Freiburg Im Breisgau Research Articles

Passenger Transport Energy Use in Ten Swedish Cities: Understanding the Differences through a Comparative Review

Energy conservation in the passenger transport sector of cities is an important policy matter. There is a long history of transport energy conservation, dating back to the first global oil crisis in 1973–1974, the importance and significance of which is explained briefly in this paper. Detailed empirical data on private and public passenger transport energy use are provided for Sweden’s ten largest cities in 2015 (Stockholm, Göteborg, Malmö, Linköping, Helsingborg, Uppsala, Jönköping, Örebro, Västerås and Umeå), as well as Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany, which is a benchmark small city, well-known globally for its sustainability credentials, including mobility. These data on per capita energy use in private and public transport, as well as consumption rates per vehicle kilometer and passenger kilometer for every mode in each Swedish city and Freiburg, are compared with each other and with comprehensive earlier data on a large sample of US, Australian, Canadian, European and Asian cities. Swedish cities are found to have similar levels of per capita car use and energy use in private transport as those found in other European cities, but in the context of significantly lower densities. Possible reasons for the observed Swedish patterns are explored through detailed data on their land use, public and private transport infrastructure, and service and mobility characteristics. Relative to their comparatively low densities, Swedish cities are found to have healthy levels of public transport provision, relatively good public transport usage and very healthy levels of walking and cycling, all of which help to contribute to their moderate car use and energy use.

Thermische Belastung von Bewohnern in St\xe4dten bei Hitzewellen am Beispiel von Freiburg (Breisgau)

ZusammenfassungHintergrundMenschen sind im Zuge des Klimawandels immer stärker von Hitze und deren negativen gesundheitlichen Auswirkungen betroffen. Oftmals wird die Lufttemperatur als Maßzahl verwendet. Um jedoch Auswirkungen von Hitze auf den Menschen zu charakterisieren, müssen neben der Lufttemperatur weitere Faktoren berücksichtigt werden.Ziel der ArbeitZiel dieses Beitrags ist es, den Hitzestress von Bewohnern in Städten mithilfe der Gefühlten Temperatur während Hitzewellen zu charakterisieren und mit derjenigen von Bewohnern auf dem Land zu vergleichen sowie Unterschiede zur Lufttemperatur hervorzuheben.Material und MethodenDaten der Stadtstation Freiburg und der Station Freiburg-Flugplatz für 2019 des Deutschen Wetterdienstes (DWD) wurden für die Analyse der Lufttemperatur sowie für die Berechnung der Gefühlten Temperatur mithilfe des Klima-Michel-Modells für Freiburg verwendet. Zusätzlich werden die Hitzewarntage für Freiburg dargestellt und die nächtlichen Bedingungen der Innenraumtemperaturen des Hitzewarnsystems analysiert.Ergebnisse und DiskussionDie Gefühlte Temperatur übersteigt die Lufttemperatur während Hitzewellen um bis zu 10 °C. Während der klassische Wärmeinseleffekt anhand der Differenz der nächtlichen Lufttemperatur hoch und tagsüber gering ist, ist bei der Gefühlten Temperatur die Differenz nicht nur nachts, sondern auch tagsüber deutlich höher.FazitUm negative Auswirkungen zu quantifizieren, wird nicht nur die Lufttemperatur benötigt, sondern auch die Kenntnis über weitere Faktoren, die den Hitzestress beschreiben und steuern. Stadt-Land-Unterschiede bei Lufttemperatur und Gefühlter Temperatur bilden eine gute Möglichkeit der Quantifizierung von Hitze. Anpassungsmaßnahmen in Städten unter Berücksichtigung des Hitzestresses für Menschen sind notwendig.

Dogma im Wandel: Wie Glaubenslehren sich entwickeln by Michael Seewald, and: Reform: Dieselbe Kirche anders denken by Michael Seewald

Reviewed by: Dogma im Wandel: Wie Glaubenslehren sich entwickeln by Michael Seewald, and: Reform: Dieselbe Kirche anders denken by Michael Seewald Matthew Briel Dogma im Wandel: Wie Glaubenslehren sich entwickeln by Michael Seewald (Freiburg im Breisgau: Herder, 2018), 334 pp. Reform: Dieselbe Kirche anders denken by Michael Seewald (Freiburg im Breisgau: Herder, 2019), 174 pp. Two recent books from Michael Seewald, professor of dogmatics at the University of Münster, are influenced by Walter Kasper and attempt to show that "there is more room for change [in the Church] than many people think" (Dogma im Wandel, 20). By analyzing the development of the magisterium (Lehramt) over the past 150 years, and especially under John Paul II, Seewald argues that some of the teachings we take to be definitive are, in truth, questionable. The Church is thus ripe for reform. Dogma is prefaced by a German translation of Evelyn Waugh's foreword to his 1964 Sword of Honour (a trilogy comprising his novels Men at Arms [1952], Officers and Gentlemen [1955], and Unconditional Surrender [1961]): On reading the book I realized that I had done something quite outside my original intention. I had written an obituary of the Roman Catholic Church in England as it had existed for many centuries. All the rites and most of the opinions here described are already obsolete. When I wrote Brideshead Revisited I was consciously writing an obituary of the doomed English upper class. It never occurred to me, writing Sword of Honour, that the Church was susceptible to change. I was wrong and I have seen a superficial revolution in what then seemed permanent.1 This becomes programmatic for Seewald's two books, addressed to a [End Page 1385] semi-popular audience. One of Seewald's concerns seems to be to demonstrate that those who are alienated by Pope Francis's changes in doctrine and complain of the Holy Father's innovations are themselves inheritors of a revolution in Church doctrine concerning the magisterium that occurred under the cloak of conservativism.2 Those who oppose Francis's changes, it is implied, are like Waugh, who did not see that there is no historical end to the development of doctrine (Dogma, 294). After an introductory chapter, an important second chapter of Dogma, "Definition of Terms: Dogma and Development" (22–73), provides a foreshadowing of the conclusion of the book. The first half of the chapter presents a history of the idea of dogma as both the whole of Catholic teaching and (later) individual doctrines. As is true of his analysis in both books, it is Seewald's presentation of nineteenth- and twentieth-century ideas ("modernity") that are central to his argument. In the first half of chapter 2, Seewald argues that Pius IX's "Syllabus of Errors" was itself an innovation with an anti-innovation intention (36–42) and that the reception of the Second Vatican Council in the pontificate of John Paul II betrayed the desire of the Council to reposition the teaching authority of the Church in the entire college of bishops. Seewald also introduces here an inquiry into the change in the conception of dogma introduced by John Paul II that will be essential to his analysis of the present state of the Church in both books. John Paul II's 1992 Catechism of the Catholic Church, says Seewald, contains a revolution in §88 when it says that dogmas are those truths that are either contained in revelation or those truths that have a necessary connection to the truths contained in revelation (Dogma, 45). There are two ways in which a secondary truth can be necessarily tied to revelation in such a way as to qualify as dogma: it can be bound to revelation either logically or historically (47). This is highly innovative and a significant departure or advance from the first Vatican Council, according to Seewald. However, he argues, secondary truths that were once thought to be dogmas can be overturned (51). Thus monogenism, declared a dogma in Pius XII's Humani Generis, is no longer held by the 1992 Catechism. I would here make two suggestions. First, with Karl Rahner, I would argue that the teaching on monogenism had...

Juden und Christen—das eine Volk Gottes by Walter Kasper

Reviewed by: Juden und Christen—das eine Volk Gottes by Walter Kasper Leonard Swidler Walter Kasper Juden und Christen—das eine Volk Gottes, Freiburg im Breisgau: Herder Verlag, 2020. Pp. 160. This is an important book. But first some pertinent—and perhaps some may also think, "impertinent"—background information. Reviewing this "must read" contribution to Jewish-Christian relations by Cardinal Professor Walter Kasper brings me back to when I was fortunate enough to be a fellow Professor with three of the most influential Catholic theologians of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, when I was Guest Professor of the Pontifical Catholic Theological Faculty of the University of Tübingen, Germany, in the early 1970's. Those hyper-influential Catholic theologians are Josef Ratzinger (a.k.a. Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI), Professor Hans Küng, and Cardinal Walter Kasper. I beg the readers' permission to say a word about my contact with each of them. I became a close personal friend of Küng already in 1959 when I was finishing my Licentiate in Sacred Theology (S.T.L.) degree in Catholic Theology at Tübingen (perhaps the first Catholic layperson to receive a degree in Catholic theology ever!), and he was the successor there to my "Doktor Vater," Professor Heinrich Fries (who had just moved to the University of Munich). In those early years, Kasper was an assistant to Küng and subsequently became Professor there. During Vatican II, Küng was hired as the successor to Fries. A short few years later, Küng was the Dean of the Catholic Theology Faculty and hired Josef Ratzinger, with whom he earlier had been a fellow Assistant in the Catholic Theology faculty of the University of Münster and also a colleague at Vatican II. Thus, the Catholic Theology Faculty of the University of Tübingen housed at the same time three theological world-shapers—and I was privileged to know them all. [End Page 453] Walter Kasper was made Cardinal in 2001 and the Head of the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity during 2001–10. In many ways, this book is the fruit of his experience then, as well as his continued very active involvement in Jewish-Christian matters. The reader is the beneficiary of his manifold decades working in, and helping to shape, the ever-developing relationship between Catholics and Jews. The fact that he is a German theologian also cannot help but be important, given the Holocaust, during which all four of us were alive. This volume will be an eye-opener for those Christians and Jews, and intelligent outside observers, such as Muslims and "Nones," how these two sibling religions—Christianity and Rabbinic Judaism—came into existence and developed alongside each other. It is worth the price of the book just to learn of the family-intertwined relationship of these two religions. To begin, "Jesus" is an English spelling of the Latin Iesus, which is a translation of the New Testament Greek, Iesous, which is a translation of the Hebrew/Aramaic Yeshua. The latter was how he in life was named by his friends and enemies. Also telling, in this regard, was that he was addressed as "Rabbi," which means "Teacher." The New Testament was written Greek (the generally known language in the Roman Empire of the first century of the Common Era), and, consequently, almost always in its pages Jesus/Yeshua was addressed as Didascalos, Teacher, which is a translation of the term actually used, Rabbi ("Teacher") in Hebrew. So, when we read in English that he is addressed as Master or Lord, he in fact was addressed as Rabbi. What difference in Christian-Jewish relations might it have made over the centuries if the masses of illiterate Christians had constantly heard Yeshua addressed as Rabbi! There were at least a half dozen Jewish groups contending during Yeshua's time about what was the correct way to live as a Jew: Pharisees, Sadducees, Zealots, Qumranites, Hellenists, and "Yeshuites." The latter, initially, according to Luke's Acts of the Apostles, called themselves "Followers of the Way"—Hodos in Greek—of Rabbi Yeshua. It was only many decades after the death of their Rabbi that they were...

Award of the Thurn und Taxis Prize for the year 2019, Regensburg, Germany

The prestigious Thurn und Taxis Prize (established in 1978) for the year 2019 was awarded to Dr. Adrian Dănescu, a young Romanian-born forest engineer with two Alma Maters: Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering in Brasov, Romania (Head of B.Sc. Class in 2011) and Albert-Ludwigs-Universität in Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany (M.Sc. in 2014 and Ph.D. in 2018). The awarding ceremony was organized by the Technical University of Munich in the beautiful St. Emmeram Palace of Regensburg (Germany) on December 18, 2019, and the prize was awarded by Gloria, Princess of Thurn und Taxis, a German socialite, businesswoman, philanthropist, Catholic activist, and artist.

1003-P: Clinical Response (HbA1c ≥1% and/or Body Weight ≥5% Reduction) to Semaglutide by Baseline HbA1c and Body Weight in the SUSTAIN Program

The SUSTAIN clinical development program assessed semaglutide once weekly, a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analog, across the continuum of type 2 diabetes (T2D) care, including in drug-naïve subjects and those on a background of oral antidiabetic drugs and/or insulin. Semaglutide demonstrated superior reductions in HbA1c and body weight (BW) vs. placebo and comparators (sitagliptin, exenatide extended release, insulin glargine, dulaglutide). This post hoc analysis assessed the proportion of semaglutide-treated subjects achieving clinically relevant responses (composite endpoint: ≥1% HbA1c reduction and ≥5% BW loss; individual components: ≥1% HbA1c or ≥5% BW loss) by baseline HbA1c and BW across SUSTAIN 1-5 and 7. A consistently high proportion of semaglutide-treated subjects achieved clinically relevant responses (composite, 42.0%; ≥1% HbA1c reduction, 76.6%; ≥5% BW loss, 49.9%), regardless of baseline HbA1c and BW (Figure). Baseline HbA1c and BW did not affect the likelihood of achieving the composite and ≥5% BW endpoints. A ≥1% HbA1c reduction was significantly more likely to be achieved with higher baseline HbA1c (143% increased odds per 1% unit higher baseline HbA1c;p<0.0001). Semaglutide provides meaningful reductions in HbA1c and BW across a range of HbA1c and BW. Individuals with poorly controlled HbA1c were more likely to achieve a ≥1% HbA1c reduction. Disclosure V.R. Aroda: Consultant; Self; ADOCIA, AstraZeneca, Becton, Dickinson and Company, Novo Nordisk Inc., Sanofi, Zafgen, Inc. Employee; Spouse/Partner; Merck & Co., Inc. Research Support; Self; AstraZeneca, Calibra Medical, Eisai Inc., Janssen Research & Development, Novo Nordisk Inc., Sanofi, Theracos, Inc. J.F. Larsen: Employee; Self; Novo Nordisk A/S. S.H. Østoft: Employee; Self; Novo Nordisk A/S. R.R. Rea: Other Relationship; Self; Amgen Inc., AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Eli Lilly and Company, Novo Nordisk A/S, Sanofi. D. Sugimoto: Research Support; Self; Gan & Lee Pharmaceuticals, Novo Nordisk A/S, Sanofi. U. Ziegler: Employee; Self; KOEHLER eClinical GmbH, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany. T. Vilsbøll: None. Funding Novo Nordisk A/S

Areas with High Hazard Potential for Autochthonous Transmission of Aedes albopictus-Associated Arboviruses in Germany.

The intensity and extent of transmission of arboviruses such as dengue, chikungunya, and Zika virus have increased markedly over the last decades. Autochthonous transmission of dengue and chikungunya by Aedes albopictus has been recorded in Southern Europe where the invasive mosquito was already established and viraemic travelers had imported the virus. Ae. albopictus populations are spreading northward into Germany. Here, we model the current and future climatically suitable regions for Ae. albopictus establishment in Germany, using climate data of spatially high resolution. To highlight areas where vectors and viraemic travellers are most likely to come into contact, reported dengue and chikungunya incidences are integrated at the county level. German cities with the highest likelihood of autochthonous transmission of Aedes albopictus-borne arboviruses are currently located in the western parts of the country: Freiburg im Breisgau, Speyer, and Karlsruhe, affecting about 0.5 million people. In addition, 8.8 million people live in regions considered to show elevated hazard potential assuming further spread of the mosquito: Baden-Württemberg (Upper Rhine, Lake Constance regions), southern parts of Hesse, and North Rhine-Westphalia (Lower Rhine). Overall, a more targeted and thus cost-efficient implementation of vector control measures and health surveillance will be supported by the detailed maps provided here.

Evidence for language-specificity of a BCI-based language training

Evidence for language-specificity of a BCI-based language training

Hans Franz Edmund Killian - nestor of German anesthesia : Critical appraisal on the 125th anniversary of his birth

The surgeon Hans Killian was born on 5 August 1892 in Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany. Together with the pharmacologist Hellmut Weese and the surgeon Helmut Schmidt he was one of the nestors of modern German anesthesia. Early on during his scientific and clinical career, he addressed problems of surgical anesthesia and in 1928 he became one of the editors of the first German journal of anesthesia Narcosis and Anesthesia ("Narkose und Anästhesie"). In 1934 he published the textbook Anesthesia for Surgical Purposes ("Narkose zu operativen Zwecken"). Between World WarsI andII, he campaigned for anesthesia to become an independent medical discipline comparable to the situation in the Anglo-Saxon countries at that time. Because of his merits in the foundation of the German Society of Anesthesia on 10 April 1953 he became its first honorary member. Killian died on 7 March 1982 in Freiburg, Germany. Excerpts of his autobiography which he wrote afew years before his death and which were part of his inheritance are published here for the first time.

Max Weber professeur, Max Weber voyageur

The thousands of letters written by Max Weber between 1895 and 1920, now published in the Max Weber-Gesamtausgabe, throw new light on many sides of his private life and his public activities. One of the less well studied aspects of his life are his numerous long trips to European countries before the outbreak of the First World War. Many of Weber’s letters from Scotland, England, Ireland, France, Spain, Holland, Belgium (but less those from Italy) have as much sociological and anthropological interest as the letters from his trip to America, which have been studied recently by Lawrence A. Scaff. Another aspect of Weber’s personality tackled with in this article are his activities as a teacher and as director of the seminar of economics at the universities of Freiburg im Breisgau and Heidelberg from 1894 to 1903, when he resigns definitively from university after having spent since several years, for medical reasons, more time in Italy and elsewhere than in Heidelberg. Weber’s way back to university at the end of the war, at Vienna in summer 1918 and at Munich in 1919/20, could have opened a new period in the history of German social sciences, but unfortunately he died shortly after having started his lessons on the sociology of the state.

Notes on Contributors

Notes on Contributors

Das Konzil von Trient und die katholische Konfessionskultur (1563–2013). Wissenschaftliches Symposium aus Anlass des 450. Jahrestages des Abschlusses des Konzils von Trient, Freiburg i. Br. 18.–21. September 2013 ed. by Peter Walter and Günther Wassilowsky

Reviewed by: Das Konzil von Trient und die katholische Konfessionskultur (1563–2013). Wissenschaftliches Symposium aus Anlass des 450. Jahrestages des Abschlusses des Konzils von Trient, Freiburg i. Br. 18.–21. September 2013 ed. by Peter Walter and Günther Wassilowsky Nicole Reinhardt Das Konzil von Trient und die katholische Konfessionskultur (1563–2013). Wissenschaftliches Symposium aus Anlass des 450. Jahrestages des Abschlusses des Konzils von Trient, Freiburg i. Br. 18.–21. September 2013. Edited by Peter Walter and Günther Wassilowsky. [Reformationsgeschichtliche Studien und Texte, Band 163.] (Münster: Aschendorff Verlag. 2016. Pp. x, 569. €69,00. ISBN 978-3-402-11587-9.) This volume assembles over twenty contributions by German, Italian, Belgian, and Dutch historians to a conference held in 2013 in Freiburg im Breisgau in commemoration of the 450th anniversary of the closure of the Council of Trent. It investigates Trent as a "theological event" (part II) and as a lieu de mémoire (part I). It explores the latter before it gets down to the former, thus highlighting how different understandings of the event have always depended on the viewpoint and intention of the beholder. The emphasis and novelty of the volume lies in its attention to the changing significance of the council for ecclesiology, liturgy, theology, and pastoral care within a long-term process that shaped a new Catholic confessional culture over the past four centuries. In many ways the volume itself may be seen as an expression of (German) Catholic culture as it stands today. It includes the homily by the archbishop of Freiburg, Robert Zollitsch, (pp. 31–36) that opened the conference in 2013, an essay by the president of the Pontifical Council for the Promotion of Christian Unity, Cardinal Kurt Koch (pp. 37–49) on Trent's importance for the current ecumenical dialogue, as well as a fully-fledged scholastic disputatio (pp. 487–518) between the eminent historians and antagonists Wolfgang Reinhard and Peter Hersche over the latter's concept of "Baroque Catholicism," which, as Hersche contends, was essentially anti-modern and has since in spats and intervals reversed anything that might have been modern about the allegedly austere Tridentine spirit. Hersche's fiddly periodization, attributing something "frühaufklärerisches" to the humanist-inspired Catholic reform movement, which, as he posits, by 1600 was smothered by the delaying and reactionary "anti-aufklärerisch" Baroque so that proper, modernizing reform only came about with the Catholic Enlightenment ca 1750 soon to be superseded again by Neo-Baroque in the nineteenth century (pp. 500–501), does not really convince this reader. [End Page 347] A while ago John O'Malley asked "what happened at the Council"; this volume shows that sometimes what happened was just as important as what was "remembered" to have happened. As Günther Wassilowski states in his masterful introduction (pp. 1–29), it is probably quite telling that Protestant confessional culture has relied on narratives of mythical founding individuals, whereas Catholicism has largely worked with a more collective, i.e., conciliar "event myth." Nonetheless, the reception of Trent, the theme of the fourth part of the volume, also depended on individual actors, and in particular on the two poles that marked Trent as an event—the papacy as a succession of popes, and the bishops. Maria Teresa Fattori thus shows how Benedict XIV almost two centuries after the convocation of the Council still engaged with the Tridentine heritage in his De Synodo diocesana (pp. 417–59). He found a major source of inspiration in Carlo Borromeo, who emerges across many of the contributions as one of the most fertile figures to project and on which to project the alleged true meaning of Trent. Borromeo operated not only as an individual to condense the "Tridentine myth" for successive generations; the man himself and his networks, as Julia Zunckel (pp. 391–416) explores, also actively and consciously shaped the ways in which Trent was transmitted and received across the Alps, in the Swiss Cantons, and amongst some of his correspondents in the Holy Roman Empire. This rich volume allows the reader to follow how the willingness or need to remember Trent varied over time, also because the Catholic Church remained a broad church, in...

Abandoned by the Vatican: My Clandestine Journey to Support Secret Priests Behind the Iron Curtain by Jack Doherty

Reviewed by: Abandoned by the Vatican: My Clandestine Journey to Support Secret Priests Behind the Iron Curtain by Jack Doherty Edward Jeremy Miller Abandoned by the Vatican: My Clandestine Journey to Support Secret Priests Behind the Iron Curtain. By Jack Doherty. North Charleston, SC: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2016. 442pp. $18.99. There are some curiosities to note about this book from the outset. It is not a normal 442-page book. The type is large and double spaced, having about 250 words per page, and so it reads quickly. It is a self-published book, and this is a second curiosity. Such authors take upon themselves producing the text digitally, proofreading it themselves, and then marketing it online. (CreateSpace, an Amazon Company, helps in this endeavor.) There are surely expenses an author assumes in self-marketing a paperback before royalties might roll in but I could not discover them. Third, the title betrays a harshness, often severe, toward institutional Roman Catholicism that only becomes evident in the second portion of the book. [End Page 103] The book’s first portion reads like a personal memoir. Doherty is an American Redemptorist priest pursuing a doctorate in theology in the late 1960s, first in Tübingen, then transferring to Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany. Beginning in March, 1969, he becomes ever more deeply involved in smuggling religious texts into Czechoslovakia, in the beginning making border crossings himself in a book-loaded car and later, when he was restricted from entering Czechoslovakia himself, by using mail. The Prague Spring of 1968 had eased postal restrictions vis-à-vis the West. I found his memoir rather heroic at this point. He had been assisting with liturgies at Patch Barracks near Stuttgart, a very large American military command facility. With the help of the service wives of the Catholic parish, he engineered an “Iron Curtain Book Project.” The parish would box for mailing thousands of religious texts, using unsuspicious Czech addresses supplied to him by the underground Czech Catholic Church. He had made a deal with the Herder Book Company for all of its “extra” books, and truck loads of Herder books morphed into 2–3 pound boxes of them shipped from the “off-base” addresses of parishioners. Thousands of books served an oppressed and persecuted Catholic Church, many of whose members never heard of the Second Vatican Council. When he was making border crossings in 1968 bearing books, Doherty’s other aim was to make contact with the Czech and Slovak Redemptorists. This he did, especially with Father Jan Jaros, their superior in secret. These men, ministering under the Communist radar, had menial civilian jobs. Many had been imprisoned, some tortured. But all of them wanted their stories to be known and valued. The book’s second portion is no longer first-person memoir in two senses: By September, 1971, Jack Doherty was no longer allowed into the Eastern Block, persona non grata in his words. Secondly, his tone becomes adversarial at the very outset of Part Two: “When the churches were no longer oppressed [by Communists] and the underground church became publically [sic] known, the Vatican treated with suspicion and distrust the secret bishops and priests who suffered and [End Page 104] were tortured and jailed under atheistic Marxist governments to preserve the faith. They were not offered church positions and were accused of not being ordained” properly (197). Part One had situated three groups of Catholic priests: those few legitimately ordained and/or consecrated, acting somewhat openly, and known by the Vatican and the Communists to be Catholic clergy, such as Bishop, later Cardinal, Tomasek who participated at Vatican II; priests collaborators, either already spies when ordained or having been ordained and then making allegiance with Communism, called the “pacem in terris” clergy; and the secret bishops and priests (Doherty’s heroes) who moved so much in the shadows that not even Rome or legitimate local bishops knew most of them, and written records of their ordinations would have been too dangerous to maintain. Some of these clergy-in-secret were exposed, imprisoned, and tortured. Some married men were ordained because their family identities and secular jobs kept them undercover. Doherty relates a...

Threading Granules in Freiburg. 2nd International Symposium on "One Mitochondrion, Many Diseases - Biological and Molecular Perspectives", a FRIAS Junior Researcher Conference, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany, March 9th/10th, 2016.

Altered mitochondrial activities play an important role in many different human disorders, including cancer and neurodegeneration. At the Freiburg Institute of Advanced Studies (FRIAS) Junior Researcher Conference “One Mitochondrion, Many Diseases - Biological and Molecular Perspectives” (University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany), junior and experienced researches discussed common and distinct mechanisms of mitochondrial contributions to various human disorders.

FRII-09 BLADDER EXSTROPHY AND THE ORIGINAL MONSTER MANUAL: THE LIFE OF JOHANNES SCHENCK VON GRAFENBERG

You have accessJournal of UrologyHistory of Urology: History Forum II1 Apr 2016FRII-09 BLADDER EXSTROPHY AND THE ORIGINAL MONSTER MANUAL: THE LIFE OF JOHANNES SCHENCK VON GRAFENBERG Janae Preece and Kristina Suson Janae PreeceJanae Preece More articles by this author and Kristina SusonKristina Suson More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2016.02.2930AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES While mentioned around 600 A.D., bladder exstrophy was not formally described until 1595. Johannes Schenck von Grafenberg (1530-1598) was a German physician who was the first to describe bladder exstrophy but also found success in describing neurologic conditions. METHODS Primary and secondary sources including the medical literature and biographical data were used to examine the life and contributions of Johannes Schenck von Grafenberg. RESULTS Born in 1530, Johannes Schenck von Grafenberg studied to become a physician in Tubingen, Germany. Medicine at the time was advancing past the idea that ailments were a punishment from God. With the Renaissance came a revival in the ideals of ancient Greece and Rome, and a scientific understanding of medicine began to grow. After practicing for a short time in Strausborg, Schenck became the physician to the city of Freiburg im Breisgau. He saw the benefits of careful observations of disease processes and sought to document both historical and contemporary medical observations. He developed a particular early interest in the workings of the brain and published Observationes medicae di capiti, a collection of 418 observations on psychological and neurologic conditions. Schenck's seminal work, Observationum medicarum rariorum, was a seven volume head to toe collection of observations of medical conditions. This work demonstrated Schenck's admiration for contemporaries such as the great anatomist Vesalius. Still, he appreciated the teachings of Galen, the 2nd century physician whose thoughts on psychotherapy prompted Schenck to cure a patient convinced he was being killed by poisonous toads in his intestine by providing the patient with an enema, and showing him toads in his waste (placed there by Schenck). Despite Schenck's success with documenting medical observations, his 1595 description of exstrophy would have been forgotten if not for Aldrovandus, an Italian naturalist with an interest in medicine. Aldrovandus’ book describing and depicting rare congenital anomalies, Historia Monstrum, (the story of a monster) included Schenck's description of exstrophy as well as depictions of other major birth defects and was published in 1646. CONCLUSIONS Nearly overlooked as the first to describe bladder exstrophy, Johannes Schenck von Grafenberg achieved notoriety in his day for his extensive writings on medical conditions. His astute observations on brain injuries made him an early pioneer in the field of neurolinguistics. © 2016FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 195Issue 4SApril 2016Page: e523-e524 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2016MetricsAuthor Information Janae Preece More articles by this author Kristina Suson More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

A New Field:History of Humanities

A New Field:<i>History of Humanities</i>

Rudolf Weber (1922-2015): a driving force in the transition of developmental biology into a molecular and cellular science.

Prof. Dr. Rudolf Heinrich Weber passed away on December 23, 2015, at the high age of 93 years. Succeeding Fritz Baltzer and Fritz Erich Lehmann, he became the third in a line of outstanding developmental biologists at the University of Bern, Switzerland. Throughout his career, he helped shape modern developmental biology by introducing and promoting biochemical and molecular techniques. RudolfWeber was born in Basel, Switzerland, on September 27, 1922. He studied biology in Basel and obtained his PhD in 1949 under the supervision of Adolf Portmann. His thesis (Weber 1949) had a developmental topic (Transitory closures of distant sensory organs during the embryonic period in amniotes; translated from German), yet its character was descriptive and comparative, quite in line with Portmann’s tradition of comparative morphology and evolutionary biology. Weber later admitted that he was never quite happy with his thesis, as his main interest had always been to understand the mechanisms that drive development. He was convinced that this could not be achieved solely bymorphological descriptions and comparisons, but that experiments and in particular chemical and biochemical methods had to be used as well. After his graduation, Weber worked and acquired experiences in different fields, countries, and institutions, in particular at the University of Uppsala (Sweden), the Division de Malarialogia in Maracay (Venezuela), the Swiss Tropical Institute in Basel, and the Carlsberg Laboratories in Copenhagen (Denmark). A turning point in his career was 1954, when he accepted an assistant position offered by Fritz Erich Lehmann at the Zoological Institute of the University of Bern. This institution was to remain his academic home until his retirement in 1988. In 1954, Lehmann had just succeeded Fritz Baltzer as institute director, and both of them were world-renowned specialists of developmental physiology (Entwicklungsphysiologie), the term used for the research field of developmental biology at the time. A native of Bern, Baltzer had studied with Theodor Boveri in Wurzburg (Germany) and with Hans Spemann in Freiburg im Breisgau (Germany). These experiences had influenced him, once he was appointed professor in Bern, to study the roles of chromosomal and cytoplasmic determinants in various systems, including sea urchins (Baltzer 1910), the worm Bonellia (Baltzer 1928), and amphibians (newts) (Baltzer 1922; Baltzer 1952). His work was driven by the urge to integrate information from * Daniel Schumperli daniel.schuemperli@izb.unibe.ch

Freie Anerkennung übergeschichtlicher Bindungen. Katholische Geschichtswahrnehmung im deutschsprachigen Raum des 20. Jahrhunderts. Beiträge des Dresdener Kolloquiums vom 10. bis 13. Mai 2007 ed. by Thomas Pittrof and Walter Schmitz (review)

Reviewed by: Freie Anerkennung übergeschichtlicher Bindungen. Katholische Geschichtswahrnehmung im deutschsprachigen Raum des 20. Jahrhunderts. Beiträge des Dresdener Kolloquiums vom 10. bis 13. Mai 2007 ed. by Thomas Pittrof and Walter Schmitz Mark Edward Ruff Freie Anerkennung übergeschichtlicher Bindungen. Katholische Geschichtswahrnehmung im deutschsprachigen Raum des 20. Jahrhunderts. Beiträge des Dresdener Kolloquiums vom 10. bis 13. Mai 2007. Edited by Thomas Pittrof and Walter Schmitz. [Catholica, Band 2.] ( Freiburg im Breisgau: Rombach Verlag. 2010. Pp. 531. €68,00. ISBN 978-3-7930-9600-9.) This edited, interdisciplinary, 500+-page volume about how Catholic intellectuals perceived history in the German-speaking world of the twentieth century represents one of those works impossible to summarize. The fruits of a conference in Dresden from 2007, its twenty-five chapters were penned not just by historians but also by theologians, political scientists, and literature experts. Their diverse array of chapters accordingly focuses on not just the narrow world of professional Catholic historians but also how leading intellectuals in the Catholic milieu reflected on history. Making the editors’ task more difficult was the reality that, as they admit, at the turn of the twentieth century, there had yet to exist a coherent subculture of professional Catholic historians—or even a specific Catholic “culture of history.” Professional Catholic profane historians were few and far between in a Protestant-dominated university system, and even these were forced by necessity to adopt the professional standards and methodologies of their Protestant colleagues. Hence this volume’s focus on Catholic intellectuals who were not trained historians is understandable. For writers such as Reinhold Schneider, Gertrud von le Fort, Stefan Andres, Enrica van Handel-Mazzetti, Friedrich Reck-Malleczewen, Karl Ottens, Elisabeth Langgässer, and Theoder Haecker, as well as converts like Ilse von Stach and Alfred Döblin, the past became an inevitable part of their reflections. To what extent, the book queries, were these intellectuals constructing counter-narratives to dominant Protestant narratives? How did they reconcile their historical understandings with the tropes of salvation history, which argued that God remains active in history? To what extent did they buck tides of ultramontanism and establish discourses that ran contrary to those of ecclesiastical leaders? And more broadly: where were the intellectual roots of their historical interpretations, visions, and narratives? What aesthetic forms did they use in reconstructing the past? To what extent did many of these writers articulate a “resistance against the dissolution of reality into a total immanence of the earthly and the historical?” Understandably, in light of the tremendous range of subjects and perspectives, neither editors nor authors offer uniform answers to these questions. The responses of some like the poet Schneider evolved. Known for his literary resistance to the Third Reich, Schneider underwent a transformation between the 1930s and 1950s as a result of what he perceived to be restorative tendencies in Konrad Adenauer’s Germany and attacks against him from the Catholic press. His work became melancholic and focused on the suffering Christ, whose kingdom was not of this world. On occasion, this volume lapses into internal inconsistencies. The editors claim that an “aversion to history” had made itself manifest, particularly by the end of the 1950s. But this observation is belied by the powerful chapter offered at the [End Page 671] close by Olaf Blaschke on the network of Catholic historians assembled beginning in 1962 in the Kommission für Zeitgeschichte, a historical organization based first in Munich and then in Bonn. The dozens of professional historians who became members in this nexus for historical research that Blaschke describes are proof that there was anything but an aversion to history within its ranks. This was true not just in the decade preceding its founding in 1962 as well. Seminal events like the fight before Germany’s Constitutional Court in 1956 over the validity of the Reichskonkordat and historical controversies launched in 1961 by the young jurist and historian, Ernst-Wolfgang Böckenförde, forced intellectuals to engage with the Catholic past in both its alleged glory and ignominy. Blaschke’s analysis of the interwoven networks undergirding the Kommission für Zeitgeschichte is, in many ways, an anomaly. The majority of the chapters focus on Catholic literati...

On the uncertainty of energetic impact on the yield of different PV technologies due to varying spectral irradiance

Varying spectral irradiance affects performance of photovoltaic (PV) modules depending on their band gap and spectral response. Therefore, energy rating or yield prediction procedures should take into account the irradiance that is effectively available for a specific PV technology. This effective irradiance differs from broadband solar resource information first due to the different spectral sensitivity of PV devices and pyranometers, and second due to the difference between real and reference spectral distribution. The combined difference, also referred to as ‘spectral impact’, is to date considered in form of fixed spectral gain or loss factors applied to the broadband solar resource – if it is considered at all. Values for the monthly or annual spectral impact have been reported for several locations; however without estimates of their uncertainty. This article addresses the question of how large the uncertainty of the spectral impact is. Contributions to the uncertainty of the spectral impact are discussed, with focus on the method of determining the spectral impact by means of measured spectral irradiance and calculated spectral mismatch factor (MM). Using a simplified procedure, the uncertainty of spectral impact was estimated from the average spectral mismatch uncertainty. It was found to be of the same magnitude as the spectral impact itself, and dependent on the PV technology. For five single-junction PV technologies, amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride, standard crystalline silicon, high-efficiency crystalline silicon and a wide-band-gap CIGS technology, the estimated uncertainty values were 1.8%, 1.4%, 0.9%, 1.0% and 1.2%, respectively. The results were obtained from a specific measurement campaign conducted from 01.06.2010 to 31.12.2013 in Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany, but the order of magnitude is considered to be typical. In order to validate the simplified uncertainty estimation method, a sensitivity analysis was carried out to evaluate the influences of calibration and drift of the spectroradiometer, high-angle-of-incidence conditions, the available wavelength range of the spectroradiometer and results obtained with different spectroradiometers. With the smaller wavelength range of 350–1050nm, which is a typical range for various instruments used in many scientific publications, the calculated spectral impact was significantly smaller. The other influences were found to affect the result only within the estimated uncertainty limits. The uncertainty values presented here should be considered lower limits until they are backed up by further analysis.

On the impact of solar spectral irradiance on the yield of different PV technologies

This article presents results from investigating the impact of varying spectral irradiance on the performance of different PV technologies. Relative gains or losses were quantified for five typical PV technologies with different band gaps and, consequently, different spectral responses using spectral irradiance measured from 01.06.2010 to 31.12.2013 in Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany. With the spectrally resolved data, the effectively available annual irradiation per technology was calculated using the spectral mismatch factor, and compared to the total broadband irradiation measured by a pyranometer. The process used to calculate the spectral impact produces a result that can directly be used to estimate the effectively available irradiation for yield prediction or energy rating. The annual spectral impact was +3.4% for amorphous silicon, +2.4% for cadmium telluride, +1.4% for crystalline silicon, +1.1% for high-efficiency crystalline silicon and +0.6% for small-band-gap CIGS. Technologies with a large band gap exhibited spectral gains in summer and spectral losses in winter, and vice versa for small-band-gap technologies. The results are discussed and interpreted with consideration to uncertainties and results published so far. Furthermore, it was investigated in how far average photon energy (APE) can be used as a quantitative indicator for the spectral impact. In summary, it was found that using APE does not present actual advantages over using the spectral mismatch factor, and should rather be used for qualitative than for quantitative evaluations.