of a three-volume synthesis on the excavations fulfilled in the Mussau Islands (Kirch 2001). While it might look like a surprise to some archaeologists, this book is the first to publish up-to-date results from one of the major Lapita sites in Island Melanesia in a single volume, Talepakemalai (ECA). Numerous data on various aspects of dentate-stamped decorated pottery, associated lithic artifacts and shell ornaments, or remains of shells and bones have been published by colleagues over the past decades on specific sites across the Lapita region, but only the Lapita sites excavated on a small scale have been published completely (e.g., Anson et al. 2005; Clark and Anderson 2009; Specht and Attenbrow 2007). This volume thus sets the stage for what could be achieved for other important sites in the Bismarck Archipelago, southeast Solomons, Vanuatu, and New Caledonia. Aside from a preface and acknowledgements, this edited volume contains 18 chapters, more than half of them authored or co-authored by Kirch, including the introduction and conclusion. The long introduction sets the scene by presenting an overview of Lapita archaeology and the context of the Lapita Homeland Project organized by Jim Allen in 1985, of which the Mussau Project was one component. Kirch addressed a series of major themes on Mussau, including Lapita origins, economy, long-distance exchange, society, and Late Lapita transformations. Three field seasons (i.e., 1985, 1986, 1988) were dedicated to excavations of the Talepakemalai site and other Lapita sites located in surrounding islands. The main phases of each season are presented in this book, as well the outcomes of the first laboratory studies. Chapter 2 summarizes the main natural characteristics of the Mussau Islands, focusing especially on the small uplifted outer islands that dot the southern end of Mussau in a reef and lagoon environment. To address the forthcoming analysis of the unique stratigraphic fills excavated, a section is devoted to coastal geomorphology and sea-level fluctuations during the Holocene. The next two chapters detail the excavations completed over the three seasons in Mussau. Chapter 3 focuses exclusively on the excavation at the main Lapita site of Talepakemalai, labelled ECA, located on a mid-Holocene sandfill on Eloaua Island, where the local air strip was built. The chapter details the archaeological strategy of the 1985 field season, which had as its main goal to clarify initial results from investigations in the 1970s. The discovery of a well-preserved waterlogged Lapita deposit containing adjoining decorated sherds as well as preserved wooden posts of stilt houses was the main justification for the two follow-up field seasons. The chapter presents in great detail the stratigraphic observations and the spatial layout of the remains in the in situ layer, before proposing an interpretation of the chronological process of deposition over the more than 500 years that constitutes the Lapita chronology at Talepakemalai. The three main excavated areas of the site revealed the construction of two stilt houses during this phase. Early online release of article in press. Chapter 4, co-authored by Marshall I. Weisler and Nick Araho, summarizes the other excavations fulfilled during the program. Most were located on Elaoua Island and the small uplifted islands surrounding it; only five excavations were positioned on the largest island, Mussau. In an effort to clarify long-lasting debates about the antiquity of...

Historical characterization of the Turkish image in the works of French researchers

Historical characterization of the Turkish image in the works of French researchers

Alternative methods to animal testing: the need for funding and dissemination

The use of animals for scientific purposes brings a moral conflict between the necessity for human health and animal rights. Indeed, science has shown that most animals used in research are sentient beings, capable of suffering. Based on the principle of the 3Rs, the European legislation encourages the development of alternative methods to animal testing. French and European public opinions support the development of alternatives and broadly reject the use of animals for scientific purposes when alternatives exist. However, alternative methods to animal testing are still lacking. In order to drastically reduce the use of animals to this end, significant fundings are necessary. As far as this matter is concerned, France comes at the bottom of the class, but the creation of its 3Rs centre gathering all major scientific institutes and launching calls for fundings is a step into the right direction. The European Union funds projects of alternative methods, so do other private stakeholders, such as companies and NGOs. Another matter is the dissemination of alternative methods to scientists so they are aware of these methods. Some French research teams develop innovative methods and try to disseminate them. French and European platforms bring together creators, users and regulators to that end. Funding and disseminating alternative methods to animal testing should be a priority.

Notes on the Vicissitudes of Research Policy in France

This article aims to present the main stages in the organization of research policy in France since the beginning of the 20th century. It is centered on the history of the CNRS (National Center for Scientific Research) since it is around and from this organization that a research policy has been put in place. That being the case, I will also insist on the last decades when we have seen the democratic and republican framework in which the research policy was inserted weakened and correlatively on the stagnation of means and the deplorable policy of “over-project”; a set of elements which has resulted in the current downgrading of French research internationally.

The Spread of Radical Islam in Contemporary France: The View of French Researchers

The paper focuses on the rather pressing topic in France for the last decades — the spread of radical Islamism, in its most dangerous form for society — extremism. The author examines the main ways of spreading radical Islamism on the basis of French research institutes’ reports, as well as academic works of French authors studying this topic. Special attention is paid to correctional institutions where radical Islamic and jihadist ideas are most developed. In this regard, the analysis of prison chaplains and their work becomes important for understanding the radicalization features of French Muslims.