Freeze-thaw Environment Research Articles

Multi-scale analysis of sustainable service performance for porous asphalt pavement in Sponge City under freeze-thaw environment

ABSTRACT In order to analyze the effects of freeze-thaw environment, multi-scale analysis (macro to micro) was applied to study the sustainable service performance for porous asphalt pavement in Sponge City (PASC). Based on the molecular simulation theory, the asphalt-water (ice) interaction was studied at the micro in the paper. Combined with the results of temperature melting and contact angle in macro experiments, the sustainable service performance for PASC under freeze-thaw environment was explained in multi-scale. The results show that the effects of freeze-thaw environment on PASC’s sustainable service performance are multi-scale. It is a process from macro to micro, including the fluctuation of interface transition zone, the change of contact angle, the melting of pore ice, the service performance of porous asphalt pavement and the sustainability of Sponge City. Additionally, the aging effect reduces the recovery ability of the service performance for PASC. The critical temperature (0°C) is more sensitive to the interaction between aged asphalt and water (ice). The research results reveal the multi-scale correlation of sustainable service performance for PASC, which has certain theoretical significance and practical value for the application and exploration of Sponge City in freeze-thaw region.

Physical and Mechanical Properties of Transmission Line Galloping under the Action of Freezing and Thawing in Variable Temperature Range

The western part of our country is mostly alpine regions. The rock and soil have been in a strong natural freeze-thaw environment for a long time, and their physical and mechanical properties are easily affected by external loads and external surroundings. Changes due to the influence of the environment will inevitably produce freeze-thaw cycles, damage and destruction, expansion and fracture, etc., resulting in more stable factors than usual. However, there is a lack of theoretical and practical experience in freeze-thaw rocks, especially freeze-thaw hard rocks. Therefore, studying the physical and mechanical properties and damage characteristics of rocks in alpine regions under freeze-thaw cycles has important significance. This paper uses dacite in the alpine region to carry out a freeze-thaw cycle experiment in a variable temperature range. Freezing and thawing cycle test, uniaxial compression test, triaxial compression test, and electron microscope scanning of the rock in the indoor saturated state were carried out. Combining theory with experimental mechanics, freeze-thaw mechanics, and damage mechanics, we studied freeze-thaw cycle in three variable temperature ranges (−20°C–15°C; −30°C–15°C; −40°C–15°C), along with the physical and mechanical properties and damage characteristics of freeze-thaw dacite in the alpine region under cycling. The damage curve of the final theoretical model gradually approaches 1.0 with the increase of strain during the actual test. The rock sample after the medium failure still has a certain bearing capacity, and the rock sample is often destroyed before it reaches the theoretical failure strain.

Study on the performance of low water-binder ratio cement mortar with excavated soil exposed to NaCl freeze-thaw environment

In this paper the mechanical strengths (compressive and flexural strengths) of cement mortar with subway excavated soil and low water-binder are studied. Moreover, the following NaCl freeze-thaw resistance is investigated. The water-binder ratio of cement mortar is 0.3 and the corresponding soil-cement ratios are 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%. The mass and mechanical strengths losses, the loss of the relative dynamic elastic modulus and permeability coefficient of chloride ions are determined during freeze-thaw cycles. Besides, the scanning electron microscope (SEM) photos of cement mortar are observed to study soil’s influence on the microstructures of cement mortar and x-ray diffraction is determined to study the crystal composition. Results show that the mass and mechanical strengths losses and the permeability coefficient of chloride ions increase in the form of quadratic function with that of the number of freeze-thaw cycles. However, the relationship between the relative dynamic elastic modulus and freeze-thaw cycles is quadratic function. Additionally, the relationship between the permeability coefficient of chloride ions and freeze-thaw cycles fits positive linear function. Moreover, the mechanical strengths and freeze-thaw resistance of cement mortar are deteriorated with soil introduction. The cement mortar with a soil content of 5% exhibits the lowest strength and the worst freeze-thaw resistance, but a high soil content of 15% displays that the mortar with low water-binder ratio and soil content shows the best freeze-thaw resistance.

Study on the mechanical performance of TRC-strengthened RC beams under a salt freeze–thaw environment

The issue of the freeze–thaw has significantly affected the safety of reinforced concrete (RC) structures. Strengthening is an effective method to improve the safety performance of RC structures. To investigate the freeze–thaw resistance of RC beams strengthened with textile-reinforced concrete (TRC), the crack pattern, failure mode, load–deflection behavior, and bearing capacity of TRC-strengthened RC beams under a salt freeze–thaw environment were studied. The test parameters included the number of freeze–thaw cycles, installation method (cast-in-place versus precast), and sustained loading. The test results showed that the failure mode of the TRC-strengthened beam changes from flexural failure to shear failure due to freeze–thaw cycles. The installation method also affected the failure mode of the beams. The beam prepared using the precast method exhibited debonding failure, whereas the beam prepared using the cast-in-place method exhibited shear failure. When the freeze–thaw cycles exceeded a certain number or the sustained load surpassed a certain value, the crack control ability of the TRC weakened. The freeze–thaw cycle changed the load–deflection curve of the TRC-strengthened beam from a typical three-stage form to an approximate line. The ultimate load of the TRC-strengthened beam decreased with an increase in the number of freeze–thaw cycles. The ultimate load was also affected by the sustained load: the greater the sustained load, the greater the decrease in the ultimate load.

Effect of Freeze–Thaw Cycles on the Performance of Concrete Containing Water-Cooled and Air-Cooled Slag

An experimental study on the resistance of concrete containing air-cooled slag (AS) and water-cooled slag (WS) against freeze–thaw cycles was conducted. For comparison, the durability of ASTM Type I ordinary Portland cement (OPC) concrete exposed to the same freeze–thaw environment was examined. To evaluate the durability of concrete exposed to the freeze–thaw environment, an experiment was conducted according to ASTM C 666 procedure A. Furthermore, the relative dynamic modulus of elasticity, surface electrical resistivity, and compressive strength of concrete specimens were measured after exposing them to freeze–thaw cycles for a predetermined period, and the results were compared with those of OPC concrete. The relationship between the freeze and thaw resistances of concrete and the air-void system (spacing factor and specific surface area) was identified. Furthermore, the microstructure of concrete exposed to freeze–thaw cycles was observed using scanning electron microscopy to identify the interfacial transition zone, cracks, and micropores. Experimental results showed that the resistance of blended cement concrete containing WS and AS against freeze–thaw cycles was significantly higher than that of OPC concrete. The concrete in which 10% of OPC was replaced by AS exhibited a similar durability as that of the concrete in which 40% of OPC was replaced only by WS. Therefore, it is expected that blended cement concrete containing WS and AS based on an appropriate mix proportion design will exhibit excellent durability in regions experiencing freezing temperatures.

Freezing - thawing cycles characteristics of soft rock and sand compound soil in Mu Us sandy land

Freeze-thaw is an important climatic phenomenon in middle and high latitudes and high altitudes. The effect of freeze-thaw on soil structure will be different from that without freeze-thaw. In order to study the structural stability of the compound soil of soft rock and sand in the Mu Us Sandy Land under the influence of seasonal freeze-thaw environment, this study adopted the method of combining indoor freeze-thaw simulation and field investigation to analyze the influence of freeze-thaw cycle on the structural stability of the compound soil. The results showed that after 10 cycles of freezing and thawing, the content of large aggregate structure (>1 mm) in 1:0, 1:1, 1:2, and 1:5 compound soils all decreased, and the decrease rate of 1:1 compound soil was the smallest. The content of small aggregate structure (<1 mm) increased, and the composition of each particle size was mostly concentrated between 0.5 and 0.25 mm. Therefore, the low freeze-thaw cycle can break large soft rock rocks, promote the full mixing of soft rock and sand, and improve the structure of the surface compound soil, instead of being dominant.

Mechanical properties and seismic behavior of confined masonry walls in freeze-thaw environment

Previous literatures show that freeze-thaw cycles (FTC) will deteriorate the physical and mechanical properties of masonry materials. The research in this paper focused on the influence of FTC on mechanical properties and seismic performance of confined masonry walls. A series of mortar cubes, brick units and double-shear specimens built of concrete brick and three types of mortar (cement, cement-lime and cement-fly ash) were subjected to testing after rapid freeze-thaw experiment in environmental chamber. Besides, quasi-static tests were performed on four confined masonry wall specimens to investigate their seismic behavior under varying degrees of freeze-thaw damage. The test results indicated that as the number of FTC increased, the compressive strength of mortar and bricks, masonry shear bond strength, load-carrying capacity, displacement ductility, secant stiffness and energy dissipation capacity of confined masonry walls all shown a downward trend. In addition, a prediction model was proposed to obtain the degradation of shear bond strength of masonry subjected to freeze-thaw damage, and could be used in the rapid investigation and non-destructive detection. Moreover, the addition of fly ash was helpful to slow down the deterioration of masonry buildings in freeze-thaw environment.

Mechanical Properties and Micro Structure of Cement Concrete in Freeze-Thaw Environment

In order to find the declay law of mechanical property and the performance difference after salty water and fresh water freeze-thaw cycle, freeze-thaw cycle environments under the salty water and fresh water are simulated. The compressive strength, dynamic elastic modulus and the mass lost are tested. The pore structure parameters are also tested by MIP. Plot the pore diameter distribution curve. The result shows that the compressive strength and dynamic elastic modulus are all decreased. The degree of these two properties decreasing under salty water freeze and thaw recycle is more than the one under fresh water. The parameters of porosity and critical pore diameter become larger. The amount of pores whose diameter is between 100nm and 1000nm increase. The amount of pores whose diameter is under 100nm decrease. The deteriorate degree of pore structure is deeper in salty water than in fresh water.

Research on the Constitutive Relationship of Concrete Under Uniaxial Compression in Freeze–Thaw Environment

Research on the Constitutive Relationship of Concrete Under Uniaxial Compression in Freeze–Thaw Environment

Shear Strength and Microstructure of Intact Loess Subjected to Freeze‐Thaw Cycling

In the Loess Plateau, seasonal freeze and thaw cause great damage to the mechanical behavior and microstructure of soil, which leads to frequent geological disasters during winter and spring. To investigate the influence of freeze‐thaw (FT) cycling (FTC) on the shear strength and microstructure of intact loess, triaxial shear, nuclear magnetic resonance, and scanning electron microscope tests were carried out on soil samples after target FT cycles. The results indicate that the FTC has limited changes to the soil stress‐strain curve, but has a significant attenuation effect on the peak deviatoric stress. The peak deviatoric stress was attenuated by FTC but changed insignificantly after ten cycles. The cohesive force decays exponentially with the number of FT cycles, while the internal friction angle increases slightly. Moreover, under FTC, the T2 hydrogen spectra of soil samples showed a multimodal distribution, with the main peak appearing to have two obvious upward shifts that occurred at 6 and 10 FT cycles. Indeed, a depolarization phenomenon related to the directional frequency of soil particles was observed, and the mass fractal dimension of the pore network increased slightly. In an FT environment, the shear strength declines due to accumulated internal microstructural damage. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the response of loess to FTC and provide novel ideas for the prevention of frost damage in loess areas.

Physical-mechanical properties and durability of ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC)

This paper presents the results of the authors' laboratory testing of physical, mechanical and durability properties of Ultra-high Performance Concrete (UHPC). The short history of development and application of UHPC concrete is presented in the first part of this paper while the second part deals with the experimental investigation, presenting the results of material characterization obtained from physical-mechanical and durability tests. Based on the results shown in the paper, the mean value of compressive strength obtained at 28 days is 114 MPa, with the average density of 2270 kg/m3 in hardened state. The results showed that tested UHPC belongs to the highest class of water impermeability V-III, as well as the highest class MS0 (without visible damage) in a simulated freeze-thaw environment and de-icing salt attack test. Also, the highest class XM3 for abrasion resistance was achieved. Additional tests showed that the tested concrete fulfils the requirements for the highest exposure classes XC4 and XD4, in terms of resistance to carbonation and the penetration of chloride ions. Conclusions and recommendations for further development and possible application of UHPC are presented at the end of paper.

模拟冻融环境下亚高山森林凋落物分解速率及有机碳动态

森林凋落物分解是森林生态系统物质循环的重要环节，季节性冻融交替是影响凋落物分解的重要环境因素之一，但不同林型的凋落物对冻融响应的差异性很少被量化。为了解冻融环境对森林凋落物分解进程的影响，以川西亚高山森林地区阔叶林、针叶林和针阔混交林3种典型林型的凋落物为实验材料，从凋落物基质质量、冻融环境等影响凋落分解的因素着手，采用模拟冻融循环过程（-5-5℃），研究了冻融循环中3种林型凋落物分解速率和有机碳含量的动态变化。结果发现，3中典型林型凋落物经过不同冻融处理后，其质量损失、质量损失速率均存在显著差异（P<0.05）。混交林凋落物和针叶林凋落物的分解速率呈慢-快-慢的趋势，而阔叶林凋落物的分解速率逐渐减小。在冻融循环处理下，3种林型的凋落物碳绝对含量呈波动下降的趋势，说明微生物固定外源碳和凋落物释放碳间存在动态平衡。相同林型的凋落物在不同冻融处理下，有机碳释放有显著差异（P<0.05）。其中，冻融环境显著（P<0.05）促进了混交林凋落物和针叶林凋落物有机碳的释放，但是对阔叶林凋落物有机碳的释放没有起到促进作用。这表明全球气候变暖情景下，亚高山森林土壤冻融事件频发将加快凋落物的分解，但变化程度受到凋落物质量控制。;In this study, we address the effects of freeze-thaw cycles on the process of litter decomposition in subalpine forests. In a microcosm experiment, we measured the dynamics of litter moss loss rates and organic carbon by controlling the freeze-thaw environment (-5-5℃) in three typical forests in the sub-alpine region in western Sichuan. The three forest types including coniferous, coniferous-broadleaf, and broadleaf forest were selected for our experiment design based on the criteria of their abundance in the study area. Our results showed that clear and significant differences (P<0.05) in all measured litter types were all observed due to the freeze-thaw treatments. Specially, the mass loss rate of litter in both coniferous-broadleaf and coniferous forests showed a slow-fast-slow trend. In contrast, in the broadleaf forests, the mass loss rates exhibited a gradual decrease trend. This fluctuation phenomenon implies that there is a balance between microbial-fixed exogenous carbon and substrate-released carbon. In conclusion, the increase of globally average temperature would accelerate the freeze-thaw cycles and thus significantly change the process of mass loss and nutrient cycles in the subalpine forests, but both the magnitude and direction of the freeze-thaw effects varied with initial litter quality.

Triaxial Creep Behavior of Red Sandstone in Freeze-Thaw Environments

To investigate the time-dependent mechanical properties of rock masses in cold regions under the effects of freeze-thaw cycling and long-term loading, triaxial multilevel loading and unloading creep tests were performed on saturated red sandstone samples subjected to different numbers of freeze-thaw cycles. The effects of freeze-thaw cycles and confining pressure on the creep properties, long-term strength, and creep failure mode of the rock were analyzed. The effect of freeze-thaw cycles on the microstructure of the rock was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that as the number of freeze-thaw cycles increased, the rock particle boundaries became more distinct, and more pores formed. The effect of freeze-thaw cycles on the creep deformation of red sandstone was related to the loading stress level. At low stress levels, the rock viscoelastic strain increased gradually and almost linearly with an increasing number of freeze-thaw cycles; in contrast, at high stress levels, the rock viscoelastic strain increased nonlinearly. The viscoplastic strain increased almost linearly with increasing freeze-thaw cycles. The fourth loading stress level (70% σ c ) corresponded to the transition of the creep deformation of the red sandstone. When the confining pressure was low, a higher stress level caused the confining pressure to have a more significant effect on the creep strain. However, as the confining pressure continued to increase, the effect of the confining pressure on the creep strain eventually disappeared. The long-term strength of the red sandstone decreased approximately linearly with an increase in the number of freeze-thaw cycles. When the number of freeze-thaw cycles and the confining pressure were high, the rock samples formed a transverse shear plane and were more fragmented than those without a transverse shear plane. These results provide a reference for construction in rock mass engineering and long-term stability analysis in cold regions.

Evaluation on later-age performance of concrete subjected to early-age freeze–thaw damage

This research studies the influences of pre-curing time, the number and environment of early-age freeze–thaw damage (E-FTD) and later-age curing methods on later-age performance of concrete subjected to E-FTD. The concrete specimens with pre-curing time of 18 h, 24 h, 48 h and 72 h were subjected to four different E-FTD systems. Subsequently, three later-age curing methods were performed to the time of 28 days respectively and finally the later-age compressive strength, resistance to chloride penetration and freeze–thaw of concrete were evaluated. The results show that all three later-age performance indexes improve gradually as the pre-curing time prolongs. The damage of the salt freeze–thaw environment to early-age concrete is severer than that of the water freeze–thaw environment, resulting in the unsatisfactory later-age performance even with restorative curing. Among all later-age curing methods, the restoration effect of water curing on later-age performance is the best. Compared to the standard curing, the restoration effect of natural air curing on later-age compressive strength and resistance to chloride penetration of concrete is better, but that on resistance to freeze–thaw is worse. For the concrete with shorter pre-curing time, the recovery percentage of durability indexes, especially the resistance to freeze–thaw, is always lower than that of compressive strength. The pre-curing time should be prolonged appropriately for the early-age freeze–thaw damaged concrete with the requirement of durability.

Development of micro and macro fracture properties of cementitious materials exposed to freeze-thaw environment at early ages

The freeze–thaw cycles can affect the fracture properties of early age cementitious materials significantly. Considering the multiscale and multiphase nature of cementitious materials, it is of significance to study the fracture properties of cementitious materials across scales. This study investigates the development of fracture properties of cement paste subject to freeze–thaw cycles at the age of 1, 3, and 7 days at both macro and micro scales by using the three-point bending test method and the nano scratch technique, respectively. At micro scale, the fracture properties of the unreacted clinker, the hydrates and the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) between the clinker and the hydrates phases were measured. The developments of micro fracture properties of the three phases and the macro fracture properties of paste beams are evaluated and compared for both frozen and unfrozen samples. For the first time the nano-scratching technique was used to study the effect of the early age frost attack on the fracture properties of individual phase in cement paste. The findings in this study provide an insight into the fracture properties of cementitious materials from the microscopic point of view, and will benefit the further understanding of the mechanism of freeze–thaw damage to cementitious materials.

Investigation of microstructural damage in air-entrained recycled concrete under a freeze–thaw environment

Recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) is a type of multiphase porous material. Its aggregate, admixture, and environment have a crucial impact on its pore structure. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), a nondestructive testing method, was adopted to demonstrate the process of air-entrained recycled coarse aggregate concrete (ARAC) and non-ARAC microstructural damage in a freeze–thaw environment. NMR outcomes showed that the addition of recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) has a certain effect on the distribution of different pores and porous quality of the concrete. Pore structure of recycled concrete with a replacement rate of 25% and 50% was similar. Proportion of macropores and cracks increases significantly when the replacement rate is greater than 75%. The proportion of mesopores (radius of 0.01–0.05 μm) and macropores (radius of 0.05–1 μm) in concrete increased by 13.31%–21.44% and frost resistance of concrete improved with the incorporation of air-entraining admixture (AEA). Proportions of macropores and cracks (radii larger than 1 μm) in the concrete increased while the proportion of micropores (radii less than 0.01 μm) and mesopores decreased and T2 spectral area of concrete gradually increased and moved to the right with increasing freeze–thaw cycles. Moreover, the change of crack proportion of ARAC with freeze–thaw cycles is in accordance with the distribution law of second–order polynomial. Notably, changes in the above microstructure were reflected in macroscopic flexural strength. The flexural strength of recycled concrete was remarkably affected by the total proportion of mesopores and macropores. The flexural strength of recycled concrete was high when the total proportion of mesopores and macropores was between 55% and 74%. The decrease in flexural strength of recycled concrete with increasing freeze–thaw cycles was consistent with the change of crack proportion.

Effect of ice load and freeze-thaw environment on seawall

Some ports in cold regions are affected by ice load and freeze-thaw cycles, and the stability of structures and foundations is affected. In this paper, based on a seawall project, through laboratory tests, the various indexes of foundation soil freezing of sea dike are tested, including frost heaving rate, frost heaving force, thawing compression coefficient of frozen soil, uniaxial compression test, shear test and bending test of frozen soil. By using the parameters obtained from the test results, a three-dimensional numerical model of seawall engineering under ice load and freeze-thaw action is established. The stress and deformation of seawall structure and foundation are simulated, and the safety and stability of seawall are comprehensively analyzed.

Dynamic Mechanical Properties and Visco-Elastic Damage Constitutive Model of Freeze-thawed Concrete.

To study the dynamic mechanical characteristics and constitutive relation of concrete materials under freeze–thaw (FT) cycle conditions, C35 concrete was taken as the research object in this paper, and FT tests were carried out with a freeze–thaw range of −20–20 °C and a freeze–thaw frequency up to 50 times. By using the separated Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) system, impact compression tests of concrete specimens under different FT cycle actions were developed, then the dynamic fracture morphology, fracture block distribution, stress–strain curve, peak stress and other dynamic mechanical properties of concrete were analyzed, and the influence law of FT action and strain rate was obtained. Through introducing the freeze–thaw deterioration damage factor and the stress damage variable, the dynamic visco-elastic damage constitutive equation of freeze–thawed concrete was constructed based on component combination theory. Furthermore, the damage evolution process and mechanism of freeze–thawed concrete materials were revealed. The research results show that the dynamic mechanical properties of concrete under a freeze–thaw environment are the combined results of the freeze–thaw deterioration effect and the strain rate strengthening effect. The dynamic visco-elastic damage constitutive model established in this paper can effectively describe the dynamic mechanical properties of freeze–thawed concrete, and has the characteristics of few parameters and good effect. The stress damage evolution path of concrete goes backward with the increase of FT cycles and the development speed gradually slows down. The greater the difference in FT cycles, the greater the difference in stress damage path.

Damage constitutive model of coal gangue concrete under freeze-thaw cycles

This paper aims to solve one of the main problems in the application of coal gangue concrete (CGC), that is, whether its mechanical properties can meet the requirements of norms and actual engineering practice in the freeze–thaw environment. In this work, the CGC with coal gangue coarse aggregate replacement rates of 0%, 20%, 40%, and 60% were subjected to freeze–thaw cycle. The frost resistance of CGC was comprehensively analyzed and evaluated from its appearance, relative mass, compressive strength and relative dynamic elastic modulus. Based on the regular pattern of relative dynamic elastic modulus of CGC, the evolution model of freeze–thaw damage of CGC was established to analyze the development of freeze–thaw damage. The CGC specimens after 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 freeze–thaw cycles were measured by uniaxial compression constitutive test and acoustic emission test. The mechanical properties of CGC under freeze–thaw environment were analyzed through the whole stress–strain curve and the variation of parameters with freeze–thaw cycles. Finally, based on the acoustic emission characteristics of CGC in compression failure process, a load damage evolution model of CGC was established. Combined with the freeze–thaw damage evolution model, the freeze–thaw damage constitutive relationship of CGC was established, which can consider both freeze–thaw damage and load damage. The results suggest that the replacement rate of gangue for the CGC structure that requires frost resistance should be less than 40%; The freeze–thaw damage evolution model of CGC established in this paper can truly and effectively reflect the development of freeze–thaw damage of CGC under freeze–thaw environment; The CGC freeze–thaw damage constitutive model established in this paper can accurately reflect the overall process damage characteristics of CGC under freeze–thaw and load damage. It can provide a theoretical basis for the durability evaluation and life prediction of CGC structure in cold regions.

Impact of freeze-thaw environment on concrete materials in two-lift concrete pavement

The freeze-thaw (FT) damage is a potential severe distress on concrete pavements in seasonal frozen regions. This study focuses on the FT resistance of a two-lift concrete (2LC) pavement, including a polypropylene fiber reinforced concrete (PFRC) top lift and a conventional portland cement concrete (PCC) bottom lift. The rapid FT test was conducted on PCC, PFRC, and 2LC specimens and the relative dynamic modulus and mass loss were measured. The mechanical properties of concrete materials were investigated in laboratory, including compressive, tensile, flexural strengths, and flexural modulus. In the end, the influence of FT damages of concrete materials on pavement responses was evaluated. It is found that with the addition of the PF, the PFRC and the 2LC exhibited better mechanical properties and less mass loss than the PCC after FT cycles. The PFRC and the 2LC behaved better FT resistance than the PCC. The Voigt model can predict mechanical properties of 2LC in freeze-thaw process. Through pavement response analysis, the FT damage was found shortening the service life of 2LCP. In summary, the proposed 2LC pavement was justified a better alternate concrete pavement type on resisting the FT environment in seasonal frozen areas.